This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
A comparative approach between different optimize result in hybrid energy sys...IJECEIAES
To compare the different result of optimization of a hybrid energy system. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is the combination of renewable and non-renewable sources which is playing a very important role for rural area electrification when grid extension is not possible or excessively expensive. Non renewable sources like diesel power generator (optional) are used in a HRES for backup when renewable energy supply is not sufficient. While the HRES is very important due to the smallest natural and physical contact compared to non renewable sources, this work proposed a comparison outcome with the help of different component by using HOMER software and get best optimize result for the model. This paper presents a wide-ranging review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses study, best sizing, and model, organize aspect and reliability issue.
Feasibility study of achieving reliable electricity supply using hybrid power...IJECEIAES
Electrical power is considered as a significant part of contemporary life, and an essential element for development. Fossil fuels have been utilized since the beginning of the twentieth century for electricity generation. However, fossil fuels depletion at the escalating pace as well as their formidable negative implications upon ecosystem contributed to increasing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources for producing electric power to meet the growing demand worldwide. In Iraq, the electrical supply is not sufficient to supply 12 hours a day of electricity. Many rural areas, particularly their schools are suffering from the electricity shortage such as Umm Qasr Primary School that located 20 km away from the city centre of Karbala city in the middle of Iraq. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid system which relies on renewable resources and the local grid to electrify Umm Qasr Primary School. Various combinations of energy resources have been analysed by using HOMER software to estimate an optimum hybrid system. The analysis illustrates that the optimal configuration of the projected system is composed of 22.4 kW PV modules, 59 batteries, and 5738kWh purchased from the local grid which has reduced the net present cost(NPC)from US$ 163791 the current situation to US$60,420 for the proposed system. The simulation findings also demonstrate that detrimental emissions have been reduced significantly.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
A comparative approach between different optimize result in hybrid energy sys...IJECEIAES
To compare the different result of optimization of a hybrid energy system. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is the combination of renewable and non-renewable sources which is playing a very important role for rural area electrification when grid extension is not possible or excessively expensive. Non renewable sources like diesel power generator (optional) are used in a HRES for backup when renewable energy supply is not sufficient. While the HRES is very important due to the smallest natural and physical contact compared to non renewable sources, this work proposed a comparison outcome with the help of different component by using HOMER software and get best optimize result for the model. This paper presents a wide-ranging review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses study, best sizing, and model, organize aspect and reliability issue.
Feasibility study of achieving reliable electricity supply using hybrid power...IJECEIAES
Electrical power is considered as a significant part of contemporary life, and an essential element for development. Fossil fuels have been utilized since the beginning of the twentieth century for electricity generation. However, fossil fuels depletion at the escalating pace as well as their formidable negative implications upon ecosystem contributed to increasing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources for producing electric power to meet the growing demand worldwide. In Iraq, the electrical supply is not sufficient to supply 12 hours a day of electricity. Many rural areas, particularly their schools are suffering from the electricity shortage such as Umm Qasr Primary School that located 20 km away from the city centre of Karbala city in the middle of Iraq. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid system which relies on renewable resources and the local grid to electrify Umm Qasr Primary School. Various combinations of energy resources have been analysed by using HOMER software to estimate an optimum hybrid system. The analysis illustrates that the optimal configuration of the projected system is composed of 22.4 kW PV modules, 59 batteries, and 5738kWh purchased from the local grid which has reduced the net present cost(NPC)from US$ 163791 the current situation to US$60,420 for the proposed system. The simulation findings also demonstrate that detrimental emissions have been reduced significantly.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery Power System in Sohag cityiosrjce
This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag
city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost
effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to
determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires
assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing
of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software
tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the
hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Wind energy is one of the best renewable sources
for power generation since many years because wind is clean
and unbounded. Small scale wind turbine (less than 100 kW
rated) have been used for many application like home, villages
and telecommunication facilities to produce electricity. The
global growths in small scale wind turbine help to ensure the
safety reliability and performance. This paper report
simulation and optimization of small scale wind energy system
for rural area and small scale turbine operated at 4m/s or
above the 4m/s wind speed. This research is done for optimal
design of wind energy system. The HOMER tool is use to
simulate and design of small scale wind system for village. The
proposed small scale wind system consists with wind turbine,
generator, batteries, and converter. A typical model is
constructed with HOMER tool.
