This document discusses improving leadership and communication skills for municipal managers and supervisors. It explores leadership styles and theories, as well as types of communication styles. The document provides self-assessment tools to help managers identify their leadership and communication styles in order to improve in those areas. It emphasizes that leadership is a process of influencing others through examples, discussion, or direction to accomplish goals, and that communication is critical for managers to effectively convey their vision and prevent workplace conflicts.
Communicative Leadership - Theory, Concepts and Central Communication BehavioursSolange Hamrin
This document provides an overview of research on the concept of communicative leadership. It defines communicative leadership as a leader who engages in dialogue with employees, shares feedback, practices participative decision-making, and is perceived as open and involved. The document discusses various leadership theories and highlights the important communication roles of different levels of leaders. It identifies four key communication behaviors of leaders: initiating structure, facilitating, relating, and representing. These behaviors help drive employee role clarity, commitment, engagement, team cohesion and confidence, leading to higher individual and group performance. The document concludes with eight key principles of communicative leadership and recommendations for organizations to assess leadership communication and develop coaching systems.
The document defines communicative leadership as a leader who engages in dialogue with employees, shares feedback, practices participative decision-making, and is perceived as open and involved. It identifies four key communication behaviors of leaders: structuring work, facilitating work, relating to employees, and representing the unit. Effective communicative leadership is associated with employee role clarity, commitment, engagement, and team cohesion/confidence, leading to improved organizational performance. The communication environment shapes and is shaped by leader-employee interactions.
Research Leadership and Organizational Change in the Context of IT - Research...Eashani Rodrigo
This research investigates Information Technology (IT) driven organizational changes in Sri Lankan organizations by focusing on the leadership aspects. The main objective of this research is to identify which leadership styles are most effective in ensuring the success of change management processes within IT project implementations. In order to achieve this, firstly the research conducts an in-depth investigation of the relationship between leadership and change management practices within organizations. Encapsulating the findings, a model is proposed to pinpoints the most effective leadership style that should be adopted in accordance with each stage within the change management process the organization is about to undergo.
11.leadership style and emotional intelligence -a gender comparisonAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between gender, leadership style (transactional vs transformational), and emotional intelligence. The study found no significant gender differences in leadership style. Women scored higher than men on the emotional intelligence factors of relating well and emotional mentoring. Transactional leadership style had a higher interaction with some emotional intelligence components than transformational leadership. The document provides background on leadership styles, emotional intelligence, and discusses some gender differences in traits relevant to leadership.
The situational approach to leadership focuses on matching a leader's style to the competence and commitment levels of their subordinates. It involves assessing subordinates' developmental levels along these dimensions and adapting one's directive and supportive behaviors accordingly. The approach outlines four leadership styles that range from highly directive and less supportive to highly supportive and less directive. It has been widely used but also faces criticisms regarding its theoretical and empirical foundations.
This document discusses factors that influence the performance effectiveness of women in project management roles. It analyzes both personal attributes and environmental attributes. For personal attributes, it examines how educational/experiential preparedness, personality type, relationships, and role models/mentoring can impact women's success as project managers. For environmental attributes, it considers how team structure, socio-cultural influences, HR policies, and gender biases may influence women's performance. The document provides analysis of how various personal and environmental factors individually and collectively shape women project managers' leadership styles and effectiveness.
Communicative Leadership - Theory, Concepts and Central Communication BehavioursSolange Hamrin
This document provides an overview of research on the concept of communicative leadership. It defines communicative leadership as a leader who engages in dialogue with employees, shares feedback, practices participative decision-making, and is perceived as open and involved. The document discusses various leadership theories and highlights the important communication roles of different levels of leaders. It identifies four key communication behaviors of leaders: initiating structure, facilitating, relating, and representing. These behaviors help drive employee role clarity, commitment, engagement, team cohesion and confidence, leading to higher individual and group performance. The document concludes with eight key principles of communicative leadership and recommendations for organizations to assess leadership communication and develop coaching systems.
The document defines communicative leadership as a leader who engages in dialogue with employees, shares feedback, practices participative decision-making, and is perceived as open and involved. It identifies four key communication behaviors of leaders: structuring work, facilitating work, relating to employees, and representing the unit. Effective communicative leadership is associated with employee role clarity, commitment, engagement, and team cohesion/confidence, leading to improved organizational performance. The communication environment shapes and is shaped by leader-employee interactions.
Research Leadership and Organizational Change in the Context of IT - Research...Eashani Rodrigo
This research investigates Information Technology (IT) driven organizational changes in Sri Lankan organizations by focusing on the leadership aspects. The main objective of this research is to identify which leadership styles are most effective in ensuring the success of change management processes within IT project implementations. In order to achieve this, firstly the research conducts an in-depth investigation of the relationship between leadership and change management practices within organizations. Encapsulating the findings, a model is proposed to pinpoints the most effective leadership style that should be adopted in accordance with each stage within the change management process the organization is about to undergo.
11.leadership style and emotional intelligence -a gender comparisonAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between gender, leadership style (transactional vs transformational), and emotional intelligence. The study found no significant gender differences in leadership style. Women scored higher than men on the emotional intelligence factors of relating well and emotional mentoring. Transactional leadership style had a higher interaction with some emotional intelligence components than transformational leadership. The document provides background on leadership styles, emotional intelligence, and discusses some gender differences in traits relevant to leadership.
The situational approach to leadership focuses on matching a leader's style to the competence and commitment levels of their subordinates. It involves assessing subordinates' developmental levels along these dimensions and adapting one's directive and supportive behaviors accordingly. The approach outlines four leadership styles that range from highly directive and less supportive to highly supportive and less directive. It has been widely used but also faces criticisms regarding its theoretical and empirical foundations.
This document discusses factors that influence the performance effectiveness of women in project management roles. It analyzes both personal attributes and environmental attributes. For personal attributes, it examines how educational/experiential preparedness, personality type, relationships, and role models/mentoring can impact women's success as project managers. For environmental attributes, it considers how team structure, socio-cultural influences, HR policies, and gender biases may influence women's performance. The document provides analysis of how various personal and environmental factors individually and collectively shape women project managers' leadership styles and effectiveness.
This article discusses the traits of effective leaders. It defines leadership and distinguishes effective leaders from mere managers. Effective leaders are described as having character, knowing their leadership style, making decisions, developing teams, planning effectively, communicating well, listening to others, managing time efficiently, and implementing plans to achieve goals. The article evaluates these leadership traits using an assessment called the Demoulin Leadership Series (DLS). It concludes that effective leadership can be developed through understanding key traits and areas for improvement.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
The behavioral approach focuses on the specific behaviors of leaders rather than inherent traits. Research identified two broad categories of leader behavior: task behaviors related to goal accomplishment and relationship behaviors related to building team relationships. The Ohio State and University of Michigan studies developed models of these behaviors and their impact on group performance. Blake and Mouton's leadership grid further classified styles based on the degree of priority given to tasks vs relationships. The behavioral approach provides a framework for assessing and developing leadership styles but has limitations regarding cultural context and performance outcomes.
This document summarizes various theories and concepts related to directing and motivating employees in an organizational context. It discusses directing as the process of leading and motivating human resources to achieve organizational goals. It also covers leadership styles, balancing work and interpersonal relationships, and different levels of management. Key motivation theories summarized include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, expectancy theory, and McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y assumptions about human motivation. The document also discusses concepts like maturity in the workplace, structuring work for human well-being, and the Hawthorne studies on the impact of social and work environment factors.
MM Bagali, PhD, HR, HRM, HRD, HR, research, India, B-School, Case study ... F...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document presents a PhD work on empowering employees through people-centric HR practices. It discusses how empowerment was studied at Polyhydron Private Limited in India. Key aspects covered include defining empowerment, the theoretical framework, characteristics of an empowered organization, conditions for empowerment, research objectives/hypotheses, HR practices at Polyhydron that empowered employees, and the CEO's responses about their empowerment culture and strategies. The work assessed the impact of empowering employees and identified traits that need developing to create an empowerment culture.
This document discusses the trait approach to leadership. It describes how early theories focused on identifying innate qualities of great leaders. Research then began to consider how traits interact with situational demands. Later studies found traits could differentiate leaders from non-leaders. The five major leadership traits are intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. Emotional intelligence and strengths-based approaches are also discussed in relation to leadership traits. The trait approach focuses on identifying traits leaders exhibit but does not consider situational effects or traits in relation to outcomes.
Leadership skills of male and female studentsdeshwal852
The classic debate about leadership revolves around the question: “are leaders born or are they made?”
(Avolio, 2005). Previously it was believed that leaders are born but now the current concern is ‘developing leadership’. Management courses believe that leadership is something that can be taught. Leadership is considered as a process rather than skill. These kinds of programmes tend to consist of a
variety of practices that aim to facilitate leadership on a number of levels. It includes public speaking ability, management techniques, ability to process complex ideas, training, knowledge development, and capacity building. On the basis of random convenient sampling, the survey was conducted. A sample of 400 respondents was considered and study was conducted amongst the student in Delhi, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad. The sample was administered in person. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The results clearly indicate that there is significant difference between male and female students for leadership skills.
Path-goal theory is a leadership theory that focuses on how leaders motivate subordinates to accomplish goals. It proposes that leaders should choose a leadership style that best fits the needs of subordinates and the task characteristics. The theory identifies four leadership styles - directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented - that may be effective depending on the situation. Path-goal theory provides a framework to understand how leadership styles interact with subordinate and task factors to influence motivation.
11. leadership training seminar updatedEduardo Testa
This document provides information on leadership skills and techniques. It discusses the definition of leadership, what makes a good leader, leadership functions such as decision making and communication. It provides examples of leadership styles and principles from military leadership. It emphasizes that developing people and officers is key to being a successful leader. Leaders are made through hard work and experience, not born, and connecting with other leaders is important for sharpening skills.
The document discusses various concepts, definitions, theories, styles, and importance of leadership. It provides definitions of leadership from various researchers and distinguishes between leadership and management. It outlines different leadership theories like great man theory, trait theory, behavioral theory, and situational theory. It also discusses different leadership styles like authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire styles. Finally, it emphasizes that leadership is important for the success of any organization by motivating employees and building morale.
This document discusses various concepts related to leadership including definitions, characteristics, functions, qualities, importance, theories and styles of leadership. It defines leadership as a process of influencing others to achieve goals willingly. Some key points discussed include:
- Leadership is the ability to induce subordinates to work with confidence and zeal towards achieving organizational goals. It involves influencing followers through personal qualities and willingness to accept responsibility.
- Theories of leadership discussed include the trait theory, behavioral theory, situational theories, follower theory and charismatic leadership theory. Different leadership styles mentioned are autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, bureaucratic, manipulative and paternalistic.
- Effective leadership involves consulting followers, developing cooperation
Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Effectiveness in Service Sectorijtsrd
Leadership is always being an area to probe since ages. Leadership perspectives are found different continuously not only with ages but also with different category and type of organizations, leaderships has been a study with humungous dynamism. The way environment and organizations are changing, the challenges of leadership have also changed and new perspectives have taken place in industry related to leadership concept. This study is focused on understanding the influence through emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness in today’s time. The paper helps in understanding the role of emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness. The study is conducted in service organization of Pune and Mumbai. Only banks, education, retail and IT service leaders are considered for collection of data. The data is analysed by using correlation and regression analysis. The study found that emotional intelligence is highly correlated with leadership effectiveness and it is essential for any organization of service sector to have leaders with emotional intelligenece for effective performance of organization. Swati John "Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Effectiveness in Service Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30573.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/30573/role-of-emotional-intelligence-in-leadership-effectiveness-in-service-sector/swati-john
This document provides resources for developing transformational leadership skills, including creative capacity building for coalitions. It includes exercises and assessments to help individuals and groups identify their personality types, core values, and strengths. Participants can use the results to improve self-awareness, teamwork, and leadership abilities. The goal is to equip coalitions with tools and strategies for strengthening collaboration and promoting positive change in their communities.
