This document provides an overview of Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy and the concept of the "good will." It discusses that for Kant, the only thing that is absolutely good is a good will. A good will is motivated by duty alone, without external influences like desires, emotions, or consequences. The document also examines Kant's categorical imperative and its four formulations, including the universalizability formulation which states we should only act on maxims we can universalize. It provides examples of how stealing could not be universalized but telling the truth could. Finally, it briefly introduces Kant's deontological moral theory which holds we have duties to act in accordance with moral rules and principles.

1. Name: Wahid Ullah
M.Phil Research Scholar
University of Peshawar
Email: Sarhadiwazir222@gmail.com
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3. Who is Kant’s
• Complete of Kant is Immanuel Kant
• Immunal Kant was born on April 22,1724.in Konigsberg ,Russia.
• In 1740 Kant entered the university of Konigsberg
• He published different books and papers which is given below
• 1 Critique of pure reason
• 2 critique of practical reason
• 3 Critique of judgment
• 4.Ground works of metaphysics of morals
• 5 The science of right
• We focus here on the Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals
• He died on February 12,1804,in Konigsberg
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4. Immanuel Kant
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5. Good will
• Kant ask some questions about, that what is the thing
that is absolute good in the world ?
• What is the good in itself ,which goodness is not
dependent on any space ,time ,situation or which is not
dependent on the feeling ,desires.
According to Kant ‘’there is nothing in the world or
outside the world that can be called good ,except for
good will.
Goodwill express itself in dutiful action ,which is not
influenced by external factors thoughts and desires .
Good will is intrinsically good ,its goodness is not
conditioned at all by any cause or desire .
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6. Continu.…
Money ,intelligence ,power ,health and good
fortune, happiness etc are not intrinsically good,
because their goodness depends on external
factors.
Good will is always good in itself and everywhere
• The only thing that is good without qualification is a
good will (Immanuel Kant)
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8. Features or characteristic of Good
will
• 1)Good will is intellectual aspects
• 2)Good will is absolute good
• 3)Good will is the Highest condition .(Holy good)
• 4)Good will is free from result or fruit
• 5)Absolute good (good will) and relative good
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9. Morality
• According to Immanuel Kant ‘’ morality means
acting accordance with the categorical imperative ‘’.
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10. Imperative
What is imperative?
• An imperative is a command that considers action
as a means of accomplishing any purpose. For
example, close the window, come to your on time
and pay your taxes
 Kant’s classifies the imperative into two types.
 Hypothetical imperative
Categorical imperative
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11. Hypothetical imperative
• This imperative command conditionally on your having
a relevant desire
• Based on a desired outcome.
• Example ;
Desired outcome is to be a good doctor
• Imperative would be to go to a good medical school .
• Going to medical school is dependent on your desired
outcomes
• It is not a duty ,i.e. you do not NEED to go to medical
school .you could go to law school.
IF you want to become successful ,then you have to
work very hard.
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12. Categorical imperative
 The categorical imperative is the supreme principle of morality
• This command is unconditional .
• This is a absolute command
Example ;
DO not cheat
According to Kant ,the moral law takes several formulations
1) The formula of universal law
2) The formula of the end in itself
3) The formula of autonomy
4) The formula of the kingdoms of ends
• Each of these formulations is meant to be equivalent to the other
forms
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13. The formula of universal law
• The formula of universal law states that you should ‘’Act only on that
maxim through which you can at the same time will, that it should
becomes a universal law’’
• Moral laws, we can see from this formulation, must be universally valid.
• Example 1.
• The act of stealing the rich’s properties and distributing them to the
poor.
 you cannot universalize the stealing act.
So stealing is an immoral action.
 Example 2.
• Telling a truth
You can universalize the speaking and telling truths
So the telling and speaking of truth is a moral action
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14. The second formulation or formula of
the End in itself
• The formula of the ends in itself also called the
‘’Formula of Humanity or principle of Humanity‘’
• In this formula the Kant state that ‘’Act in such a way
that you always treat humanity ,whether in your own
person or the person of another ,always as an end and
never simply as a means ‘’
• Act so as to treat people always s ends in themselves
,never as mere means
• Example
• Cheating some is absolutely immoral because this act
treat other as a means to own selfish end
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15. Third one formulation
• Principle of the autonomy
• ‘’So act that your will can regard itself at the same
time as making universal law through its maxims’’
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16. Fourth formulation ;
• Principle of ‘’kingdom of End ‘’
• ‘’So act as if you were through your maxim a law
making member of kingdom of end ‘’
• What is a Maxim ?
• A maxim is a bit like a rule which tells you how act
in order to achieve certain ends
• Intention about some act
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17. Kant's Deontological theory
• Kantian theory
• Kantianism theory
• Kant moral theory
• The term deontology comes from the Greek word
Deon meaning duty
• The theory of Deontology states we are morally
obligated to act accordance with a certain set of
principle and rules regardless of outcome and
consequences.
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18. Sources
• https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=t9SnS4Hf
og4C&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false
• Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of
Ethics By Immanuel Kant
• YouTube
• Wikipedia
• Slide shear
• Google scholar
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