Hybrid power generation using renewable energy sources for domestic purposesIAEME Publication
This paper will describe a hybrid system for generating dispatchable electric power using
wind, solar and hydro energy combined together for domestic purposes and storage. The essential
subsystems include vertical axis wind turbines solar panel and a pico-hydro system. This hybrid
power generation system will be particularly useful in charging batteries, lighting up of CFL, playing
of radio. This hybrid wind / solar/hydro system would be a more economical means for achieving
zero-emission, firm, dispatchable capacity than independent construction of wind and solar plant or a
pico- hydro plant generating system.
The Renewable energy sources, especially wind turbine generators, are considered as
important generation alternatives in electric power systems due to their non-exhausted nature and
benign environmental effects [1]. The fact that wind power penetration continues to increase has
motivated a need to develop more widely applicable methodologies for evaluating the actual benefits
of adding wind turbines to conventional generating systems. In this paper reliability evaluation of
wind power generation system is carried. Reliability evaluation of generating systems with wind
energy sources is a complex process. It requires an accurate wind speed forecasting technique for the
wind farm site. The method requires historical wind speed data collected over many years for the
wind farm location to determine the necessary parameters of the wind speed models for the
particular site [3]. The evaluation process should also accurately model the intermittent nature of
power output from the wind farm. For the data analysis excel data analysis tool is used and
probability distribution of wind speeds are calculated [10]. This study shows the system availability
for the generation of power from wind turbine generators installed at the Hanamasagar, a village
near Gajendragada of Karnataka State.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
In this paper, the performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit is presented. In this
study a model of wind power is driven by an induction machine. Wind power that is distributed generation
is capable of supplying power to ac power distribution network. Wind power generation system is modeled
and simulated using Matlab Simulink software such that it can be suitable for modeling some kind of
induction generator configurations. To analyze more deeply the performance of the wind turbine system,
both normal and fault conditions scenarios have been applied. Simulation results prove the excellent
performance of the wind power unit under normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system.
Effect of Harvest of Air Relative Humidity on Water and Heat Transfer in Soil...IJERA Editor
In this work, the main objective is to analyze the effect of the harvest of air relative humidity on soil temperature, soil water storage and evaporation. An experiment work was conducted in order to evaluate the quantity of soil water adsorbed by harvesting of relative air humidity. This experimental work was conducted on hilly areas with various hypsographic and microclimatic conditions greatly affecting daily fluctuations of air humidity and soil characteristics. The metrological data needed by SISPAT model were obtained by using a Campbell Scientific equipments Station recorder on data loggers every half hour. A numerical model based on SiSPAT (Système d’Interaction Sol Plante Atmosphère) formulation is adopted. The general equations of the proposed model are based on heat and mass transfer in the soil, atmosphere and plant system. This study shows that Soil Water Adsorption (SWA) induce an increasing in the total evaporation and in soil water storage especially on the upper layers. The effect of Soil Water Adsorption on soil temperature appears for the first layers of soil and become absent in the profound zone because the vapour condensation phenomenon is very important at night for the first layers.
Research on Privacy Protection in Big Data EnvironmentIJERA Editor
Now big data has become a hot topic in academia and industry, it is affecting the mode of thinking and working, daily life. But there are many security risks in data collection, storage and use. Privacy leakage caused serious problems to the user, false data will lead to error results of big data analysis. This paper first introduces the security problems faced by big data,analyzes the causes of privacy problems,discussesthe principle to solve the problem. Finally,discusses technical means for privacy protection.
Feature Extraction of Gesture Recognition Based on Image Analysis for Differe...IJERA Editor
Gesture recognition system received great attention in the recent few years because of its manifoldness applications and the ability to interact with machine efficiently through human computer interaction. Gesture is one of human body languages which are popularly used in our daily life. It is a communication system that consists of hand movements and facial expressions via communication by actions and sights. This research mainly focuses on the research of gesture extraction and finger segmentation in the gesture recognition. In this paper, we have used image analysis technologies to create an application by encoding in MATLAB program. We will use this application to segment and extract the finger from one specific gesture. This paper is aimed to give gesture recognition in different natural conditions like dark and glare condition, different distances condition and similar object condition then collect the results to calculate the successful extraction rate.