The document discusses various aspects of leadership, communication, and organizational communication. It provides information on:
1) The key roles and responsibilities of a leader, including having a vision, communicating the vision, setting values and behaviors, developing talent, making decisions, and building organizational culture.
2) The importance of communication for leaders and managers to achieve goals and motivate employees. It discusses communication styles and channels.
3) Components of the communication process and different directions of communication flow within organizations.
4) Barriers to effective communication like filtering, selective perception, and cultural differences.
5) Methods to evaluate and improve one's own communication skills.
This document summarizes an interview with a university registrar about his leadership style and experiences. The registrar took on leadership roles from a young age as a restaurant manager. He believes leadership comes from one's opportunities, personality, experience, and social conditions. Based on a Myers-Briggs assessment, the registrar's style is described as ENFP, focused on possibilities and concerned for people. The most important leadership attributes are communication, patience, flexibility, character, and humor. Effective leadership requires setting high standards, supporting others to improve, and ensuring the long-term success of the institution.
The document discusses various aspects of organizational structure and design. It describes how organizing involves determining activities, grouping them logically, assigning roles, and coordinating efforts. It also discusses how organizing divides work into smaller units and ensures compatibility between units. Various methods of departmentalization are outlined, including by function, territory, product, and process. The concepts of vertical and horizontal specialization in structuring authority are explained. The scalar principle of hierarchical authority flowing from the top down is also summarized.
The document discusses various perspectives on leadership in organizational settings. It describes five main perspectives: competency perspective, which views leadership as possessing certain competencies; behavioral perspective, which sees leadership in terms of people-oriented and task-oriented styles; contingency perspective, which holds that the most effective leadership style depends on the situation; transformational perspective, which explains how leaders change organizations through vision, communication, and modeling; and implicit leadership perspective, which states that people's views of leadership are shaped by prototypes. It also discusses cultural and gender implications of leadership styles.
The document discusses leadership theories and concepts. It covers early trait and behavioral theories, as well as contingency theories like Fiedler's model and situational leadership. It also discusses newer approaches like transformational leadership, attribution theory, and charismatic leadership. Contemporary issues around power, trust, and empowerment are examined. Theories and concepts are summarized at the end, with an assignment given to discuss a case study on leadership.
Professional Development PlanLeadership as a vocation .docxbriancrawford30935
Professional Development Plan
Leadership as a vocation requires a commitment to professional excellence and integrity, which can be achieved through establishing habits of self-reflection, life-long learning, and professional development. The purpose of this assignment is for you to reflect on where you currently are in your leadership capabilities; define where you want to go; and specify goals, plans, and a timeframe for achieving your professional objectives. Your professional development plan will be composed of three parts: Vision, Goals/Objectives, and Plans.
Vision:
The ability to create, communicate, and compel vision is critical to inspiring and effective leadership. While ultimately many leaders are responsible for developing visions to guide complex organizations, effective leadership begins on a much more personal level—a vision of yourself as a leader. Who are you and who do you want to become in your field or sphere of influence? Once you are clear about that, you can then confidently establish how you will help others and your organization achieve their visions.
Your leadership vision is based on a number of factors including your attitude, values, personal beliefs, guiding principles, and how you behave. It may also be influenced by theoretical, philosophical, or religious frameworks and the leadership traits, values, and behaviors of others. A leadership vision is also dynamic. No great leader ever "arrived." Those who have adopted leadership as their vocation can spend a lifetime in self-reflection in order to continue to learn and more effectively motivate and inspire others.
Spend some time reflecting below on where you currently are in your leadership capabilities, what you have learned about leadership in the course, and how you want to develop and improve as you continue your leadership studies and move forward in your field. Review the document “Essential Leadership Competencies” for an overview of the scope of effective leadership capabilities.
Reflection:
Vision:
Then, in 300-500 words, briefly articulate your vision for yourself as a leader 3-5 years from now. Where do you want to be? What kind of leader do you want to become?
Goals/Objectives:
After you have stated your vision, create five to eight leadership goals/objectives you will strive to meet in the next 3-5 years. Try to formulate at least one goal/objective related to the four major leadership competencies included in "Essential Leadership Competencies": self-leadership, leading others, leading an organization, and leadership as a vocation. Include a brief justification for each goal/objective to explain how it will help you achieve the qualities of professional excellence and integrity required of excellent leaders.
Plan:
Specify activities you will engage in to achieve your goals/objectives. You may find it helpful to research professional development activities in your field or organization to determine what resource.
This document provides an overview of leadership and how it can be developed. It defines leadership as leading a group and management as dealing with or controlling things and people. It notes that successful businesses need both strong leadership and management. Leadership is about vision and goals while management focuses on day-to-day administration. The document also discusses models for reflection on experiences, how experiences and education can develop leadership, different training programs, and methods for assessing leadership abilities.
Unit 9 AssignmentFinal personal leadership portraitTeresa A Jor.docxmarilucorr
Unit 9 Assignment/Final personal leadership portrait
Teresa A Jordan
PSL7010
Professor Michael Webb
· Final Personal Leadership Portrait
Your last project assignment, Final Personal Leadership Portrait, is due at the end of this unit. You will synthesize all aspects of leadership and communication that you have examined and discussed in the course and analyze your own leadership qualities to create a portrait of the effective public service leader you aspire to be.
Since this assignment requires you to develop a self-portrait, you may write this paper in first-person voice. Note:It is very important for your academic development that you recognize that writing in the first person is not usually acceptable in academic papers. However, given the nature of this assignment, it has been deemed appropriate to make an exception here. Please remember that the third-person voice is the universal norm in academic writing. You should always exercise careful consideration before departing from this norm.
Your course project must be completed in its entirety. By now, you have received feedback from your Writing Coach and your instructor, which you should incorporate into this revised assignment.
Refer to the results of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the communication style self-assessment you completed in Units 1 and 2. Be sure to review and use the Writing Coach and Instructor feedback you received on your previous assignments as well:
· Unit 3: Communication and Organizational Effectiveness.
· Unit 5: Communicating and Leading for Change and Innovation.
· Unit 6: Developing Ethical and Authentic Leadership Behavior.
· Unit 7: Draft of Personal Leadership Portrait assignments.
For this assignment:
· Analyze one or more leadership styles and corresponding leadership theories based on the unit readings and your MLQ assessment results that you believe best align with personal leadership effectiveness.
I will like to focus the leadership style on an innovation leader and the transformational leader, and please use leadership theories on these types of leaders. You can just focus on the leadership style I possess which is transformational leader.
In the beginning of this course, I consider myself a democratic/participative leader, who would ideally like to become a transformational leader. This is the type of leader that is able to motivate others to become more or do more than they intended. This leader sets challenging expectations and higher performance. I believed that since this course starts I am more of a transformational leader, but also participative. The MLQ assessment shows me as a transformational leader.
Analyze one or more communication styles based on the unit readings and the results of your communication style self-assessment that you believe best align with personal communication effectiveness. There are various communication strategies for relaying information. Information can be conveyed verbally, nonverbally, or ...
This article discusses the traits of effective leaders. It defines leadership and distinguishes effective leaders from mere managers. Effective leaders are described as having character, knowing their leadership style, making decisions, developing teams, planning effectively, communicating well, listening to others, managing time efficiently, and implementing plans to achieve goals. The article evaluates these leadership traits using an assessment called the Demoulin Leadership Series (DLS). It concludes that effective leadership can be developed through understanding key traits and areas for improvement.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
The behavioral approach focuses on the specific behaviors of leaders rather than inherent traits. Research identified two broad categories of leader behavior: task behaviors related to goal accomplishment and relationship behaviors related to building team relationships. The Ohio State and University of Michigan studies developed models of these behaviors and their impact on group performance. Blake and Mouton's leadership grid further classified styles based on the degree of priority given to tasks vs relationships. The behavioral approach provides a framework for assessing and developing leadership styles but has limitations regarding cultural context and performance outcomes.
This document summarizes various theories and concepts related to directing and motivating employees in an organizational context. It discusses directing as the process of leading and motivating human resources to achieve organizational goals. It also covers leadership styles, balancing work and interpersonal relationships, and different levels of management. Key motivation theories summarized include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, expectancy theory, and McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y assumptions about human motivation. The document also discusses concepts like maturity in the workplace, structuring work for human well-being, and the Hawthorne studies on the impact of social and work environment factors.
MM Bagali, PhD, HR, HRM, HRD, HR, research, India, B-School, Case study ... F...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document presents a PhD work on empowering employees through people-centric HR practices. It discusses how empowerment was studied at Polyhydron Private Limited in India. Key aspects covered include defining empowerment, the theoretical framework, characteristics of an empowered organization, conditions for empowerment, research objectives/hypotheses, HR practices at Polyhydron that empowered employees, and the CEO's responses about their empowerment culture and strategies. The work assessed the impact of empowering employees and identified traits that need developing to create an empowerment culture.
This document discusses the trait approach to leadership. It describes how early theories focused on identifying innate qualities of great leaders. Research then began to consider how traits interact with situational demands. Later studies found traits could differentiate leaders from non-leaders. The five major leadership traits are intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. Emotional intelligence and strengths-based approaches are also discussed in relation to leadership traits. The trait approach focuses on identifying traits leaders exhibit but does not consider situational effects or traits in relation to outcomes.
Leadership skills of male and female studentsdeshwal852
The classic debate about leadership revolves around the question: “are leaders born or are they made?”
(Avolio, 2005). Previously it was believed that leaders are born but now the current concern is ‘developing leadership’. Management courses believe that leadership is something that can be taught. Leadership is considered as a process rather than skill. These kinds of programmes tend to consist of a
variety of practices that aim to facilitate leadership on a number of levels. It includes public speaking ability, management techniques, ability to process complex ideas, training, knowledge development, and capacity building. On the basis of random convenient sampling, the survey was conducted. A sample of 400 respondents was considered and study was conducted amongst the student in Delhi, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad. The sample was administered in person. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The results clearly indicate that there is significant difference between male and female students for leadership skills.
Path-goal theory is a leadership theory that focuses on how leaders motivate subordinates to accomplish goals. It proposes that leaders should choose a leadership style that best fits the needs of subordinates and the task characteristics. The theory identifies four leadership styles - directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented - that may be effective depending on the situation. Path-goal theory provides a framework to understand how leadership styles interact with subordinate and task factors to influence motivation.
11. leadership training seminar updatedEduardo Testa
This document provides information on leadership skills and techniques. It discusses the definition of leadership, what makes a good leader, leadership functions such as decision making and communication. It provides examples of leadership styles and principles from military leadership. It emphasizes that developing people and officers is key to being a successful leader. Leaders are made through hard work and experience, not born, and connecting with other leaders is important for sharpening skills.
The document discusses various concepts, definitions, theories, styles, and importance of leadership. It provides definitions of leadership from various researchers and distinguishes between leadership and management. It outlines different leadership theories like great man theory, trait theory, behavioral theory, and situational theory. It also discusses different leadership styles like authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire styles. Finally, it emphasizes that leadership is important for the success of any organization by motivating employees and building morale.
