This document discusses the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. It provides details on how earthquakes occur due to tectonic plate movement. It then summarizes the key details of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake such as its location, magnitude, and impact. It discusses the causes of the earthquake in the region. It also examines why the damages were so extensive, which it attributes to inadequate building construction and lack of enforcement of seismic building codes. It outlines remedial measures taken after the earthquake as well as methods that can be used to earthquake proof buildings.

3. PRESENTED BY
FA17-BCV-023 Umair Nasir
FA17-BCV-036 Awais Siddique
FA17-BCV-009 Junaid Ashraf
FA17-BCV-046 Muhammad Ali
Civil Engineering (2017 -2021)
MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MIRPUR AJK
KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
2005
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4. CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 How do earthquakes occur?
 Brief details of Kashmir Earthquake 2005
 Causes
 Effects
 Why Damages were so large?
 Remedial Measures
 How to make a building earthquake-proof?
 References
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5. INTRODUCTION
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 What is Earthquake?
Vibration induced in earth’s crust due to internal
or external causes that shake up part of the crust and
all the structures and living and non-living things
existing on it. These are:
 Unexpected.
 Strongest
 Quickest

6. INTRODUCTION
 Focus:
Point of origin of an Earthquake below the
surface of the Earth.
 Epicenter:
Point on the surface vertically above the Focus.
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7. HOW DOES EARTHQUAKE OCCUR?
 The earth's crust is made up of a bunch of pieces,
called plates (almost 10 major).
 The plates get moved around by the liquid layers
of magma underneath the Earth's crust.
 The plates are always bumping into each other
and pulling away from each other or past each
other.
 Earthquakes usually happen when two plates are
running into each other or sliding past each other.
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8. DETAILS OF KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE 2005
Date Oct 8, 2005
Time: 08:50:38 AM PKT
Location: Muzaffarabad, AJK
Magnitude: 7.6 Mw
Epicenter: 19 km (north north-east from
Muzaffarabad)
Focal Depth: 16 km
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9. DETAILS OF KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE 2005
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10. CAUSES
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 Seismic activity in South Asia is a direct
result of the collision of the Indian and
the Eurasian plates, which results from
the northwestern motion of the Indian
Plate at the rate of 4-5 cm per year.
 The resulting collision has fractured the
Indian plate into several slices beneath
the Kashmir Basin and is known as the
Indus-Kohistan seismic zone.
 The main identified feature in this zone
is the Balakot-Bagh fault, which is the
likely source of the earthquake.

11. EFFECTS
Economical:
Cities like Balakot, Muzaffarabad, Bagh, and all
small villages being razed to the ground, all roads were
destroyed.
Social:
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12. EFFECTS
Social:
• Source: www.cnn.com
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 Over 3 million homeless in Pakistan, 1 million in IOK.
 472,383 houses destroyed in total.
 3.2 to 3.5 million people required medical care.

13. EFFECTS
Environmental:
 It devastated an area of more than 30,000 square miles.
 Whole mountain sides fell into the rivers, villages were
disappeared.
 Large landslides along the fault.
 Large cracks appeared on the surface.
 Large amount of farmland had been destroyed making
agriculture extremely difficult.
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14. WHY WERE DAMAGES SO LARGE?
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STRUCTURAL INADEQUACIES:
 Most building damage resulted from ground shaking. Large
number of buildings located mostly on or near slopes
were destroyed by ground failure due to land sliding or
subsidence.
 Most of the buildings in the affected area were of unreinforced
masonry (URM) wall construction.
 Stone masonry buildings were constructed with poor bonding.
 No horizontal bond beams were provided at the levels of
plinth, or roof.
 No vertical members of concrete or wood were provided in
walls.

15. WHY WERE DAMAGES SO LARGE?
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 In some cases, certainly due to economic constraints, the
stones were observed to have been laid even dry (no
mortar at all) and the gaps were filled by small pieces of
stones
 Poor quality of concrete was used for fabrication of
blocks.
 There was no lateral force resisting system.
 Damage to suspension bridges ranged from shearing
of the tower foundation to complete collapse of the
towers.

16. WHY WERE DAMAGES SO LARGE?
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 Inadequate thickness of walls (6 inches)
 No integrity of the wall in the transverse direction
 Weak connections at corners.
 Inadequate lap splices
 The smaller villages also contain adobe structures
that, as expected, performed poorly in the
earthquake.

17. WHY WERE DAMAGES SO LARGE?
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SEISMIC PLANNING AND CODE:
 The area that suffered in the earthquake was deemed to be
Zone 2 (low to moderate risk).
 This classification was not done according to the criteria
mentioned in the UBC.
 Seismic hazard is not given a great deal of attention in urban
planning and policy decisions, and seismic design does not
appear to be high priority, except for major or high profile
projects.
 The development of a proper national building code with
appropriate seismic design provisions had been out-sourced
to local consultants after that catastrophic loss.

18. REMEDIAL MEASURES
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 NDMA
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),
is the lead agency at the Federal level to deal with
Disaster Management Activities. In event of disaster,
Government Ministries & Departments, Armed
Forces, NGOs, work through and from NDMA to
conduct one window operation.

19. REMEDIAL MEASURES
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 ERRA
The Govt. of Pakistan established the Earthquake
Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA)
on October 24, 2005 to take up the task of rebuilding
in the earthquake affected regions.
It includes civil servants, armed forces personnel
and international consultants.
ERRA’s mission was to “Convert this Adversity into
an Opportunity” by reconstructing the lost and
destroyed facilities.

20. How to make a building earthquake-proof
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 To design an earthquake-proof building, engineers need to
reinforce the structure and counteract an earthquake’s
forces.
 Since earthquakes release energy that pushes on a
building from one direction, the strategy is to have the
building push the opposite way.
 Here are some of the methods used to help buildings
withstand earthquakes.

21. How to make a building earthquake-proof
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 Create a Flexible Foundation

22. How to make a building earthquake-proof
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 Reinforce the Building’s Structure

23. How to make a building earthquake-proof
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 Earthquake-Resistant Materials

24. REFERENCES
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 www.ifrc.org
 www.ndma.gov.pk
 www.erra.gov.pk
 https://reliefweb.int/
 https://www.britannica.com/
 www.iitk.ac.in
 https://earthobservatory.sg/
 https://www.researchgate.net/
 https://bioone.org/