Experimental Study of an Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge an...IJERA Editor
A homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in argon was produced by applying high voltage A.C. source of potential difference (0-20) kV operating at a frequency of 10-30 kHz across two parallel plate electrodes with glass as dielectric barrier. The discharge was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and electrical measurement. Four argon emission lines from the discharge were analyzed and the electron temperature was estimated by line intensity ratio method. The electron density in the discharge was estimated by power balance method. An investigation of the effect of inter-electrode distance on the electron density was made. The results showed that the electron temperature is less than 1 eV and the electron density is of the order of 1011cm-3 which varied with the inter electrode distance. Discharge was applied for surface modification of polyethylene terepthalate (PET). Modified surfaces were studied by contact angle measurement and FTIR spectroscopy.
A Novel Control Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Nine-Switc...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of out-put terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maxi-mal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in experiment, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced semiconductor cost.
Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery Power System in Sohag cityiosrjce
This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag
city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost
effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to
determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires
assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing
of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software
tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the
hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Wind energy is one of the best renewable sources
for power generation since many years because wind is clean
and unbounded. Small scale wind turbine (less than 100 kW
rated) have been used for many application like home, villages
and telecommunication facilities to produce electricity. The
global growths in small scale wind turbine help to ensure the
safety reliability and performance. This paper report
simulation and optimization of small scale wind energy system
for rural area and small scale turbine operated at 4m/s or
above the 4m/s wind speed. This research is done for optimal
design of wind energy system. The HOMER tool is use to
simulate and design of small scale wind system for village. The
proposed small scale wind system consists with wind turbine,
generator, batteries, and converter. A typical model is
constructed with HOMER tool.
Hybrid power generation using renewable energy sources for domestic purposesIAEME Publication
This paper will describe a hybrid system for generating dispatchable electric power using
wind, solar and hydro energy combined together for domestic purposes and storage. The essential
subsystems include vertical axis wind turbines solar panel and a pico-hydro system. This hybrid
power generation system will be particularly useful in charging batteries, lighting up of CFL, playing
of radio. This hybrid wind / solar/hydro system would be a more economical means for achieving
zero-emission, firm, dispatchable capacity than independent construction of wind and solar plant or a
pico- hydro plant generating system.
The Renewable energy sources, especially wind turbine generators, are considered as
important generation alternatives in electric power systems due to their non-exhausted nature and
benign environmental effects [1]. The fact that wind power penetration continues to increase has
motivated a need to develop more widely applicable methodologies for evaluating the actual benefits
of adding wind turbines to conventional generating systems. In this paper reliability evaluation of
wind power generation system is carried. Reliability evaluation of generating systems with wind
energy sources is a complex process. It requires an accurate wind speed forecasting technique for the
wind farm site. The method requires historical wind speed data collected over many years for the
wind farm location to determine the necessary parameters of the wind speed models for the
particular site [3]. The evaluation process should also accurately model the intermittent nature of
power output from the wind farm. For the data analysis excel data analysis tool is used and
probability distribution of wind speeds are calculated [10]. This study shows the system availability
for the generation of power from wind turbine generators installed at the Hanamasagar, a village
near Gajendragada of Karnataka State.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
In this paper, the performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit is presented. In this
study a model of wind power is driven by an induction machine. Wind power that is distributed generation
is capable of supplying power to ac power distribution network. Wind power generation system is modeled
and simulated using Matlab Simulink software such that it can be suitable for modeling some kind of
induction generator configurations. To analyze more deeply the performance of the wind turbine system,
both normal and fault conditions scenarios have been applied. Simulation results prove the excellent
performance of the wind power unit under normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system.
Effect of Harvest of Air Relative Humidity on Water and Heat Transfer in Soil...IJERA Editor
In this work, the main objective is to analyze the effect of the harvest of air relative humidity on soil temperature, soil water storage and evaporation. An experiment work was conducted in order to evaluate the quantity of soil water adsorbed by harvesting of relative air humidity. This experimental work was conducted on hilly areas with various hypsographic and microclimatic conditions greatly affecting daily fluctuations of air humidity and soil characteristics. The metrological data needed by SISPAT model were obtained by using a Campbell Scientific equipments Station recorder on data loggers every half hour. A numerical model based on SiSPAT (Système d’Interaction Sol Plante Atmosphère) formulation is adopted. The general equations of the proposed model are based on heat and mass transfer in the soil, atmosphere and plant system. This study shows that Soil Water Adsorption (SWA) induce an increasing in the total evaporation and in soil water storage especially on the upper layers. The effect of Soil Water Adsorption on soil temperature appears for the first layers of soil and become absent in the profound zone because the vapour condensation phenomenon is very important at night for the first layers.