This document discusses various concepts related to leadership including definitions, characteristics, functions, qualities, importance, theories and styles of leadership. It defines leadership as a process of influencing others to achieve goals willingly. Some key points discussed include:
- Leadership is the ability to induce subordinates to work with confidence and zeal towards achieving organizational goals. It involves influencing followers through personal qualities and willingness to accept responsibility.
- Theories of leadership discussed include the trait theory, behavioral theory, situational theories, follower theory and charismatic leadership theory. Different leadership styles mentioned are autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, bureaucratic, manipulative and paternalistic.
- Effective leadership involves consulting followers, developing cooperation
Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Effectiveness in Service Sectorijtsrd
Leadership is always being an area to probe since ages. Leadership perspectives are found different continuously not only with ages but also with different category and type of organizations, leaderships has been a study with humungous dynamism. The way environment and organizations are changing, the challenges of leadership have also changed and new perspectives have taken place in industry related to leadership concept. This study is focused on understanding the influence through emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness in today’s time. The paper helps in understanding the role of emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness. The study is conducted in service organization of Pune and Mumbai. Only banks, education, retail and IT service leaders are considered for collection of data. The data is analysed by using correlation and regression analysis. The study found that emotional intelligence is highly correlated with leadership effectiveness and it is essential for any organization of service sector to have leaders with emotional intelligenece for effective performance of organization. Swati John "Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Effectiveness in Service Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30573.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/30573/role-of-emotional-intelligence-in-leadership-effectiveness-in-service-sector/swati-john
This document provides resources for developing transformational leadership skills, including creative capacity building for coalitions. It includes exercises and assessments to help individuals and groups identify their personality types, core values, and strengths. Participants can use the results to improve self-awareness, teamwork, and leadership abilities. The goal is to equip coalitions with tools and strategies for strengthening collaboration and promoting positive change in their communities.
The document discusses various aspects of leadership, communication, and organizational communication. It provides information on:
1) The key roles and responsibilities of a leader, including having a vision, communicating the vision, setting values and behaviors, developing talent, making decisions, and building organizational culture.
2) The importance of communication for leaders and managers to achieve goals and motivate employees. It discusses communication styles and channels.
3) Components of the communication process and different directions of communication flow within organizations.
4) Barriers to effective communication like filtering, selective perception, and cultural differences.
5) Methods to evaluate and improve one's own communication skills.
This document summarizes an interview with a university registrar about his leadership style and experiences. The registrar took on leadership roles from a young age as a restaurant manager. He believes leadership comes from one's opportunities, personality, experience, and social conditions. Based on a Myers-Briggs assessment, the registrar's style is described as ENFP, focused on possibilities and concerned for people. The most important leadership attributes are communication, patience, flexibility, character, and humor. Effective leadership requires setting high standards, supporting others to improve, and ensuring the long-term success of the institution.
The document discusses various aspects of organizational structure and design. It describes how organizing involves determining activities, grouping them logically, assigning roles, and coordinating efforts. It also discusses how organizing divides work into smaller units and ensures compatibility between units. Various methods of departmentalization are outlined, including by function, territory, product, and process. The concepts of vertical and horizontal specialization in structuring authority are explained. The scalar principle of hierarchical authority flowing from the top down is also summarized.
The document discusses various perspectives on leadership in organizational settings. It describes five main perspectives: competency perspective, which views leadership as possessing certain competencies; behavioral perspective, which sees leadership in terms of people-oriented and task-oriented styles; contingency perspective, which holds that the most effective leadership style depends on the situation; transformational perspective, which explains how leaders change organizations through vision, communication, and modeling; and implicit leadership perspective, which states that people's views of leadership are shaped by prototypes. It also discusses cultural and gender implications of leadership styles.
The document discusses leadership theories and concepts. It covers early trait and behavioral theories, as well as contingency theories like Fiedler's model and situational leadership. It also discusses newer approaches like transformational leadership, attribution theory, and charismatic leadership. Contemporary issues around power, trust, and empowerment are examined. Theories and concepts are summarized at the end, with an assignment given to discuss a case study on leadership.
Professional Development PlanLeadership as a vocation .docxbriancrawford30935
Professional Development Plan
Leadership as a vocation requires a commitment to professional excellence and integrity, which can be achieved through establishing habits of self-reflection, life-long learning, and professional development. The purpose of this assignment is for you to reflect on where you currently are in your leadership capabilities; define where you want to go; and specify goals, plans, and a timeframe for achieving your professional objectives. Your professional development plan will be composed of three parts: Vision, Goals/Objectives, and Plans.
Vision:
The ability to create, communicate, and compel vision is critical to inspiring and effective leadership. While ultimately many leaders are responsible for developing visions to guide complex organizations, effective leadership begins on a much more personal level—a vision of yourself as a leader. Who are you and who do you want to become in your field or sphere of influence? Once you are clear about that, you can then confidently establish how you will help others and your organization achieve their visions.
Your leadership vision is based on a number of factors including your attitude, values, personal beliefs, guiding principles, and how you behave. It may also be influenced by theoretical, philosophical, or religious frameworks and the leadership traits, values, and behaviors of others. A leadership vision is also dynamic. No great leader ever "arrived." Those who have adopted leadership as their vocation can spend a lifetime in self-reflection in order to continue to learn and more effectively motivate and inspire others.
Spend some time reflecting below on where you currently are in your leadership capabilities, what you have learned about leadership in the course, and how you want to develop and improve as you continue your leadership studies and move forward in your field. Review the document “Essential Leadership Competencies” for an overview of the scope of effective leadership capabilities.
Reflection:
Vision:
Then, in 300-500 words, briefly articulate your vision for yourself as a leader 3-5 years from now. Where do you want to be? What kind of leader do you want to become?
Goals/Objectives:
After you have stated your vision, create five to eight leadership goals/objectives you will strive to meet in the next 3-5 years. Try to formulate at least one goal/objective related to the four major leadership competencies included in "Essential Leadership Competencies": self-leadership, leading others, leading an organization, and leadership as a vocation. Include a brief justification for each goal/objective to explain how it will help you achieve the qualities of professional excellence and integrity required of excellent leaders.
Plan:
Specify activities you will engage in to achieve your goals/objectives. You may find it helpful to research professional development activities in your field or organization to determine what resource.
This document provides an overview of leadership and how it can be developed. It defines leadership as leading a group and management as dealing with or controlling things and people. It notes that successful businesses need both strong leadership and management. Leadership is about vision and goals while management focuses on day-to-day administration. The document also discusses models for reflection on experiences, how experiences and education can develop leadership, different training programs, and methods for assessing leadership abilities.
Unit 9 AssignmentFinal personal leadership portraitTeresa A Jor.docxmarilucorr
Unit 9 Assignment/Final personal leadership portrait
Teresa A Jordan
PSL7010
Professor Michael Webb
· Final Personal Leadership Portrait
Your last project assignment, Final Personal Leadership Portrait, is due at the end of this unit. You will synthesize all aspects of leadership and communication that you have examined and discussed in the course and analyze your own leadership qualities to create a portrait of the effective public service leader you aspire to be.
Since this assignment requires you to develop a self-portrait, you may write this paper in first-person voice. Note:It is very important for your academic development that you recognize that writing in the first person is not usually acceptable in academic papers. However, given the nature of this assignment, it has been deemed appropriate to make an exception here. Please remember that the third-person voice is the universal norm in academic writing. You should always exercise careful consideration before departing from this norm.
Your course project must be completed in its entirety. By now, you have received feedback from your Writing Coach and your instructor, which you should incorporate into this revised assignment.
Refer to the results of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the communication style self-assessment you completed in Units 1 and 2. Be sure to review and use the Writing Coach and Instructor feedback you received on your previous assignments as well:
· Unit 3: Communication and Organizational Effectiveness.
· Unit 5: Communicating and Leading for Change and Innovation.
· Unit 6: Developing Ethical and Authentic Leadership Behavior.
· Unit 7: Draft of Personal Leadership Portrait assignments.
For this assignment:
· Analyze one or more leadership styles and corresponding leadership theories based on the unit readings and your MLQ assessment results that you believe best align with personal leadership effectiveness.
I will like to focus the leadership style on an innovation leader and the transformational leader, and please use leadership theories on these types of leaders. You can just focus on the leadership style I possess which is transformational leader.
In the beginning of this course, I consider myself a democratic/participative leader, who would ideally like to become a transformational leader. This is the type of leader that is able to motivate others to become more or do more than they intended. This leader sets challenging expectations and higher performance. I believed that since this course starts I am more of a transformational leader, but also participative. The MLQ assessment shows me as a transformational leader.
Analyze one or more communication styles based on the unit readings and the results of your communication style self-assessment that you believe best align with personal communication effectiveness. There are various communication strategies for relaying information. Information can be conveyed verbally, nonverbally, or ...
This document discusses the contributions of personal development to leadership. It summarizes Bass's theory of leadership, which states there are three ways people become leaders: through traits, by rising to meet crisis situations, or through learning leadership skills. It also outlines four factors of leadership: the leader, followers, communication, and situations. The document argues that personal development is important for leadership as the attributes a leader should "be, know, and do" require continuous self-improvement. Personal development helps leaders understand themselves and their followers to adapt their leadership style for different situations.
291➠13 Leadership Essentialsthe key pointNot all man.docxlorainedeserre
291➠
13 Leadership Essentials
the key point
Not all managers are leaders and not all leaders are managers. In a managerial position, being a
leader requires understanding how to adapt one’s management style to the situation to generate
willing and effective followership. As shown in the Zappos example, the most successful leaders are
those who are able to generate strong cultures in which employees work together to get things done.
chapter at a glance
What Is Leadership?
What Are Situational Contingency Approaches to Leadership?
What Are Follower-Centered Approaches to Leadership?
What Are Inspirational and Relational Leadership Perspectives?
what ’s inside?
ETHICS IN OB
CEO PAY—IS IT EXCESSIVE?
FINDING THE LEADER IN YOU
LOOKING FOR LEADER MATCH AT GOOGLE
OB IN POPULAR CULTURE
PATH-GOAL AND REMEMBER THE TITANS
RESEARCH INSIGHT
PARTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP AND PEACE
leaders make things happen
c13LeadershipEssentials.indd Page 291 6/29/11 8:28 PM ff-446c13LeadershipEssentials.indd Page 291 6/29/11 8:28 PM ff-446 Schermerhorn_OBSchermerhorn_OB
292 13 Leadership Essentials
Most people assume that anyone in management, particularly the CEO, is a leader.
Currently, however, controversy has arisen over this assumption. We can all think
of examples where managers do not perform much, if any, leadership, as well as
instances where leadership is performed by people who are not in management.
Researchers have even argued that failure to clearly recognize this difference is a
violation of “truth in advertising” because many studies labeled “leadership” may
actually be about “management.”1
Managers versus Leaders
A key way of differentiating between managers and leaders is to argue that the
role of management is to promote stability or to enable the organization to run
smoothly, whereas the role of leadership is to promote adaptive or useful
changes.2 Persons in managerial positions could be involved with both manage-
ment and leadership activities, or they could emphasize one activity at the
expense of the other. Both management and leadership are needed, however,
and if managers do not assume responsibility for both, then they should ensure
that someone else handles the neglected activity. The point is that when we dis-
cuss leadership, we do not assume it is identical to management.
