The document provides an overview of networking, covering topics such as types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), network topologies (bus, ring, star, mesh), and reference models (OSI and TCP/IP). It details hardware requirements and additional components necessary for networking, along with various transmission media types. The OSI model is elaborated with its seven layers, each serving distinct functions, and the TCP/IP model is described with its five layers.

1. Prepared By Kapil Soni
IICE Udaipur
(Learning Centre Code: - 02086)
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Networking

2. 2
Topics Covered
 Introduction to
Networking.
 Types of Networking.
 Basic Hardware
Requirements for
Networking.
 Additional Components
Required for Networking.
 Transmission Media.
 Protocols.
 Switching Techniques
 Multiplexing

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Introduction to Networking
 A “network ” has been defined as “any set of interlinking
lines resembling a net, a network of roads or an
interconnected system, a network of alliances”.
 A “network” is a set of devices (often referred to as
nodes) connected by communication links.

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Types of Networking
 Physical Networking
 Topology
 Network Architecture
 Reference Models
 Service Oriented Network
 LAN, MAN, WAN
 Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh
 Host Based, Master Slave,
Client Server, Peer to
Peer
 OSI and TCP / IP
 Connection Less and
Connection Oriented

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Physical Networking
One of the primary category into which a network falls is
determined by its size. On the basis of the size and the
geographical area following are the categories fall under physical
type of networking: -
 Local Area Network (LAN): - Usually privately owned
and links the devices in a single office, building or campus
not exceeding few kilometers.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): - Network which is
setup within a city or a town.
Wide Area Network (WAN): - Network which does not
have any limit spread over large geographic areas that may
comprise a country, continent or even the whole world.

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Local Area Network

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Metropolitan Area Network

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Wide Area Network

9. Topology
The term Physical Topology refers to the way in which a network is
laid out physically. Two or more devices connect to a link; two or
more links form a Topology. The Topology of a network is the
geometric representation of all the links and linking devices to
another. Network topology is the study of the arrangement or
mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially
the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between
nodes.
There are four basic topologies: -
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 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
 Star Topology
 Mesh Topology

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Bus Topology: -
The type of network topology in which all of the
nodes of the network are connected to a common
transmission medium which has exactly two
endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also commonly
referred to as the backbone, or trunk) – all data that is
transmitted between nodes in the network is
transmitted over this common transmission medium
and is able to be received by all nodes in the network
virtually simultaneously (disregarding propagation
delays).

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Bus Topology (Contd…): -

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Ring Topology: -
The type of network topology in which each of the
nodes of the network is connected to two other nodes
in the network and with the first and last nodes being
connected to each other, forming a ring – all data that
is transmitted between nodes in the network travels
from one node to the next node in a circular manner
and the data generally flows in a single direction
only.

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Ring Topology (Contd…): -

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Star Topology: -
The type of network topology in which each of the
nodes of the network is connected to a central node
with a point-to-point link in a 'hub' and 'spoke'
fashion, the central node being the 'hub' and the nodes
that are attached to the central node being the 'spokes'
(e.g., a collection of point-to-point links from the
peripheral nodes that converge at a central node) – all
data that is transmitted between nodes in the network
is transmitted to this central node, which is usually
some type of device that then retransmits the data to
some or all of the other nodes in the network,
although the central node may also be a simple
common connection point (such as a 'punch-down'
block) without any active device to repeat the signals.

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Star Topology (Contd…): -

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Mesh Topology: -
The type of network topology in which each of the
nodes of the network is connected to each of the other
nodes in the network with a point-to-point link – this
makes it possible for data to be simultaneously
transmitted from any single node to all of the other
nodes.

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Mesh Topology (Contd…): -

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Reference Models: -
The reference model describes the designing of a network
architecture and helps us in understanding its flexibility and
robustness.
There are two types of reference models viz., The OSI (Open
System Interconnection) Model and the TCP / IP
(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) Model.

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The OSI Model: -
OSI stands for Open Source Interconnection. A Model
developed by the International Standards Organization,
commonly known as ISO.
The primary objective to develop this model was to cover all
aspects of network communications. The purpose of OSI
model is to open communication between different systems
without requiring changes to the logic of underlying hardware
and software.
OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network
systems that allows for communication across all types of
computer systems.