Research on Privacy Protection in Big Data EnvironmentIJERA Editor
Now big data has become a hot topic in academia and industry, it is affecting the mode of thinking and working, daily life. But there are many security risks in data collection, storage and use. Privacy leakage caused serious problems to the user, false data will lead to error results of big data analysis. This paper first introduces the security problems faced by big data,analyzes the causes of privacy problems,discussesthe principle to solve the problem. Finally,discusses technical means for privacy protection.
Feature Extraction of Gesture Recognition Based on Image Analysis for Differe...IJERA Editor
Gesture recognition system received great attention in the recent few years because of its manifoldness applications and the ability to interact with machine efficiently through human computer interaction. Gesture is one of human body languages which are popularly used in our daily life. It is a communication system that consists of hand movements and facial expressions via communication by actions and sights. This research mainly focuses on the research of gesture extraction and finger segmentation in the gesture recognition. In this paper, we have used image analysis technologies to create an application by encoding in MATLAB program. We will use this application to segment and extract the finger from one specific gesture. This paper is aimed to give gesture recognition in different natural conditions like dark and glare condition, different distances condition and similar object condition then collect the results to calculate the successful extraction rate.
Experimental Study of an Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge an...IJERA Editor
A homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in argon was produced by applying high voltage A.C. source of potential difference (0-20) kV operating at a frequency of 10-30 kHz across two parallel plate electrodes with glass as dielectric barrier. The discharge was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and electrical measurement. Four argon emission lines from the discharge were analyzed and the electron temperature was estimated by line intensity ratio method. The electron density in the discharge was estimated by power balance method. An investigation of the effect of inter-electrode distance on the electron density was made. The results showed that the electron temperature is less than 1 eV and the electron density is of the order of 1011cm-3 which varied with the inter electrode distance. Discharge was applied for surface modification of polyethylene terepthalate (PET). Modified surfaces were studied by contact angle measurement and FTIR spectroscopy.
A Novel Control Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Using Nine-Switc...IJERA Editor
A nine-switch power converter having two sets of out-put terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maxi-mal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in experiment, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced semiconductor cost.
E-Commerce Privacy and Security SystemIJERA Editor
The Internet is a public networks consisting of thousand of private computer network connected together. Private computer network system is exposed to potential threats from anywhere on the public network. In physical world, crimes often leave evidence finger prints, footprints, witnesses, video on security comes and so on. Online a cyber –crimes, also leaves physical, electronic evidence, but unless good security measures are taken, it may be difficult to trace the source of cyber crime. In certain e-commerce-related areas, such as networking, data transfer and data storage, researchers applied scanning and testing methods, modeling analysis to detect potential risks .In the Security system ,Questions are related to online security in which given options are Satisfied, Unsatisfied ,Neutral, Yes, No. and weak password , Strong password. it is revealed that it is quite difficult, if not impossible, to suggest that which online security is best. Online security provide the flexibility, efficiency of work, provide the better security of net banking . The main feature of the research that the data is safe in banking management for long time and open any account after along time. The Future scope of the study of Security is use to reduce threats. Security is used in the long run results in the reduction of number of branches, saying rentals of related and properties. If the better Security operate than net banking and e-marketing will be increase.
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels.
Knowledge Based Design of Axial Flow CompressorIJERA Editor
In the aerospace industry with highly competitive market the time to design and delivery is shortening every day. Pressure on delivering robust product with cost economy is in demand in each development. Even though technology is older, it is new for each customer requirement and highly non-liner to fit one in another place. Gas turbine is considered one of a complex design in the aircraft system. It involves experts to be grouped with designers of various segments to arrive the best output. The time is crucial to achieve a best design and it needs knowledge automation incorporated with CAD/CAE tools. In the present work an innovative idea in the form of Knowledge Based Engineering for axial compressor is proposed, this includes the fundamental design of axial compressor integrated with artificial intelligence in the form of knowledge capturing and programmed with high level language (Visual Basis.Net) and embedded into CATIA v5. This KBE frame work eases out the design and modeling of axial compressor design and produces 3D modeling for further flow simulation with fluid dynamic in Ansys-Fluent. Most of the aerospace components are developed through simulation driven product development and in this case it is established for axial compressor.