For our purposes, we treat leadership as the process of infl uencing others
to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the
process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objec-
tives.3 Leadership appears in two forms: (1) formal leadership, which is exerted
by persons appointed or elected to positions of formal authority in organizations,
and (2) informal leadership, which is exerted by persons who become infl uential
because they have special skills that meet the needs of others. Although both
types are important in organizations, this chapter will emphasize forma ...
291➠13 Leadership Essentialsthe key pointNot all man.docxjesusamckone
291➠
13 Leadership Essentials
the key point
Not all managers are leaders and not all leaders are managers. In a managerial position, being a
leader requires understanding how to adapt one’s management style to the situation to generate
willing and effective followership. As shown in the Zappos example, the most successful leaders are
those who are able to generate strong cultures in which employees work together to get things done.
chapter at a glance
What Is Leadership?
What Are Situational Contingency Approaches to Leadership?
What Are Follower-Centered Approaches to Leadership?
What Are Inspirational and Relational Leadership Perspectives?
what ’s inside?
ETHICS IN OB
CEO PAY—IS IT EXCESSIVE?
FINDING THE LEADER IN YOU
LOOKING FOR LEADER MATCH AT GOOGLE
OB IN POPULAR CULTURE
PATH-GOAL AND REMEMBER THE TITANS
RESEARCH INSIGHT
PARTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP AND PEACE
leaders make things happen
c13LeadershipEssentials.indd Page 291 6/29/11 8:28 PM ff-446c13LeadershipEssentials.indd Page 291 6/29/11 8:28 PM ff-446 Schermerhorn_OBSchermerhorn_OB
292 13 Leadership Essentials
Most people assume that anyone in management, particularly the CEO, is a leader.
Currently, however, controversy has arisen over this assumption. We can all think
of examples where managers do not perform much, if any, leadership, as well as
instances where leadership is performed by people who are not in management.
Researchers have even argued that failure to clearly recognize this difference is a
violation of “truth in advertising” because many studies labeled “leadership” may
actually be about “management.”1
Managers versus Leaders
A key way of differentiating between managers and leaders is to argue that the
role of management is to promote stability or to enable the organization to run
smoothly, whereas the role of leadership is to promote adaptive or useful
changes.2 Persons in managerial positions could be involved with both manage-
ment and leadership activities, or they could emphasize one activity at the
expense of the other. Both management and leadership are needed, however,
and if managers do not assume responsibility for both, then they should ensure
that someone else handles the neglected activity. The point is that when we dis-
cuss leadership, we do not assume it is identical to management.
For our purposes, we treat leadership as the process of infl uencing others
to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the
process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objec-
tives.3 Leadership appears in two forms: (1) formal leadership, which is exerted
by persons appointed or elected to positions of formal authority in organizations,
and (2) informal leadership, which is exerted by persons who become infl uential
because they have special skills that meet the needs of others. Although both
types are important in organizations, this chapter will emphasize forma.
Strategic leadership refers to a manager's ability to express a strategic vision for an organization and motivate others to achieve that vision. Effective strategic leaders demonstrate loyalty to their vision, keep themselves updated about their organization, make judicious use of power, and have a wide perspective and outlook. They create organizational structure, allocate resources, and express strategic vision to guide employees in supporting organizational goals. Strategic leadership requires the potential to foresee the work environment and take a broad view of opportunities and challenges.
Evaluation of Self-leadership Statue and Providing Solutions to Improve the S...ijmpict
Leadership is an essence, which through this essence series of intellectual and humanistic abilities and
capabilities could be mixed and by managing and controlling this essence organization goals could be
achieved in a better and effective way. Management in the organization is not too much difficult, but
staying in the leadership position is difficult task. Leadership to the deep phase of the organization is not
something happens immediately, but must be established in schematized process in the organization.
Behind the Scenes of our Leadership Development ModelAIESEC
The document discusses the development of a leadership development model for AIESEC. It involved analyzing AIESEC's current approach, researching best practices, and defining the key elements of leadership needed for the 21st century. Based on this, the model focuses on developing self-awareness, effective communication, and responsibility for the world. Next steps include assessing these elements and connecting individual development to organizational results.
Oda leadership development white paper v3Santhosh Babu
The document discusses ODA's approach to leadership development, which focuses on developing the being, human capital, cultural capital, and social capital of leaders in relation to business and socio-economic contexts. It emphasizes transformational learning over transactional learning through a phenomenological approach. ODA's triple loop learning model helps examine assumptions and identities to create deeper shifts in thinking and acting for individuals and systems. The goal is to develop real leadership capacity within organizations to advance strategic agendas.
A synthesis of the empirical, qualitative data research conducted with large Brazilian company executives.
By Anderson de Souza Sant’Anna, Marly Sorel Campos and Samir Lofti Vaz. (Vale Leadership Development Core)
The document discusses effective workplace leadership. It provides summaries of several studies on leadership, including their purpose, description of frameworks, research methods, results, and implications. Key points addressed include the importance of clear communication of goals and objectives, understanding employees as individuals, and boosting their self-esteem to motivate high performance. Effective leaders are described as having a strong sense of self, being able to influence others, and delegating tasks clearly.
The document discusses developing a leadership strategy for organizational success. It defines what a leadership strategy is and provides steps for creating one, including analyzing the business strategy to identify key drivers and their implications for leadership, assessing the current and desired future leadership states, and identifying gaps to focus the leadership strategy. The leadership strategy should specify the quantity, qualities, skills/behaviors, collective capabilities, and culture needed for leaders to implement the business strategy.
Leadership_Development in organizations.AbelObosi1
This document provides an overview of leadership development. It begins by defining leadership and discussing different leadership styles. It emphasizes that leadership skills can be learned and developed. The document then explains why leadership development is important for organizations, noting benefits like increased profits and clearer vision. It also discusses how to implement a leadership development program, including using external consultants, focusing on common leadership concepts, and creating a model of core competencies. The overall document serves to introduce the topic of leadership development and provides guidance on developing leadership skills.
The document discusses various challenges of leadership, including managing culturally diverse teams, the need for a global mindset, and dealing with increased complexity in the global business environment. It notes that effective leadership requires skills like cultural learning and adaptation to influence groups from different backgrounds. Leadership is seen as an evolving art form, with leaders drawing on experience to meet new challenges through their skills, behaviors and creative processes.
Project Selection Criteria List TemplateCategoryProject Crit.docxwkyra78
Project Selection Criteria List Template
Category
Project Criteria
Criteria Description
Reasonableness
(Insert additional rows as necessary to complete the Project Selection Criteria List table)
Definitions for Project Selection Criteria Categories:
Relevance: the extent to which the project supports the class objectives, the Information Systems Management program and your own professional goals.
Risk: the level of potential events or uncertainty that could have a negative effect on your project.
Reasonableness: an assessment of the ability to successfully complete the project as related to the triple constraint and related issues (availability of expertise, availability of required equipment and facilities, proposed level of scope for a two-month period, etc.).
Return: the overall benefit of completing the project (financial gain, value of experience, networking opportunities, providing professional and/or community service, etc.).
Other: any other areas of project considerations not mentioned above.
Kreitner/Kinicki/Cole
Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour: Key Concepts, Skill, and Best Practices
Chapter 11
Leadership
Chapter Learning Objectives
· Explain the theory of leadership and discuss behavioural leadership theory.
· Explain, according to Fiedler’s contingency model, how leadership style interacts with situational control.
· Discuss path-goal theory.
· Describe how charismatic leadership transforms followers and work groups.
· Explain the leader-member exchange (LMX) model of leadership and the substitutes for leadership.
· Review the principles of servant-leader and superleadership.
Opening Case
Land of the Giant
This case profiles a visionary leader, Gwyn Morgan of EnCana Corp. in Calgary, know as the ‘philosopher-king’ of the oil patch. He exhibits charismatic qualities including a clear vision of a global energy giant headquartered in Canada, and strong communication skills to inspire others to work toward this vision. He appeals to ideological values through the ‘corporate constitution’, and provides intellectual stimulation for followers through the values such as ‘seize opportunities’, ‘teamwork and trust’, and ‘fear of the status quo’. He inspires followers to rise to new levels of performance by communicating his expectations for leadership ‘with character, competence, and humility’ to achieve ‘nothing less than the best effort’. His display of confidence in himself and in the employees of Alberta Energy Co. Ltd. and PanCanadian Energy Corp., led to the merger of these two companies to form EnCana Corp. – definitely performance beyond the call of duty.
Chapter Summary
Leadership
Leadership is defined as influencing employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals. It is a social influence process in which the leader seeks the voluntary participation of subordinates in an effort to reach organizational goals.
Trait and Behavioural Theories of Leadership
A leader trait ...
Leadership and supervision involve influencing others towards common goals. Effective leadership requires skills like vision, communication, sensitivity and self-awareness. Supervision aims to enhance subordinates' skills through evaluation, guidance over time, and ensuring quality work. Different leadership styles like autocratic and participative may be appropriate depending on the situation and employee characteristics.
This document outlines developing a leadership strategy, which is critical for organizational success. It defines what a leadership strategy is and provides steps to create one. A leadership strategy considers the quantity and qualities of leaders needed, their skills and behaviors, collective capabilities, and leadership culture. It is created by analyzing a business strategy to identify key drivers and their implications for leadership. Data is collected on the current leadership situation and compared to the desired future to develop the leadership strategy and subsequent leadership development strategy.
This document outlines developing a leadership strategy, which is critical for organizational success. It defines what a leadership strategy is and provides steps to create one. A leadership strategy considers the quantity and qualities of leaders needed, their skills and behaviors, collective capabilities, and leadership culture. It is created by analyzing a business strategy to identify key drivers and their implications for leadership. Data is collected on the current leadership situation and compared to the desired future to develop the leadership strategy and subsequent leadership development strategy.
Similar to Kevin duncan leadership and communication (20)
This document outlines the consequences of plagiarism for students, academics, professionals, and legally. For students, plagiarism can result in having to attend workshops, failing courses, and suspension or expulsion. For academics and researchers, plagiarism can require notifying their institution and inquiries if federal funding was involved, potentially damaging their reputation. Professionals risk losing promotions, raises, or recommendations if they plagiarize at work. Legally, plagiarism may constitute copyright infringement and result in monetary penalties if sued.
This document summarizes several cases of alleged plagiarism by prominent Philippine politicians and public figures. It describes instances where Senator Tito Sotto, businessman Manny Pangilinan, and Supreme Court Justice Mariano Del Castillo were accused of lifting parts of speeches without proper attribution. It also outlines plagiarism allegations regarding tourism slogans and a photographer who submitted others' work as his own in competitions. The document discusses the responses and outcomes of these various cases.
This document defines plagiarism and discusses its various forms. Plagiarism involves using another's work or ideas without giving proper attribution. It has been defined by dictionaries and has its origins in a complaint by the Roman poet Martial about others passing off his work as their own. There are several categories and forms of plagiarism discussed, including paraphrasing without citation, mosaic plagiarism, direct copying, incorrect citation, and submitting others' work as one's own. International cases of plagiarism in writing are also presented. The Philippines has an Intellectual Property Code to address plagiarism and copyright issues.
An organization is a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or pursue a collective goal. Organizations have management structures that determine relationships between activities and members, and divide roles, responsibilities, and authority. Organizations interact with their external environment. The document then lists and describes 9 common types of organizations: large companies, public utilities, government agencies, franchise networks/chains, private hospitals/schools, not-for-profit businesses, small companies, cooperatives, and small associations/charities.