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The OSI Model (Contd…): -
OSI Model comprises of seven ordered layers. These are: -
 Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1
 Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2
 Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3
 Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4
 Session Layer – Referred as Layer 5
 Presentation Layer – Referred as Layer 6
 Application Layer – Referred as Layer 7
Each Layer defines a family of functions distinct from
those of the other layers.
The purpose of designing such a layered type of model
was to project the transmitting data down to its most
fundamental element.

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Figure: The ISO/OSI Reference Model

22. Functions of Each Layer of OSI Model: -
Physical Layer: -
The Physical Layer coordinates the functions required to
transmit a bit stream over a physical medium. It deals with the
mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and
transmission medium. It also defines the procedures and functions
that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission
to occur. Following are the elements concerned with the Physical
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Layer of OSI Model: -
Physical characteristics of interfaces and media.
Representation of bits.
Data rate.
Synchronization of bits.
Line configuration.
Physical topology.
Transmission mode.

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Data Link Layer: -
The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw
transmission facility, to a reliable link and is responsible for node to
node delivery. It makes the physical layer appear error free to the
upper layer. The data link layer also oversees the delivery of the
packet between two systems on the same network.
Responsibilities of the Data Link Layer are : -
Framing
Physical Addressing
Flow Control
Error Control
Access Control

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Network Layer: -
The Network Layer is responsible for the source to
destination delivery of a packet across multiple networks. It ensures
that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination.
It also oversees the end to end delivery of individual packets,
however, it does not recognize any relationship between those
packets. Each packets are treated independently irrespective if the
packet belonged to the same message or to a different message.
Responsibilities of the Network Layer are: -
Logical Addressing
Routing

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Transport Layer: -
The Transport Layer is responsible for source to destination
(end to end) delivery of the entire message. It also ensures that the
whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error
control and flow control at the source to destination level.
Also the transport layer may create a connection between two
end ports. A Connection is a single logical path between the source
and the destination that is associated with all packets in a message.
Creating a connection involves three steps: -
Connection Establishment.
Data Transfer and
Connection Release
By confining transmission of all packets to a single pathway, the
transport layer has more control over sequencing, flow, and error
detection and correction.

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Transport Layer (Contd….): -
Responsibilities of Transport Layer are as follows: -
Service Point Addressing.
Segmentation and Reassembly.
Connection Control.
Flow Control.
Error Control.

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Session Layer: -
Session Layer is the network dialog controller. It establishes,
maintains and synchronizes the interaction between communicating
systems.
Responsibilities of Session Layer are as follows: -
Dialog Control.
Synchronization.

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Presentation Layer: -
Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between two systems.
Responsibilities of Presentation Layer are as follows: -
Translation.
Encryption.
Compression.

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Application Layer: -
Application Layer enables the user, whether human or software, to
access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for
services such as E – Mail, remote file access and transfer, shared
database management and other types of distributed information
services.
Responsibilities of Application Layer are as follows: -
Network Virtual Terminal
File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM).
Mail Services.
Directory Services.

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The TCP / IP Model: -
TCP / IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol. This model was developed prior to the OSI model.
Therefore, the layers in the TCP / IP do not match exactly with
those in the OSI model.
TCP / IP model is made up of five layers. These are: -
 Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1
 Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2
 Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3
 Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4
 Application Layer – Referred as Layer 5

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Figure: The ISO/OSI Reference Model and the
TCP / IP Reference Model

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Basic Hardware Requirements for
Networking
 Modem
 Ethernet Card
 RJ – 45
 RJ – 11

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External Modem

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Internal Modem

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Ethernet Card

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RJ – 45 and RJ – 11

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Additional Hardware Components
of Networking
 Hubs
 Routers
 Switches
 Bridges
 Gateways

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A Hub

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A Router

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A Switch

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A Bridge

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A Gateway

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Types of Transmission Media
 Guided Media
 Twisted Pair Cable
 Coaxial Cables
 Optical Fibers
 Un – Guided Media
 Micro Wave
 Radio Wave
 Satellite
 Blue Tooth
 Infrared

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Twisted Pair Cable
A type of cable that
consists of two
independently insulated
wires twisted around one
another. The use of two
wires twisted together
helps to reduce crosstalk
and electromagnetic
induction.

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Coaxial Cable (Contd….)

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Optical Fibers (Contd…)

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Micro Wave Transmission Media
(Contd…) : -

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Radio Wave Transmission Media
(Contd…) : -

49. Satellite Communication (Contd…) : -
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Bluetooth (Contd…): -

51. Thank You
Kapil Soni
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