This project work is to investigate the compression efficiency of different configuration of Turbo-Prop Co-Rotor Blade System of Subsonic Axial Flow Compressor. By this method the highly compressed air can be passed over the intake of the engine to the compressor with high mass flow rate in change of low velocity and high pressure ratio. The length of the small rotor is varied in terms of large rotor length by 25,50 & 75% . Each will have three space configuration in terms of diameter of rotor and in the percentage of 5,10,15%. A total of 12 configurations will be simulated to arrive optimum blade configuration. The blades are made in the shape of an airfoil like wing of an aircraft. The engine rotates the propeller blades, which produce lift. This lift is called thrust and moves the aircraft forward. Blades are usually made of high lift airfoil which allows more rotation to generate high pressure for engine. ANSYS- Fluent is commercial software which is robust for most of the fluid dynamic problems and it is used in this project work to evaluate the different configurations of co-rotor propeller system to arrive the best.
Numerical Investigation of Jet Noise Prediction in Exhaust Nozzle by Passive ...IJERA Editor
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A NOVEL SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF A GRID INDEPENDENT HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYS...ijscmcj
Hybrid renewable energy based off-grid or distribute power supply has customarily thought to be a solitary
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idea off-grid hybrid system to fulfil the load demand of the telecom base station by using renewable energy
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analysis the total net present cost (TNPC) $100,757, carbon emission is zero percent, initial cost $70,920,
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A hybrid power system is to avoid the use of depleting fossil fuels, improve the technical performance and reduce the greenhouse gases emission. Depending on the renewable energy sources, it is connected in the main grid or operates separately. Because of these reasons, operation, control and grid integration of renewable sources is a task of fundamental importance in modern power system. Hybrid power system modes must be studied.The simulation was carried out using various combinations of optimization and sensitivity variables developed in HOMER. The economic parameters play central role of deciding the dimension, feasibility and optimization of a proposed system. In order to achieve lowest Net Present Cost NPC , comparison of diesel generating system and wind diesel systems were compares for i economic ii technical and iii environmental parameters. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Analysis of Wind-Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26729.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26729/analysis-of-wind-diesel-hybrid-system-by-homer-software/theingi-htun
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This paper investigates the feasibility of a grid connected, large-scale hybrid wind/PV system. From data available an area called RasElnaqab in Jordan is chosen because it enjoys both high average wind speed of 6.13 m/s and high average solar radiation of 5.9KWhr/m2 /day. MATLAB and HOMER software’s are used for sizing and economical analysis respectively. Results show that76124 SUNTECH PV panels and 38 GW87-1.5MW wind turbines are the optimal choice. The net present cost (NPC) is 130,115,936$, the cost of energy (COE) is 0.049$/KWhr with a renewable fraction of 74.1%.A stepby-step process to determine the optimal sizing of Hybrid Wind/PV system is presented and it can be applied anywhere.
Optimizing Hybrid Wind/Diesel Generator System Using BAT AlgorithmIJERA Editor
Hybrid system comprising of Wind/Diesel generation system for a practical standalone application considers
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are considered as a backup power source. The total value of cost is reduced by meeting energy demand required
by the customers. Bat optimization technique is implemented to optimize wind and battery modules. Wind and
battery banks are considered as primary sources and diesel generator as a secondary power source for the system
Optimizing Hybrid Wind/Diesel Generator System Using BAT AlgorithmIJERA Editor
Hybrid system comprising of Wind/Diesel generation system for a practical standalone application considers
Wind turbine generators and diesel generator as primary power sources for generating electricity. Battery banks
are considered as a backup power source. The total value of cost is reduced by meeting energy demand required
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battery banks are considered as primary sources and diesel generator as a secondary power source for the system
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This study investigates the technical and cost-effective performance of options renewable energy sources to develop a green off-grid telecommunication tower to replace diesel generators in Malaysia. For this purpose, the solar, wind, pico-hydro energy, along with diesel generators, were examined to compare. In addition, the modeling of hybrid powering systems was conducted using hybrid optimization model for energy (HOMER) simulation based on techno-economic analysis to determine the optimal economically feasible system. The optimization findings showed that the hybrid high-efficiency fixed photovoltaic (PV) system with battery followed by 2 kW pico-hydropower and battery are the optimal configurations for powering off-grid telecommunication towers in Malaysia with the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). These costs of NPC and COE are more down than diesel generator costs with battery by 17.45%, 16.45%, 15.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic evaluation of the high-efficiency solar fixed PV panels system annual cash flow compared to the diesel generator with the battery system indicated a ten-year payback period.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base Station
1. Md. Ibrahim et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.74-79
www.ijera.com 74 | P a g e
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type
Mobile Telephony Base Station
Md. Ibrahim1
, Mohammad Tayyab2
, Mohd Zubair3
Department of Electrical Engineering Integral University Lucknow, UP, India
Abstract
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type
mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this
hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude
80ο
.16’and Latitude 13ο
.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably
modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization
result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular
GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly
over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over
conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It
is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom
sector in near future.