Organizational behavior (OB) provides a framework to understand life within organizations. OB uses scientific research to help understand and predict organizational dynamics and influences organizational events. It helps individuals understand themselves and others better. OB is important as it helps managers motivate employees, improve labor relations, predict and control human behavior, and effectively utilize resources which leads to higher organizational effectiveness and performance. Understanding OB plays a vital role for managers in assessing and improving an organization.
Organizational behavior can be understood through different models. This document discusses models of organizational behavior that can help explain how organizations function and the behavior of individuals within them. Key models include rational, natural, and open systems perspectives that view organizations through different lenses and provide insights into organizational dynamics.
The document discusses the nature of management and leadership in organizations. It defines management as planning, directing resources, and accomplishing goals. Key management functions include identifying objectives, developing plans, organizing work, motivating employees, and controlling results. The document also examines different managerial roles including interpersonal roles of figurehead, leader, and liaison. Informational roles involve monitoring and communicating information. Decisional roles include making decisions as an entrepreneur, conflict handler, and resource allocator. Different leadership styles are also discussed, including transformational leadership focused on change and emotional leadership that engages employees' emotions.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior and the strategic approach. It defines organizational behavior as the actions of individuals and groups in an organizational context. The strategic approach involves effectively organizing and managing people's knowledge and skills to implement strategy and gain a competitive advantage. Key aspects of the strategic approach include selective hiring, extensive training, decision power for employees, information sharing, and incentive compensation. This high-involvement management can lead to satisfaction, productivity, and organizational success.
Decision making policy making and policy analysisArneyo
This document discusses decision-making, policy-making, and policy analysis. It defines decision-making as making a rationally calculated choice between two or more alternatives. Policy is defined as a set of interrelated decisions by actors concerning goals and means of achieving them. Policy-making is a complex process with three stages: formulation by identifying problems, developing alternatives, and selecting the best; implementation by considering policy content, resources, clients, and environment; and evaluation to determine if objectives are achieved. Policy analysis examines potential impact before formulation and seeks to answer questions about the policy, its determination, alternatives, effectiveness, success or failure, and potential improvements.
The document provides instructions for basic commands in Microsoft Excel, including how to save a file by clicking Save As or pressing Ctrl+S and entering a file name, how to copy and paste cell content by selecting cells, clicking Copy or pressing Ctrl+C, selecting destination cells and clicking Paste or pressing Ctrl+V, and how to cut and paste cell content by selecting cells, clicking Cut or pressing Ctrl+X, selecting destination cells and clicking Paste or pressing Ctrl+V to move the cut content. It also lists general editing shortcuts for copying, cutting, pasting, undoing and redoing actions.
The electronic class record user manual for grades 1 3 (self-contained class)Arneyo
This document provides instructions for using the Electronic Class Record (E-Class Record) for grades 1-3. It details the learning areas and subjects covered each quarter for each grade level. It then provides step-by-step instructions on how to input student data, encode scores, and view consolidated quarterly grades. Important reminders are included, such as keeping student names consistent each quarter and where to place names of students who transfer in. Technical support information is also listed.
This resource package provides teachers with modules to help them better understand and implement the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST). The document introduces Module 9 which focuses on the indicator of selecting, developing, organizing and using appropriate teaching and learning resources, including information and communication technology, to address learning goals. It provides an overview of the module's contents and structure, which includes introductions, key concepts, examples of practices, and resources. The goal is to help teachers grow in their profession by understanding and applying the PPST standards.
This module focuses on the indicator "4.4.2 Participate in collegial discussions that use teacher and learner feedback to enrich teaching practice." It introduces key concepts related to professional collaboration such as collegial discussion, feedback, and professional collaboration. It prompts the teacher to reflect on their own knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding professional collaboration using the framework of what they know, do, and feel as a proficient teacher. The support group then provides suggestions to improve the teacher's current practice through probing questions and recommendations.
This module focuses on planning, managing, and implementing developmentally sequenced teaching and learning processes to meet curriculum requirements through various teaching contexts. It discusses key concepts such as curriculum areas and developmentally sequenced teaching and learning processes. The module contains illustrations of practice that demonstrate how to plan developmentally sequenced lessons, including using a Daily Lesson Log template. It also provides guidance on managing and implementing developmentally sequenced lessons effectively. The overall goal is to help teachers fulfill their role in preserving quality teaching and learning processes in their classrooms.
This document provides an introduction to Module 6 of a teacher resource package on the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST). The module focuses on Indicator 3.1.2 - using differentiated, developmentally appropriate learning experiences to address learners' gender, needs, strengths, interests and experiences. The introduction defines key concepts related to this indicator, such as differentiated teaching strategies, learners' gender, needs, strengths, and interests. It outlines the parts of each module, including an overview, self-reflection, key concepts, illustrations of practice, and a professional development plan. Teachers Jen and Mike introduce the module and will act as supports to help teachers understand and apply the indicator.
This resource package provides 12 modules that correspond to the 12 indicators of the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST). Each module discusses a specific indicator, defines key concepts, and provides illustrations of practices to help teachers understand and attain the indicator. This module focuses on communicating learners' needs, progress, and achievement promptly and clearly to key stakeholders such as parents and guardians.
Here is my reflection:
As a teacher, I recognize the importance of continuously monitoring my learners' progress to determine if my instructional strategies are working and to identify learners who need additional support. However, I realize I can improve in systematically collecting and analyzing learner attainment data.
While I check for understanding during lessons and provide feedback, I do not have a consistent system for recording this data. I also rely more on summative assessments like tests and quizzes to evaluate learning rather than using a variety of formative and summative strategies.
In evaluating learner achievement, I can improve in analyzing assessment results to identify learning gaps and adjust my teaching approaches accordingly. I also need to effectively communicate results to stakeholders
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
1. Leadership and Communication
Improving leadership and communication
Skills for Municipal Managers and
Supervisors
A Research paper prepared for the Association
of Municipal Managers, Clerks, and Treasures
of Ontario (AMCTO) Municipal Management
Program – June 2009
Submitted By: Kevin Duncan, Fire Prevention Officer
Town of Greater Napanee Fire Services
2. Table of Contents
Executive Summery 1
Scope and Methodology 3
Introduction 4
What is leadership? 4
Communication for municipal Managers 4
Types of Leadership Styles 5
Theories/Models of Leadership 5
Self Assessment 5
Type A behavior 5
Identifying your leadership style 7
Situational Leadership styles 7
Situational Leadership Model 8
Other Leadership Styles 9
Types of Communication Styles 10
Identifying your communication style 10
Types of Communication 10
The Importance of Listening When Communicating 11
Active Listening 12
Effective Feedback 13
Conclusion 15
Bibliography 16
Appendix A – Leadership Self-Assessment Activity Survey 18
Appendix B – Leadership Style Survey 22
3. Leadership and Communication: Improving leadership and communication Skills for
Municipal Managers and Supervisors
1
Executive Summary
The primary focus of my research paper will be to examine two main areas of management –
leadership and communication as it applies in the municipal setting.
Leadership
What is leadership in a municipal environment or for that matter in any workplace?
“Managers are people who do things right, and leaders are people who do the right thing”1
Leadership is a process, not necessarily a position of power. Leadership is action orientated, not
just by virtue of a title or a certain rank.2
We all at some point have become leaders in any given
situation. We have influenced the actions of others, have had personal input and involvement,
and have taken responsibility for our actions. All of these situations can be considered as taking a
leadership role. Leadership does not always consist of being at the forefront or creating grand
gestures. Leadership can be summed up by all the small gestures or decisions we make everyday
as municipal managers.
The primary objective of this section of my research paper will be to evaluate the different styles
of leadership and their effects on the general day to day operations in the workplace. My
research will also include the theories and research behind the development of leaders. Although
the theories of leadership will mainly focus on the municipal management sector; they are
certainly applicable to all workplaces.
My research will also include methods of self-assessment to determine the style of leadership
that an individual presently utilizes. I believe self-assessment is critical in determining where
one’s weaknesses are in relation to leadership.
The paper will provide some tools and methods for improving leadership and managerial skills.
The strategies for self improvement are easily practiced and are measurable through self-
monitoring, feedback from colleagues, and supervisory assessment.
Communication
What is Communication?
Communication is a very complex process of sharing information, ideas and feelings, through
the intricate use of a myriad of elements. This includes verbal utterances (words), written or
pictured text, graphics, gesticulations, tone, expression and specific actions to name a few.3
Communication between supervisors and staff is essential on many levels, from the top down,
laterally or from the bottom up. Communication can effectively increase morale in the workplace
1
Warren Bennis and Joan Goldsmith, Learning to Lead: Workbook on Becoming a Leader (Perseus Books/Addison
Wesley 1997), 9.
2
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communications Theory, (course documents), 28.
3
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communications Theory, (course documents), 89.
4. Leadership and Communication: Improving leadership and communication Skills for
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But it can also increase dissention and worker dissatisfaction. Communication can be critical
depending on the situation, for instance during a large scale emergency, when effective
communication is necessary for the restoration of safety and the saving of lives. Hopefully we
will never find ourselves in this sort of situation, but our daily responsibilities can still benefit
greatly from practicing effective communication skills.
My research on communication will, as with leadership, provide some easy and short self-
assessment surveys and techniques. Once a communication self-assessment is completed, I will
provide the necessary tools and techniques for improvement. Again the techniques offered for
improvement will be measurable, practicable, and easily monitored to track progress.
I hope through my research to explore several theories which will provide the tools to empower
managers to become effective leaders and communicators in an increasingly demanding
municipal workplace environment.
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Scope and Methodology
The primary objective of my research paper is to review the leadership and communication styles
utilized by municipal managers and supervisors. It is also my goal to provide the necessary tools
to managers and supervisors to help indentify their current leadership and communication styles.
I believe that as managers once we become aware of our leadership styles, only then can we
endeavor to improve. Through my research I will describe and categorize the major types of
leadership and communication styles, traits and characteristics of each.
The initial examination of this topic began with the review of materials taken from a leadership
and communication course from Georgian College, which forms part of a Fire Department
Officer training program. Further information was sought from the AMCTO Municipal
Managers Course, of which this paper forms part of the curriculum. Additional information was
reviewed from other sources, including articles, books, and online information. There is a
significant amount of information in written text on the subject of leadership and
communication.
A number of websites were also found to contain useful articles and research on the subject of
leadership and communication. The links provided on these websites provided additional
relevant information and further areas of research.
In addition to the aforementioned areas of research, surveys were given to a sample of the Town
of Greater Napanee managers and staff with the intention of identifying their leadership and
communication styles. The information gathered forms part of this paper and the surveys
themselves are located in the appendix. The intention of the surveys is to expose areas of
weakness and strengths to work or build upon.
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Introduction
What is leadership and how can it be defined?
Leadership is not easily defined, but there are many definitions in the literature to assist in
describing it. Sadly, leadership is most recognizable when there is a lack of it. Leadership is not
something that can be pigeon holed or definitive; it has many faces and styles. Leadership is a
process through influence of others by example, discussion, or direction to accomplish goals or
tasks, or to achieve the vision of an organization or team. Leaders also inspire individuals to
become the very best they can be as people, as well as good team members or employees.
Good leadership is honorable and trustworthy, dedicated to a particular cause or organization.
Leaders create trends and characteristics within organizations or teams in which employees or
colleagues will emulate and follow; thereby leading by example. Good leaders are not self-
serving but apply methods to achieve goals without misusing authority. In other words the
objective is to lead and not just have employees simply obey commands. Good leaders want to
empower their staff and colleagues and not only give orders.
