Since Islam originated and has developed in an Arab culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced by Arab customs. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural affinities, though every society has preserved its distinguishing characteristics. Islamic culture inherited an Arab culture born in the desert, simple but by no means simplistic. It has an oral tradition based on the transmission of culture through poetry and narrative. However, it has been the written record that has had the greatest impact on civilization. Islam civilization is based on the value of education, which both the Qur'an and the Prophet stressed.
One of the distinctive features of the Islamic tradition is its rapid expansion into a large and diverse civilization, soon becoming divided into several centers of political authority. Although the Prophet’s activities were mostly limited to the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, after his death the first four “Rightly Guided” caliphs sent armies to conquer Syria, Egypt, Iraq and parts of Persia, which were then within the declining Byzantine and Persian empires.
Aidarbek Chalbaev from International Relations Department of International Ataturk Alatoo University is talking about the Ottoman Empire .Subject: Turkey in World Politics Lecturer: Dr. Ibrahim Koncak
Caliphate is a glorious past of Muslims, all over the world. Muslim community always needs a rightly guided caliphate. So it's my simple work to remember Our glorious History of caliphate and how we lose that.
Since Islam originated and has developed in an Arab culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced by Arab customs. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural affinities, though every society has preserved its distinguishing characteristics. Islamic culture inherited an Arab culture born in the desert, simple but by no means simplistic. It has an oral tradition based on the transmission of culture through poetry and narrative. However, it has been the written record that has had the greatest impact on civilization. Islam civilization is based on the value of education, which both the Qur'an and the Prophet stressed.
One of the distinctive features of the Islamic tradition is its rapid expansion into a large and diverse civilization, soon becoming divided into several centers of political authority. Although the Prophet’s activities were mostly limited to the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, after his death the first four “Rightly Guided” caliphs sent armies to conquer Syria, Egypt, Iraq and parts of Persia, which were then within the declining Byzantine and Persian empires.
Aidarbek Chalbaev from International Relations Department of International Ataturk Alatoo University is talking about the Ottoman Empire .Subject: Turkey in World Politics Lecturer: Dr. Ibrahim Koncak
Caliphate is a glorious past of Muslims, all over the world. Muslim community always needs a rightly guided caliphate. So it's my simple work to remember Our glorious History of caliphate and how we lose that.
A Geographical History of the Quran
Written by Dr. Syed Muzzafar ud Din Nadvi (based on his teacher Syed Suleiman Nadvi's book - Tareekh Ardh Al Quran)
Educational system in the Time of the ProphetMuQeet
Prophet Muhammad as a Teacher, Dean and Rector, An important reference material to learn about the value of Education in Islam and Muslim society. Authored by Dr. M Hamidullah, this is a feature in Islamic Scholarship.
Abbasid caliphate and the golden age of IslamThe Gol.docxSALU18
Abbasid caliphate and the golden age of Islam
The Golden Age
Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 AD overthrew the Umayyads
Under Abbasid leadership, the Islamic world flourished, leading to a Golden Age
A centralized government dominated by a theocratic outlook helped create a sense of unity and purpose for the new caliphate
The unity of the empire allowed for the flourishing of the arts
The Golden Age
Byzantine and Sasanian knowledge was spread throughout the vast empire and impacted many European kingdoms
Persian becomes the language of the court
Stressed conversion and turned against the Shi’a and other allies to support a less tolerant Sunni Islam.
Large bureaucracy worked under the vizir, or chief administrator.
The Golden Age
The Muslim conquerors inherited a rich and diverse world from Byzantium and the Persians
At first, the new Arab rulers let the political and governmental structures in place—they just ruled over them
One of the first measures they took was to develop schools
The primary function of this was to teach and organize the practices of Islam
The Quran served as the primary text to teach people how to read
Sunna
Sunna is the oral tradition passed down of those early Muslims living in Medina
Despite the expansion and migration of Muslims across the Mediterranean, the Medinese community still provided the most important example
This is because they formed the Companions of Muhammad—those who observed the Prophet
Muslims looked at their lifestyle for guidance on how to practice Islam
These observations were known as sunna
Hadith
Out of the Islamic schools came the hadiths
Hadiths are important collections of sayings or teachings that are attributing to Muhammad
These are linked through an isnad, which is a chain of people that links the saying back to someone who heard the prophet say it or do it.