KEYWORDS: Hybrid Energy Systems, Mobile Telephony base station, Optimization, PV-solar, Wind Turbine
I. INTRODUCTION
Obtaining reliable and cost effective power
solutions for the worldwide expansion of
telecommunications into rural and remote areas
presents a very challenging problem. Grids are either
not available or their extensions can be extremely
costly in remote area. Although initial costs are low,
powering these sites with generators require
significant maintenance, high fuel consumption and
delivery costs due to hike in fuel prices.
A sustainable alternative to power remote base
station sites is to use renewable energy sources.
Recent research and development of Renewable
energy sources [1] have shown excellent potential as
a form of contribution to conventional power
generation systems. In order to meet sustained load
demands of mobile base station during varying
natural conditions, different energy sources and
converters need to be integrated with each other for
extended usage of alternative energy For Indian
remote location, one of the most alternative solution
[2] of renewable energy sources such as wind-solar
Hybrid Energy System for mobile base station. The
use of the stand-alone solar-wind with diesel backup
system for the power supply of remote areas may
give an economically attractive alternative [3] for
mobile telecom sector over the use of conventional
diesel generators in near future. This paper illustrate
the design of wind, solar photovoltaic hybrid energy
system. Based on the energy consumption of mobile
base station and the availability of renewable energy
sources, it was decided to implement an innovative
standalone Hybrid Energy System [4] combining
small wind turbine-generator, solar photo-voltaic
panels, battery storage, advance power electronic
equipment and existing diesel generators. The system
architecture employed in the hybrid system is AC
coupled where the renewable energy sources [5] and
the conventional diesel generators [6] all feed into
the AC side of the network as shown in Figure1.
Fig. 1. Proposed Hybrid renewable energy
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL)’s, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Renewable (HOMER version 2.19) [14] has been
used as the sizing and optimization software tool
[10]. It contains a number of energy component
models and evaluates suitable technology options
based on cost and availability of resources. In this
paper, the system sizing [7-9] is carried out using
HOMER-optimization and simulation software tool.
Analysis with HOMER requires information on
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Md. Ibrahim et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.74-79
www.ijera.com 75 | P a g e
resources, economic constraints, and control
methods. It also requires inputs on component types,
their numbers, costs, efficiency, longevity, etc.
Sensitivity analysis could be done with variables
having a range of values instead of a specific
number.
II. RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES FOR HYBRID
SYSTEM
The availability of renewable energy resources
at mobile base station sites is an important factor to
develop the hybrid system. Many parts of the India
wind and solar energy is abundantly available [11].
These energy sources are intermittent and naturally
available, due to these factor our first choice to
power the mobile base station will be renewable
energy sources such as wind and solar. Weather data
are important factor for pre- feasibility study [12-13]
of renewable hybrid energy system for any particular
site. Here the Wind and Solar energy resources data
are taken from NASA [15] for Chennai-Central India
(Longitude 80ο
.16’and Latitude 13ο
.5’) and shown in
Table 1. In south India wind speed is an average and
sun brightness is good.
Month Insolation
(kWh/m2)
Wind
Velocity m/s
January 4.309 4.870
February 5.558 4.460
March 5.773 4.450
April 6.192 4.490
May 5.673 4.860
June 4.878 5.520
July 4.882 5.300
August 4.794 5.240
September 4.998 3.830
October 4.564 3.560
November 4.061 4.560
December 3.892 5.280
Average 4.958 4.507
Maximum 6.192 5.520
Minimum 3.892 3.560
Table 1: Solar and Wind Resources
IIA Solar Energy Resources
Hourly solar irradiation data for the year was
collected from Environment Chennai. Scaling was
done on these data to consider the long-term average
annual resource (4.958kWh/m2
/d). The clearness
index for the latitude and Average daily radiation in
a year is shown in Figure 2 (i). According to solar
radiation, PV-power output are available throughout
the year is shown in Figure 2 (ii). In summer, solar
power is higher than winter season. In rainy season
clearness index and solar power availability is lower
than summer and winter season.