There are a countless methodologies and theories concerning leadership practices and styles that
have been documented and discussed. Leadership styles are often chosen based on the situation
or the group you are involved with, or in some cases we are driven into certain situations which
dictate the need for variations in a particular style.
Leaders also have to handle diversity in the workplace. Working with people that do not share
your values can lead to conflict. Strong leadership can promote a bias free environment, without
prejudice, and thus reduce the need for conflict resolution.
Communication for Municipal Managers
Communication is critical in the workplace, particularly for management. When dealing with
diversity and leadership, communication can prevent conflict from occurring by clearly
conveying your views and vision to the staff. Communication can also aid in workplace morale
and improve job satisfaction for everyone.
There are many types and levels of communication that managers can adopt for any given
situation or occurrence. My research paper will review the communication tools best applied in
a municipal management environment.
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Types of Leadership Styles
Theories/Models of Leadership
There are many challenges for those who are expected to be leaders in today’s municipal
environment. Part of the challenge is to determine your strengths and weaknesses through self
assessment.
Self Assessment
Some leaders may find it easy to determine their style of leadership while others find it difficult.
Through self- assessment we can understand ourselves and in turn gain the tools necessary for
improvement. When we observe leaders around us we can often determine their strengths and
weaknesses before the individual does. These people are in a sense an open book, remaining
consistent with their style and behavior, only slightly wavering for the given situation or role.
The concept of self-monitoring is critical for municipal managers in the sense that we need to
adapt continually in an environment that is similar to any other workplace. Municipal leaders
must deal with a myriad of challenges and tasks, and continue to monitor progress.
Municipalities are a form of government that is not just public, but local and therefore very
accountable. On any given day a municipal manager may be dealing with a ratepayer, member of
Council or even a member of parliament on a myriad of issues. Municipal managers have to
adapt to individual needs while always remaining at the forefront and in the public eye. We are
continually reminded of our roles as leaders and we must continue to monitor our progress in this
regard and understand our strengths and weaknesses, in order to build on or improve upon them.
Many leadership theories rely on the assumptions that leaders have the ability to evaluate various
situations, and alter their behavior to match the requirements of the situation. With this in mind
those leaders that can instantly adjust their style (given the situation) will be, and are recognized
as the most effective leaders.
Type ‘A’ Behavior
I would like to focus my self assessment section on the characteristics of a Type A leader, as this
appears to be the most often used behavior by municipal managers, at least in my experience.
Type A’s can be generally described as trying to accomplish more in less time, which as
mentioned earlier is a part of daily municipal management. This type of behavior generally leads
for a need to control or micromanage staff or a given situation.
There are four main sets or categories of behaviors characteristic of a Type A leader. 4
The first behavior is Type A’s tend to be concerned with time and a sense of urgency. This I feel
comes from the sense that ratepayers want action, resolution, and they feel that their concern
should be at the forefront.
4
Afsaneh Nahavandi, The Art and Science of Leadership (Prentice Hall, 1997) 47-71.
8. Leadership and Communication: Improving leadership and communication Skills for
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The second Type A’s behavior is competitiveness. Type A’s tend to be highly competitive at work
in addition to recreational and other personal situations. They tend to keep records for tracking
performance. They continually measure their performance against others, and that of their staff.
Coming ahead and winning is the major concern.
The third Type A behavior is polyphasic, which involves doing several tasks at once. We as
municipal managers have all had to undertake several tasks at once, sometimes several times in a
day. However the Type A characteristic behavior tends to take on several tasks and
responsibilities even when it may not be necessary to do so. This behavior is typical of highly
motivated municipal managers and leaders, who tend to take on more even when not called upon
to do so.
The fourth and final Type A behavior is hostility. Taking into consideration the three previous
characteristic behaviors, we can see why when faced with delays or glitches, this type of
municipal manager may become hostile. This type of leader is intolerant of mistakes and delays,
aggressive and sometimes malicious. This type of manager may also be very loyal to his or her
municipality and therefore deem it as a failure to make mistakes or be questioned on a decision.
These sets of behaviors are all necessitated by the Type A’s need for control over his or her
environment. Type A’s need an increasing amount of control over the events that they have
internal power over. Type A’s tend to be poor at delegation, and generally prefer to work alone.
They like to maintain control over all aspects of their work.5
Type A’s tend to set high performance standards for themselves and those around them. From a
leadership stand point high expectations may lead to high performance and quality, but may lead
to overworked and burnt out staff. They tend to be dedicated hard workers, and look down upon
those who are not. Types A’s tend to feel threatened by their environment, and set up the
workplace in ways so they still maintain control.6
Municipal government tends to have many responsibilities and liabilities. Most Directors and
Chief Administrative Officers of organizations have high standards because of the presence of
public scrutiny and public perceptions, not to mention the extensive list of liabilities. The Type A
personality lends itself to municipal management, because of the demand for high quality and
timely completion of tasks. Type A’s want to please the public at any cost, because as municipal
managers it is our responsibility to do so.
The trend in today’s municipal environment is for self-understanding and self-improvement,
which is a major factor in organizational effectiveness.
In times of continuous change and increasing pressure on leaders to be flexible, and deliver high
quality and performance, we must be more aware of ourselves, the situations we find ourselves
in and the skills that we bring to the challenge.
There is a self-assessment survey in Appendix A, which can be completed to give the reader a
better sense of their leadership style, and areas of strengths and weakness.
5
Afsaneh Nahavandi, The Art and Science of Leadership, (Prentice Hall 1997), 47-71.
6
Afsaneh Nahavandi, The Art and Science of Leadership, (Prentice Hall 1997), 47-71.
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Identifying Your Leadership Style
“Leadership is a relationship between those who aspire to lead and
those who choose to follow” 7
Situational Leadership Styles
The main focus of this paper with respect to leadership, is to determine what factors effect the
direction that a manager or supervisor may choose to lead and with what style.
Leadership had not been thoroughly researched until fairly recently, roughly the beginning of the
twentieth century, and certainly not municipal leadership until much later. However the concept
of leadership has been written about and studied since ancient times. This paper will key in on
the main type of leadership that is most often used by municipal managers. Due to the diversity
of the work force and the general public at large managers must be flexible and adaptable,
depending on any given situation. Therefore the type of leadership most used by municipal
managers might possibly be situational.
Situational leadership suggests that because of the complicated world of organizations and
society that we live in, focusing on the given situation is the best leadership approach. There are
many internal and external forces that guide specific situations and responses to those situations.
Theory suggests that leadership is not something definable without the specific context of the
situation in which leaders seem to emerge.
Situational leadership was researched by Hershey and Blanchard in the late 1960’s and proved
that the most important factor in this type of leadership was the employee’s level of
development. The development level is based on one’s competence and commitment to the job
or task. 8
The situational leadership styles fall into four basic categories:
1. Directing
Tends to be directive and concentrates on telling people what to do, when and how. This
leadership style is characterized by giving clear instructions and specific direction to
employees that have a “low competence and high commitment”.
2. Coaching
This style tends to have a strong commitment to achieve goals and direct employees
toward those goals. This leadership style is characterized by expanding two-way
communication and helping employees with “some competence and low commitment”
build confidence and motivation.
7
James Kouzes and Barry Posner, The Leadership Challenge, (Josse-Bass Inc. 1995)
8
Paul Hershey, and others, Management of Organizational Behavior: Leading Human Resources, Prentice Hall; 8th
edition, 2000
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3. Supporting
This style perceives that the relationship of the group is more important than any
individual task. This leadership style is characterized by active two-way communications
such as asking and encouraging employee input, suggestion, and involvement in some
decisions. This style is beneficial with employees that have “moderate to high
competence and low commitment”.
4. Delegation
This style of leadership is hands off characterized by giving responsibilities for carrying
out plans and making task decisions to “high competence and high commitment”
employees.
The following diagram illustrates clearly the theory and working of a situational leader model.
Figure 1.1 – Situational Leadership Model 9
9
Paul Hershey, and others, Management of Organizational Behavior: Leading Human Resources, Prentice Hall; 8th
edition, 2000
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Other Leadership Styles
Municipal managers may make use of a number of leadership styles which incorporate portions
from the situational leadership model. There are three broad and general styles of leadership
which may be utilized by municipal leaders – Autocratic, Democratic, and Laissez-faire.
Autocratic Leadership
This is a style of leadership that is common with hierarchical organizations, such as monarchies,
oligarchies and theocracies – upon which our military leadership is built. The leader in this style
has the full power and authority and makes all the decisions. This style is useful for emergency
situations that require quick thinking and direct results.
This style also assumes that people are lazy and incompetent. Autocratic leadership can be very
effective in certain situations, but can also be abused. This style of leadership is also the most
likely to cause resentment and poor attitude amongst employees.
Democratic Leadership
This style of leadership is the opposite of autocratic. The democratic leader is employee centered
and makes use of the team in decision making, problem solving and planning. This leader
encourages participation and delegates appropriately. This leader promotes teamwork and
involvement but is still responsible for the outcomes.
The downside to this style would be in an emergency situation that would require immediate
decision-making, such as in an autocratic style of leadership.
Laissez-faire
The best way to characterize this type of leadership would be the “hands off” approach.
There is little control over the group with this style of leadership. Generally employees are left to
sort out issues on their own. This style works best with a highly competent and motivated group.
This type of leadership can empower the group to achieve goals not possible with a more
hierarchical type of approach.
Municipal managers must decide which style is best for their workplace, depending on the nature
of the employees and the situation. An effective leader will use all three of the above styles and
adapt according to the situation that they face.
The survey included in Appendix B will aid the municipal manager in determining the leadership
style that they currently use, and may provide some insight into areas of strength and
improvement.
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Types of Communication Styles
Identifying your communication Style
When we identify our personal leadership styles and put them to use, we must still convey our
feelings and wishes. That’s where communication becomes the critical component of any
workplace relationship. According to a recent study, successful use of situational leadership
“relies on effectiveness in four communication components; communicating expectations,
listening, delegating, and providing feedback”. 10
“People who understand how to communicate functions in an organization, who have developed
a wide repertory of written and oral communication skills, and who have learned when and how
to use those skills seem to have more successful careers and contribute more fully to their
organizations than people who have not done so.”11
So what is communication?
“It is simply the process in which people share information, ideas, and feelings. It can be either
in the spoken word, written word, or in non-verbal ways, such as facial expressions, gestures or
body stance. It can even be pure silence. The communication process is made up of various
elements: sender and receivers, messages, channels, noise, feedback, and setting.”12
Types of communication
There are many types of communication as noted above, however for municipal managers the
focus of this research paper will be on only five types; intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group,
public, and intercultural. The following is a short synopsis of the communication styles most
commonly used by managers and leaders.
Intrapersonal communication involves how we see ourselves and what lies inside each of
us as managers and leaders. This type of personal communication is self centered, as we
are the sender and receiver. We often will review past experiences whether positive or
negative, and will self talk to ourselves regarding these past experiences. We have the
power to choose to listen to the inner voices. We have control over this type of
communication.13
Interpersonal communication occurs when we communicate on a one-to-one basis, face
to face, and for the most part in an informal setting. This type of communication offers
the greatest opportunity for productive two-way discussion and feedback. The persons
involved in interpersonal communication have the greatest chance that the message will
be received correctly and understood. Performance appraisals are a good example of this
type of communication.14
10
N. Brown, and R. Baker, “Analysis of communication components found within the Situational Model”, Journal
of Technical Writings and Communications 2001. 31
11
Conrad and Poole, 1998
12
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communication Theory, (course documents), 89
13
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communication Theory, (course documents), 89
14
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communication Theory, (course documents), 89
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Small Group communication occurs when a small number of persons are involved to
discuss or resolve an issue. This type of communication involves more individuals and
can lead to confusion because the group will include more senders and receivers than in
an interpersonal discussion. This type of communication would be utilized for a team
meeting or a weekly/monthly review with staff or to update or review workplace issues.15
Public communication is essentially when a sender or presenter sends a message to an
audience. This is usually a structured message to a larger group. The presenter’s speech is
louder and tends to be more animated or gestured. The opportunity for feedback or two
way communication is limited, and usually occurs at the end of the presentation or
speech. This type of communication is typical of a staff presentation to Council.16
Intercultural communication occurs when we interact with two or more different cultures.