Major schools of Islamic thought developed around the study and practice of hadiths
In Sunni Islam there are four major schools, though others exist, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’I, and Hanbali
Sharia
The study of the Quran and sunna, the Islamic legislation, led to the creation Sharia
Sharia means path or way
It is a system of laws based upon the study of the Quran and hadith
Sharia’s main function is to instruct the believer on how to live properly and worship Allah
These new laws and regulations also led to new spiritual and ascetic practices in Islam
Here the influence of Christian, Hindi, and Zoroastrian monks are seen upon Islam such as celibacy
Possible Evolution of the Lesser Jihad
As the boundaries of the caliphate stopped growing (Battle of Tours 732 and failed sieges of Constantinople 717), new perspectives on jihad emerged
With the rise of Sufism, Islamic mystics, jihad began to take on notions of spiritual warfare
By the ninth century, two hundred years after Muhammad, ideas that jihad was an internal war against passions emerged in the writings al-Dunya and al-Muhasibi
These writings on th.
My slides during The Islamic Civilization class. We also organized one day exhibition at National Mosque,Malaysia with the same title. This class was facilitated by Dr Elmira Akhmetova.
Abu Hamid Al Gharnati is the figure that given by my lecturer, Dr Elmira Akhmetova from Department of History and Civilization, IIUM to discuss about it in our class, Muslim Historiography. This was little tough for me because of language barrier as many of the reference comes from Spanish language.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
4. What is Historiography?
The field of study
of the methodology of historians in developing history as an academic discipline
Covers how historians have studied that particular topic using particular sources, techniques,
and theoretical approaches
‘HISTORIOGRAPHY’ –
Technical meaning?
6. Historiography is…
“The writing of history”
The writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of
particulars from the authentic materials, and the synthesis of particulars into a narrative
that will stand the test of critical methods
“The principles, theory, and history of historical writing”
“Study of the discipline and practice of history”
“History of history”
Critical approach is demanded”
7. History of Historiography
“Islam is the only major religion of the history of mankind which was born and
flourished under the light of history, and Muslims are a people with a strong sense of
history, yet, ironically enough, the Islamic history is perhaps the most confused, much-
discussed and less-understood among the histories of world religious communities.”
Nisar Ahmed Faruqi, Early Muslim Historiography, p. xix
8. Muslim or Islamic Historiography
التأريخ علم
1. Arab historians compiled more historical works than were collectively
compiled in any other languages at that time.
Margoliouth – 590 books in the 1st millennium
2. These works are of various types (tribal history, city history, universal)
3. date-mark and chronology practice
4. historical consciousness
5. Isnad system (law of witness)
9. Tarikh …
From the root ‘arkh’,
Means recording according to time of an event
Event was used to differentiate time in pre-Islamic Arabia
Tarikh is “knowledge pertaining to a country, customs and manners of a people, remains of the
people of yore, as well as account of the actions of those alive.”
Al-Kafiji (d. 879 H): “branch of knowledge dealing with the chronology of events”
In modern scholarship:
MAN + TIME + SPACE = HISTORY
10. Why Arabs paid so much attention to
History?
1. being proud of their ancestors –oral tradition, genealogy to prove their nobility
2. The Qur’an
3. Muhammad SAW was an ideal person, an example
4. Muslim rulers wanted to be the best, so they wanted to learn from other great rulers who
lived in history
Ayyam al-Arab (battle-days narrations, tribal military tales) – poetry
Qisas – folklore literature, tribal legends
Israiliyat – Biblical Myths
Rawi – later.. Professional rawis
11. The Concept of History
Purpose of writing – ibadah
The will of Allah, Sunnah of Allah
History is the history of tawhid – continuity of Prophethood
Islam is a history-conscious religion
History-consciousness of Muslims was a part of their faith,
No interest in jahiliyyah period
Arab historiography continued flourishing in its own native spirit and form, free from foreign influence, until the
end of 2nd century
Hisham al-Kalbi was the 1st person who used Christian archives
Last days of Ummayad rule, scholars began translating Persian historical books (Khudai Nama) – far reaching
effect – full of mythology, exaggerations
Need for methodology …
12. Methodology
Need for methodology – emerged
Was introduced: khabar with isnad – a report authenticated through a unbroken chain of
authority (of transmitters) - to identify false
Taqi al-din Maqrizi (766-845) in Kitab al-Mawariz wa I’tibar bi Dhikr al-Khitat wal-Athar” said,
“knowledge is of two categories: ma’qul (rational) and manqul (traditional or revealed). A man
ought to acquire a fair amount of both of them; then he should devote his time exclusively to
the study of history and should ponder over its exhortations.. How shameful it would be if a man
claims to have knowledge and wisdom but on being asked about those Prophets of Allah, faith in
whom is obligatory, he should simply repeat their names without knowing details of their lives
and personalities. Similarly, how disgraceful it is that one should teach in a Madrasah or issue
religious decrees in settling legal disputes without knowing the sublime character of the Holy
Prophet (SAW), his intrinsic qualities and virtues…”