Fig.2 (i) Average monthly radiation
Fig.2 (ii) PV Power output available throughout the
year
IIB Wind energy resource
A monthly average wind dataset for Chennai
were collected from Environment Chennai climate.
This is an average of last ten year and indicates that
annual average wind speed as shown in Figure 3.
From the above given data, wind speed probability
function and average hourly wind speed throughout
the year is shown in Figure 3. The autocorrelation
factor (randomness in wind speed) is found to be
0.85. The diurnal pattern strength (wind speed
variation over a day) is 0.25 and the hours of peak
wind speed is 15. Average wind speed in the summer
season is slightly higher than the winter season as
shown in Figure 3. The power output throughout the
year according to wind speed is shown in Figure 3.
Fig.3 Average monthly wind speed
3. Md. Ibrahim et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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III. LOAD PATTERN FOR MOBILE
TELEPHONY BASE STATION
Cellular telephone service is a rapidly expanding
and very competitive business world over including
developed and developing countries like India,
America, European countries etc. Right now there
are 55,000 different type base stations for telecom
sector in India and most of them running on diesel
generators. But diesel generators are often expensive
to run and more than one diesel generator are
installed for uninterrupted service. The different
types of telecom base station are used according to
the technological advancement in telecommunication
sector. Recently the GSM 2/2/2 (2nd Generation
Global System Mobile telephony base station) are
used in all over the world. For pre-feasibility study of
designing the solar wind hybrid system considered
the 2nd
Generation GSM base station. In this present
study consider the power requirements for GSM
telephony base station site are about 4.16 kW
continuous. The load demand is approximate
100kWh/d and 8.7 kW peak.
IV. HYBRID SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The proposed hybrid system consists of the
following:
IVA 7.5 kW Wind turbine
Three 7.5kW horizontal-axes, BWC-EXCEL-
R/48 type [14] wind electric generators are taken for
this system. It converts wind energy into electrical
energy. Availability of energy from the wind turbine
depends greatly on wind variations. Therefore, wind
turbine rating is generally much higher compared to
the average electrical load. In this analysis, Wind
Power’s BWCExcel-R/48 model is considered. It
has a rated capacity of 7.5 kW and provides 48 V
DC. As outputs Cost of two unit is considered to be
$17000 while replacement and maintenance costs are
taken as $13000 and $80/year. The cost analysis is
shown in Figure 4 (ii). The power curves of wind
turbine are shown in Figure 4 (i). To allow the
simulation program find an optimum solution,
lifetime of a turbine is taken to be 20 years.
IVB A 5 kW Photovoltaic array
Solar PV modules are connected in series
parallel. When the sunrays strike the Solar PV
panels, it produces electricity. The Solar PV power at
the site is higher than the wind power. The
installation cost of PV arrays may vary from $5.00 to
$8.00/W considering a more optimistic case [1]. A 1
kW solar energy system’s installation, and
replacement costs are taken approximate as $5000
and $3000, respectively (Figure 5). The lifetime of
the PV arrays are taken as 20 years and no tracking
system is included in the PV.
IVC Battery bank
A battery bank is used as a backup system and it
also maintains constant voltage across the load. The
battery pack consists of 8(6), 48V, 305Ah, 1.83kWh
batteries connected in series / parallel configuration,
two parallel sets of 8 batteries in series. Cost of one
battery is $520 with a replacement cost of $370
(Figure 6). The battery stack may contain a number
of batteries are 8, and 16.
Fig. 4(i): Variation of power with wind speed
Fig. 4(ii): Capital and replacement cost of 7.5BWC-
Excel R/48 wind turbine
Figure 5. Cost curve of PV.
Figure 6 .Cost curve of battery
IVD Converter
A power electronic converter is needed to
maintain flow of energy between the ac and dc
components. For a 1 kW system the installation and
replacement costs are taken as $720 and $460,
4. Md. Ibrahim et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.74-79
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respectively. Cost analysis shown in Figure 7.