We may have a setting were there are different beliefs or values than our own which can
make effective communication difficult. Differences can sometimes also increase our
awareness and lead to an increased intolerance when dealing with individuals with
diverse cultural backgrounds. Working in a municipal environment brings us exposure to
all types of beliefs, values, and languages. We gain tolerance and understanding through
the daily interactions with the general public.17
The importance of listening when communicating
The importance of listening during a conversation is paramount, and part of every good two-way
communication.
Listening and hearing are also different. Hearing someone speak is a physical action and only
part of the listening process. Listening is a mental process or action that requires receiving and
absorbing the speaker’s message. Listening is not without effort and concentration.
Effective listening can increase one’s ability to learn and relate to a speaker’s message. It can
increase one’s knowledge in your job, and help make effective informed decisions. Listening
allows you to gain acceptance and popularity as a manager by relaying a feeling of genuine
concern and interest in your employees. You will increase your influence over employee attitude
and behavior, and their belief that you are a worthy leader.
To become an effective listener you must first understand the stages listening that one must go
through: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating and responding.
Receiving is the start of the listening process. It is the absorbing of the verbal and non-
verbal messages being conveyed. Some effective ways of receiving a message are to
focus your attention on the speaker’s verbal and non-verbal message, avoid distractions,
focus on the speaker and not what your response will be, and avoid interrupting.
15
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communication Theory, (course documents), 89
16
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communication Theory, (course documents), 89
17
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communication Theory, (course documents), 89
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Understanding occurs when you interpret and learn from the speaker’s message. It also
includes the expressed feelings and emotions of the speaker. To better understand the
speaker we need to avoid judging the message until we fully comprehend, relate to the
speaker through past knowledge and understanding of the topic, rephrase and ask
questions for clarification.
Remembering is the ability to recall the speaker’s message at a later time. Often when we
remember a message we tend to reproduce what we interpret was trying to be transferred,
rather than what was actually said. We can become better at remembering an individual’s
message if we concentrate on the central ideas, summarize the message, and repeat key
points or concepts. This skill is crucial in the municipal environment due to the fact that
often we are held accountable for our actions and responses well beyond the initial
contact date or conversation.
Evaluating consists of breaking down or judging the message. Often when evaluating a
person’s conversation we evaluate the message to determine the intent. We are
sometimes suspicious of the message and thereby cause miscommunication, and distrust.
We can avoid miscommunication of the message by taking the time to fully understand
the speaker. Give the speaker the benefit of doubt and address concerns you have. Avoid
bias or prejudice and focus on the facts, not opinions or personal feelings.
Responding occurs in two phases, one while the person is still speaking, and one when
the person has stopped talking. Responding while the speaker is talking consists of non-
verbal and verbal cues that indicate you are interested in what they are saying.
Responding after the speaker has stopped speaking may include clarification, agreeing,
challenging, or even empathy for the message or topic. When responding to the speaker
one should be supportive using verbal and non-verbal cues.
Using the aforementioned stages municipal leaders can adapt their listening styles to achieve
respect and trust from their employees and peers. So what is the best type of listening for the
day-to-day work environment and the large group meeting?
Active Listening
Active listening is a mixture of many listening skills. Active listening in relation to leadership
was developed and studied by Thomas Gordon (1977)18
. It is a type of listening that is important
when a person has a particular issue or problem that is important to them. They want the listener
to be supportive and understanding.19
“Active listening does not necessarily mean long sessions spent listening to grievances, personal
or otherwise. It is simply a way of approaching those problems which arise out of the usual day-
to- day events of any job “20
18
Thomas Gordon, Leadership Effectiveness Training, Perigee, (New York, New York 1977).
19
Thomas Gordon, Leadership Effectiveness Training, Perigee, (New York, New York 1977), 60-79.
20
Carl Rogersl and Richard E. Farson, Active Listening, 2007 Gordon Training International, available from
http://www.gordontraining.com ; accessed on June 1, 2009
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Active listening provides three important functions to a leader/manager and staff relationship.
The first function enables the listener to understand the speaker by paraphrasing, and reflecting
back to the speaker the perceived message.
The second function is the expression of the speaker’s feelings through confirmation and
clarification, and by conveying an understanding of the emotions in the message. With this
function we must remember that the speaker’s feelings may be hurt if we are too critical or
unreasonable. However by giving feedback to the speaker they can correct any emotional
misperceptions and it also indicates you have an interest in what there are saying.
The third function stimulates and encourages the speaker to express their feelings and thoughts.
Speakers are more willing to open up and express themselves if they know that you are interested
and listening to them.
Active listening encourages two-way communication and a mutual understanding. There is less
of an attack and defense mode of dialog. When the speaker is allowed to take the time to fully
explore their thoughts and feelings the active listener helps the speaker deal with them, as well as
builds a trusting and positive relationship.21
In learning the process of active listening, it’s useful to apply three simple techniques:
paraphrasing, expressing understanding, and asking questions.
“Communication is like a phone number. If you leave one number out (only ten percent of the
number), the call will not go through. If you dial the area code at the end as an after thought, the
call does not go through. You need all the digits to get through. And you need them in the right
order”22
Effective feedback
The final part of the vast topic of communication I would like to touch on is effective feedback.
Effective feedback consists of two parts - constructive and positive. Constructive feedback
guides the employee in the right direction or path. Positive feedback praises and encourages the
employee when they complete a task well.23
Managers have long failed to give effective feedback to their employees. There are many reasons
– conflict avoidance, not wanting to hurt someone’s feelings, wanting to be liked and/or not
having the skills necessary to deliver the challenging feedback in a way that doesn’t flatten or
demoralize the employee. We cannot be effective at leading individuals unless we freely provide
feedback. Giving feedback on an employee’s performance is intended to point out their strengths
and encourage improvement of their weaknesses.
“Leaders need to pay attention to what is being done and
praise their people when things are done right,”24
21
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communication Theory, (course documents), 101
22
R. Brinkman and R.Kirshner in “Dealing with Difficult People”
23
Helga Abbot, Georgian College, Leadership and Communication Theory, (course documents), 101
24
Lyle Quan,, Meeting workers needs through leadership, Firefighting Canada, article, May 2009
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The following are some key points and strategies to improve feedback skills for municipal
managers.
Deliver feedback in an appropriate location. Feedback should be given in private away
from others, unless positive or praising. You do not want to center out or embarrass an
employee.
Develop and maintain your credibility. Employees will be more attentive and positive if
they feel that their manager has credibility. Developing and maintaining technical skills,
as well as interpersonal skills will make you credible in the eyes of others. Employees are
more likely to follow someone with more experience or education in a particular field.
Managers who take the time to update skill levels related to their employment field will
set examples for employees to follow.
Deliver feedback directly and immediately. To be effective feedback should be given as
close to the event or occurrence as possible. Feedback should always be given by the
employee’s manager or supervisor, not another employee or second hand. Managers need
to be consistent in delivering feedback thereby improving relationships with their staff.
Staff will be more likely to receive feedback favorably if they know what’s coming and
when.
Be specific and descriptive. It is difficult as an employee to correct a behavior if the
feedback is not specific or is too general. Descriptive feedback involves using visible
facts that can be proven.
Give feedback honestly. All feedback, constructive or positive, should be given honestly.
Employees rely on feedback and usually can see through someone being superficial or
condescending.
Avoid blame or embarrassment. Feedback is meant to develop employee’s skills, not to
create conflict.
Focus on behavior not the person. By focusing on the behavior you avoid embarrassing
the employee by not centering them out. Feedback should be directed at the situation,
behavior or action, thus avoiding direct conflict.
Develop a supportive working relationship. Research has shown that the most important
contributing factor to employee success and performance is their relationship with their
managers and supervisors.
Feedback can be considered a tool that guides employees to a performance that meets the
standards and expectations of a manager. By reviewing the areas of strength and improvements,
employees can understand what is expected of them and how to meet a manager’s expectations.25
25
Jack Black, May 5, 2009, Five Steps to Delivering Effective Employee Feedback, available from
http://articlet.com/article2549.html Internet: accessed June 15, 2009.
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Conclusion
Though being a manager in a municipal environment can be tough at the best of times. Many
individuals seek out the opportunity to challenge themselves with the responsibility of being that
kind of person who leads his/her people with a vision and purpose. Municipal managers are
asked to be the people that wear many hats and yet also be proficient if not expert in many fields.
They need to be accountable not only for their actions but also the actions of their staff.
Do municipal managers need to be continually trained? Is this something that is expected and
assumed, and should managers be seeking out training on leadership and communication? In
looking at the amount of information available on the topic of leadership and communication it
certainly would appear as though more education and training is suggested. It seems at times that
all the experts have somewhat common ideas and suggestions on the topics of leadership and
communication, more likely because it has been studied extensively in the last few decades.
As my research paper has shown by focusing on the basics of leadership and communication
municipal managers can improve those skills which are vital in workplace harmony and morale.
By focusing on the tools necessary to effectively be a leader to individuals, managers can gain
the respect and trust of their employees.
Managers must skillfully lead by example. Employees are always watching and looking for a
leader that they can emulate and take guidance from.
This report has given direction to municipal managers aspiring to improve the necessary
leadership and communication skills.
Normally, some of the best leaders operate out of the participative mode and use the other two
modes as needed. An example of an exception would be a leader who has a new crew or
temporary work-force. That leader would probably need to be operating out of the authoritarian
mode by giving clear direction, detailed observations and positive feedback at every turn.. On the
other hand, a leader who has a crew of professionals or a crew that knows what they are doing,
then they may allow them more freedom to proceed, support them as needed and delegate as
their skill and interest level allows.
“if your actions inspire others to dream more,
learn more, do more and become more,
you are a leader”26
26
John Quincy Adams
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Bibliography
1. Abbott, Helga, Georgian College, Leadership and Communications Theory, course
documents and material, JUST0010 (CO/FPO 201), April-June
2. Bennis, Warren and Joan Goldsmith, Learning to Lead: Workbook on Becoming Leader
Perseus Books/Adison Wesley, 1997
3. Black, Jack, May 5, 2009, Five Steps to Delivering Effective Employee Feedback,
Retrieved June 15, 2009, from http://articlet.com/article2549.html
4. Brown, N and R. Baker, “Analysis of communication components found within the
Situational Model”, Journal of Technical Writings and Communications 2001. 31.
5. Burr, Catherine, Communication and Listening Skills for Municipal Managers, AMCTO
Workshop material, 2008/2009.
6. Clark D.R. (May 11, 1997), Concepts of Leadership, Retrieved June 1, 2009 from
http://nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadcon.html
7. Clark D.R. (July 6, 2005), Leadership & Strategy & Tactics, Retrieved June 1, 2009 from
http://nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/strategy.html
8. Clark D.R. (July 15, 1998), Leadership Style Survey, Retrieved June 1, 2009
http://nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/surveystl.html
9. Clark D.R. (January 27, 1998), Leadership Self-Assessment Activity, Retrieved June 1,
2009 from http://nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/survlead.html
10. Covey, Stephen R.. Principle Centered Leadership, Simon and Schuster, New York
1991.