13. Methodology ..
Reasons for main interest in critical history:
1. Importance of history, sirah, early Islam – should be authentic
2. fiqh issues with spread of Islam
Ahl Hadith (who did not want to use qiyas as a source of fiqh), continued searching for hadith to interpret new
happenings – great service to historiography
- made distinction between hadith, sirah and maghazi
So, early hadith and historical literature used same methodology, the same sources – khabar and isnad
Later, they developed separately
Akhbar became secular in approach and wider in scope, chronological in order
From local to universal outlook –ummah concept
Political aims in history – tribal, genealogy (Umayyads)
14. Historical Material During Jahiliyyah (Pre-Islamic
Arabia)
These sources were neglected by Arab historiography
Orientalists paid attention
“Most reliable contemporary source of history coming down to us from that period directly.” (Faruqi, 16)
2 types:
1. Non-Arab inscriptions like Babylonian or Assyrian writings ( pre-Islamic life, conditions)
2. Arab
NON-ARAB SOURCES
Personal events and achievements of a tribal chief
Like accounts about building of Dam in Marib by Sabaeans of Southern Arabia between two mountains in 800 BC.
Wall 150 feet high and 50 feet wide – took long time and covered time of several rulers
- Sabaeans built huge buildings, dams and roads, luxurious gardens –mentioned by Al-Hamdani
15. Pre-Islamic Sources
Calendar Systems were based on events, year of elephants for example
-battle-days (ayyam) as their calendar
Dating is an important
The present hijri calendar was adopted in 17 or 18 Hijri Years during the time of Umar RA
JEWISH SOURCES
The Torah – to fill gap
Torah is the collection of various scriptures related to Hebrew Prophets
To Musa AS, five books revealed and known as Pentateuch (Genesis (creation), Exodus (Musa and Pharaoh stories),
Leviticus (Jewish Shari’ah), Numbers (wars, events), and Deuteronomy (discourses of Musa AS)
Nebhiim (The Prophets): Former Prophets and Later Prophets
Kethubim (Books) of Solomon, Daniel and others
Targhum – Aramaic translation and interpretation of Torah and Nebhiim
16. Pre-Islamic Sources
The Talmud
Talmud Palestinian – written and compiled in Palestine
Two parts: 1. Mishnah- knowledge
(second law) – oral law; has carry chains of
Authority
Was collected by Judah Hanasi (190-200BC)
2. Gemara (completion) its exegesis:
Palestinian and Babylonian
Was used for tafsir and historical accounts
17. Pre-Islamic Sources
Greek Works
Many information about pre-Islamic Arab history, names of tribes, their territories
Herodotus (480-425 BC) – visited Egypt
Strabo (64BC-19CE) – 17 volume book – 16th contains chapters about Arabs
But early Arab historians did not know these sources
Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and Persia
Some travellers also visited
CAN WE RELY ON THESE SOURCES??
18. Pre-Islamic Sources
Christian Sources
The New Testament – to Isa AS
Altered and compiled much later
Exegesis of these stories
Seerah and Qisas Anbiyah writers used
these sources
Other Christian Sources like stories
19. Pre-Islamic Sources of Arab Origin
Battle-Day Narratives (Ayyam Al-Arab)
Orally circulated narratives of the battle of the Arabs
Deal with wars, deities, religious and social conditions; rich in genealogical information, tribal issues,
morality, glorious deeds
Collective property of a tribe
Deep impact on tribal society
Written in prose and poetry; some parts were used in Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham
Critique: one-sided, no historical-consciousness, exaggerations; it is just a folk-tales
Impact of Ayyam Tales on Futuh, maghazi
Maghazi also use poetry, same style and topics, and minute detail of wars but many differences in
methodology, intention and critical evaluation
20. Pre-Islamic Arab Sources
Arabic poetry - Diwan al-’Arab
‘Poetry is the Archives of the Arab’ – saying (Ibn Abbas)
Significant position in the field of historiography
Important source of cultural and intellectual activities
Early narrators of hadith were good in poetry as well
Hammad al-Rawiya
Every important poet had his own rawi who memorize verses and transmit it to others
Hammad al-Rawiya was the first man who devoted himself to the collection of the Jahiliyyah poetry
(during the time of Yazid ibn Abd Malik)
He was patronized by Umayyad rulers
He recited 2900 long odes of Jahiliyyah and al-Walid awarded him one lakh dirhams