Lifetime of a unit is considered to be 15 years with
an efficiency of 90%. Consider for this hybrid
system 6kW converter.
IVE Diesel generator
The fuel consumption per year is approximate
1300 Litter for 1kW Diesel Generator. The 1 kW
diesel generator capital cost, replacement cost,
operation-maintenance cost are 400$, 300$, 0.75$.
The Diesel price is used for sensitivity analysis and
three discrete values (0.8, 0.85, and 0.9 $/L) were
introduced. At present, diesel price is around 0.85$/L
and for a very remote location this could increase up
to 0.9$/L. Sizes to be consider for obtaining optimal
hybrid system are 2kW and 5kW .This analysis
shown in Figure 8.
Figure 7. Cost curve of diesel generator.
Figure 8. Cost curve of converter
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The above proposed hybrid system supply the
power to the mobile telephony base station
continuously throughout the year. For the analysis of
this hybrid system four sensitivity variables are
considered (wind speed, solar irradiation, fuel cost
and Battery cost). An hourly time series simulation
for every possible system type and configuration is
done for a 1-year period. An optimal system is
defined as a solution for hybrid system configuration
that is capable of meeting the load demand of
telephony base station.
VA. Optimization results
From the simulation result the installation of
wind solar hybrid system configuration for various
locations are most suitable power solutions for
telecom base station network in Indian sites.
Considering present cost analysis of a PV/Wind
hybrid system is suitable for stand-alone loads
around Chennai. From the optimization results the
best optimal combination of energy system
components are two 7.5kW BWC-Excel-R/48, 2 kW
PV-Array and 2 kW diesel Generator. Total net
present cost (NPC), Capital cost and cost of energy
(COE) for such a system is $207,538, $53,440 and
0.942$/kWh, respectively for one year. The detailed
optimization results are shown in fig. 9
Table 2: Detailed optimization result
VB Simulation results
In this simulation results eliminates all infeasible
combinations and ranks the feasible systems
according to increasing net present cost. It also
allows a number of parameters to be displayed
against the sensitivity variables for identifying an
optimal system type. The Monthly Average
Electricity Production of Hybrid Energy System for
mobile telephony base station is shown in Figure 10.
In this system the total production of electrical
energy is fulfil the load demand by the combination
of 13% PV, 56%wind and rest of 31% by generators.
5. Md. Ibrahim et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.74-79
www.ijera.com 78 | P a g e
Table 3: Electrical output for most feasible solution
Fig. 9. Monthly average electric production
VI. CONCLUSION
In India more than 1 billion peoples are mobile
user. To provide better network services mobile
operator installed new mobile base stations. Power is
main issue for remote or isolated areas base station,
because grid extension is not feasible. In these sites
the above proposed renewable base hybrid system is
most viable solution. These solutions of power
supply to the telecom base station are cost effective
and available throughout the year. The circumstance
of each sites are studied in order to decide the
feasible combination of alternative energy resources.
Alternate power solutions are not commonly used in
mobile telecommunication system today but are
actively evaluated for remote and isolated areas over
worldwide. With the help of above pre-feasibility
study the solar and wind hybrid energy system are
most viable power solution for mobile base station in
Indian sites over conventional diesel generator.
Although the net present cost is high but the running
and maintenance cost are low as compared to the
diesel generator power solution. Its payback time is
around 15 years. The fuel consumption is also
reduced to approximate 80%.with increasing oil
prices, payback times on the investment to hybrid
solar-wind powered base station sites are
continuously decreasing. Considering operating cost
and maintenance cost, an autonomous site powered
by wind solar hybrid system pay-off after 2-4 years
in a good sunny and windy location. The Base
stations powered by the solar wind hybrid energy
system with diesel backup – are proving to be the
most environmentally friendly and cost-effective
solutions for many challenging sites. Operating and
maintenance costs are extremely low, making it
economical to extend cellular coverage in far-flung
regions. Solar- and wind-powered sites benefit the
environment as well as the operator business case,
whether they are located in highly populated or
remote areas. Due to powering the base station by
hybrid renewable energy system, it will reduce the
carbon and other harmful gases emission is about
90% in environments. Due to powering the base
station by hybrid renewable energy system, it will
reduce the carbon and other harmful gases emission
is about 90% in environments.
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