11. Fairholm, Matthew R., Ph.D., (2002), Defining Leadership: A review of Past, Present,
and Future Ideas. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from
http://www.unc.edu/~mmb/cemm%20web/ Center for Excellence in Municipal
Management.
12. Gordon, Thomas, Leadership Effectiveness Training, Perigee, (New York, New York
1977).
13. Hershey, Paul, Kenneth Blanchard, Dewey Johnson, Management of Organizational
Behavior: Leading Human Resources, Prentice Hall; 8th
edition, 2000.
14. Hodgins E. David, Leaders have a duty to create leaders, Firefighting Canada, article,
May 2009.
15. Kouzes, James and Barry Posner, The Leadership Challenge, Josse-Bass Inc. 1995.
19. Leadership and Communication: Improving leadership and communication Skills for
Municipal Managers and Supervisors
17
16. Moriarty, Maureen, May 1, 2009, Delivering effective employee feedback is essential to
leaders, Retrieved June 15, 2009 from
http://seattle.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2009/05/04/smallb2.html2009
17. Nahavandi, Afsaneh, the Art and Science of Leadership, Prentice Hall, 1997
18. Poley,Michelle Fairfield, Mastering the art of communication, Skillpath Publications,
Mission Kansas, 1995.Raul A Angulo, How do you define leadership, Fire Engineering,
article, July 2001.
19. Quan, Lyle, Meeting workers needs through leadership, Firefighting Canada, article,
May 2009.
20. Rogers, Carl and Richard E. Farson, Active Listening, 2007 Gordon Training
International, Retrieved June 1, 2009 from http://www.gordontraining.com,
20. Leadership and Communication: Improving leadership and communication Skills for
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Appendix A - Leadership Self-Assessment Activity
This survey is designed to provide you with feedback about your level of preference or comfort
with leadership characteristics and skills.
If you have NOT performed a task before, estimate how difficult the task would be for you to
learn to perform.
Circle the number on the scale that you believe comes closest to your skill or task level. Be
honest about your choices as there are no right or wrong answers – it is only for your own
self-assessment.
Very
Strong
Moderately
Strong
Adequate
Moderately
Weak
Very
Weak
1. I enjoy communicating with others. 5 4 3 2 1
2. I am honest and fair. 5 4 3 2 1
3. I make decisions with input from others. 5 4 3 2 1
4. My actions are consistent. 5 4 3 2 1
5.
I give others the information they need to do
their job.
5 4 3 2 1
6. I keep focused through follow-up. 5 4 3 2 1
7. I listen to feedback and ask questions. 5 4 3 2 1
8.
I show loyalty to the company and to the team
members.
5 4 3 2 1
9. I create an atmosphere of growth. 5 4 3 2 1
10. I have wide visibility. 5 4 3 2 1
11. I give praise and recognition. 5 4 3 2 1
12. I criticize constructively and address problems. 5 4 3 2 1
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13. I develop plans. 5 4 3 2 1
14.
I have a vision on where we are going and set
long term goals.
5 4 3 2 1
15.
I set objectives and follow them through to
completion.
5 4 3 2 1
16. I display tolerance and flexibility. 5 4 3 2 1
17. I can be assertive when needed. 5 4 3 2 1
18. I am a Champion of change. 5 4 3 2 1
19. I treat others with respect and dignity. 5 4 3 2 1
20. I make myself available and accessible. 5 4 3 2 1
21. I want to take charge. 5 4 3 2 1
22. I accept ownership for team decisions. 5 4 3 2 1
23.
I set guidelines for how others are to treat one
another.
5 4 3 2 1
24.
I manage by “walking around” (the front line is
the bottom line).
5 4 3 2 1
25.
I am close to the business and have a broad view
of where we are going.
5 4 3 2 1
26. I coach team members. 5 4 3 2 1
27.
I determine manpower requirements for my
department and write job descriptions for them.
5 4 3 2 1
28.
I interview and select the most qualified
candidate for an open job position.
5 4 3 2 1
29.
I provide new employees with on-the-job
training.
5 4 3 2 1
30.
I determine resources, material, and supply
requirements for my department.
5 4 3 2 1
31. I developed a budget for my department. 5 4 3 2 1
32.
I can respond to an employee who is upset with
me or someone else in the organization.
5 4 3 2 1
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33.
I have counseled employees who have personal
problems (family, health, financial).
5 4 3 2 1
34.
I react to situations in which the quality of an
employees work goes into a decline.
5 4 3 2 1
35.
I deal with employees who have performance
issues, such as suspected of substance abuse or
chronically late.
5 4 3 2 1
36. I reward employees for good. 5 4 3 2 1
37.
I conduct formal employee performance
appraisals.
5 4 3 2 1
38.
I can make a presentation to a group of peers
and/or seniors.
5 4 3 2 1
39.
I write reports to be distributed to a group of
peers and/or seniors.
5 4 3 2 1
40.
I have a deep-rooted understanding of the
functions of my organization.
5 4 3 2 1
41. I am curious. 5 4 3 2 1
42. I know how to sell. 5 4 3 2 1
43. I am a good learner. 5 4 3 2 1
44. I know how to influence people and get support. 5 4 3 2 1
45.
I admit my mistakes and take responsibility for
my actions.
5 4 3 2 1
46. I like to talk to people and I am a great listener. 5 4 3 2 1
47. I am a good delegator. 5 4 3 2 1
48.
I can separate the important issues form the
inconsequential ones.
5 4 3 2 1
49. I have integrity and can be trusted. 5 4 3 2 1
50. I am political only when needed. 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL
Total score for all 5 columns: ________________ Final Score
Scoring
Total each of the five columns and then add the five columns together for your final score. The
maximum score is 250 while the minimum score is 50.
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As mentioned earlier, there are no right or wrong answers. This means there are no right or
wrong scores. This survey is designed to show you the areas you need to improve in. Your
lowest scoring answers are the areas you need to improve. See your supervisor or training
department for resources to help you to become more proficient in your weak areas.
Use the following as a general guideline of where you stand.
175 and above – You are well on your way to becoming a leader.
125 to 174 – You are getting close.
124 and below – Don’t give up! Many before you have continued with their studies to
become some of the finest leaders around.
Use this assessment to help you o determine what skills and abilities you can continue to
improve (strengths) and what skills and abilities you need to develop (opportunities for growth).
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Appendix B - Leadership Style Survey
This questionnaire contains statements about leadership style beliefs. Next to each statement,
circle the number that represents how strongly you feel about the statement by using the
following scoring system:
Almost Always True – 5
Frequently True – 4
Occasionally True – 3
Seldom True – 2
Almost Never True – 1
Be honest about your choices as there are no right or wrong answers – it is only for your own
self-assessment.
Almost
Always
True
Frequently
True
Occasionally
True
Seldom
True
Almost
Never True
1.
I always retain the final decision making
authority within my department or team.
5 4 3 2 1
2.
I always try to include one or more employees in
determining what to do and how to do it.
However, I maintain the final decision making
authority.
5 4 3 2 1
3.
I and my employees always vote whenever a
major decision has to be made.
5 4 3 2 1
4.
I do not consider suggestions made by my
employees as I do not have the time for them.
5 4 3 2 1
5.
I ask for employee ideas and input on upcoming
plans and projects.
5 4 3 2 1
6.
For a major decision to pass in my department,
it must have the approval of each individual or
the majority.
5 4 3 2 1
7.
I tell my employees what has to be done and
how to do it.
5 4 3 2 1
8.
When things go wrong and I need to create a
strategy to keep a project or process running on
schedule, I call a meeting to get my employee’s
advice.
5 4 3 2 1
9.
To get information out, I send it by email,
memos, or voice mail; very rarely is a meeting
called. My employees are then expected to act
upon the information.
5 4 3 2 1
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10.
When someone makes a mistake, I tell them not
to ever do that again and make a note of it.
5 4 3 2 1
11.
I want to create an environment where the
employees take ownership of the project. I
allow them to participate in the decision making
process.
5 4 3 2 1
12.
I allow my employees to determine what needs
to be done and how to do it.
5 4 3 2 1
13.
New hires are not allowed to make any
decisions unless it is approved by me first.
5 4 3 2 1
14.
I ask employees for their vision of where they
see their jobs going and then use their vision
where appropriate.
5 4 3 2 1
15.
My workers know more about their jobs than
me, so I allow them to carry out the decisions to
do their job.
5 4 3 2 1
16.
When something goes wrong, I tell my
employees that a procedure is not working
correctly and I establish a new one.
5 4 3 2 1
17.
I allow my employees to set priorities with my
guidance.
5 4 3 2 1
18.
I delegate tasks in order to implement a new
procedure or process.
5 4 3 2 1
19.
I closely monitor my employees to ensure they
are performing correctly.
5 4 3 2 1
20.
When there are differences in role expectations,
I work with them to resolve the differences.
5 4 3 2 1
21.
Each individual is responsible for defining their
job.
5 4 3 2 1
22.
I like the power that my leadership position
holds over my subordinates.
5 4 3 2 1
23.
I like to use my leadership power to help
subordinates grow.
5 4 3 2 1
24.
I like to share my leadership power with my
subordinates.
5 4 3 2 1
25.
Employees must be directed or threatened with
punishment in order to get them to achieve the
organizational objectives.
5 4 3 2 1
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26.
Employees will exercise self-direction if they
are committed to the objectives.
5 4 3 2 1
27.
Employees have the right to determine their own
organizational objectives.
5 4 3 2 1
28. Employees seek mainly security. 5 4 3 2 1
29.
Employees know how to use creativity and
ingenuity to solve organizational problems.
5 4 3 2 1
30.
My employees can lead themselves just as well
as I can.
5 4 3 2 1
In the fill-in lines below, mark the score of each item on the questionnaire. For example, if you
scored item one with a 3 (Occasionally) then enter a 3 next to Item One. When you have entered all
the scores for each question, total each of the 3 columns.
Item Score Item Score Item Score
1 _________ 2 _________ 3 _________
4 _________ 5 _________ 6 _________
7 _________ 8 _________ 9 _________
10 _________ 11 _________ 12 _________
13 _________ 14 _________ 15 _________
16 _________ 17 _________ 18 _________
19 _________ 20 _________ 21 _________
22 _________ 23 _________ 24 _________
25 _________ 26 _________ 27 _________
28 _________ 29 _________ 30 _________
TOTAL _________ TOTAL _________ TOTAL _________
Authoritarian
Style
Participative
Style
Delegative
Style
(autocratic) (democratic) (free reign)
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This questionnaire is to help you assess what leadership style you normally operate out of. The lowest
score possible for any stage is 10 (Almost never) while the highest score possible for any stage is 50
(Almost always).
The highest of the three scores indicates what style of leadership you normally use. If your highest score
is 40 or more, it is a strong indicator of your normal style.
The lowest of the three scores is an indicator of the style you least use. If your lowest score is 20 or less, it
is a strong indicator that you normally do not operate out of this mode.
If two of the scores are close to the same, you might be going through a transition phase, either personally
or at work, except if you score high in both the participative and the delegative then you are probably a
delegative leader.
If there is only a small difference between the three scores, then this indicates that you have no clear
perception of the mode you operate out of, or you are a new leader and are trying to feel out the correct
style for yourself.