This study investigated the prevalence of rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis in rural UK children, as well as the relationship between these conditions and environmental triggers. The main findings were:
1) Conjunctivitis was more common than rhinitis based on parent-reported symptoms. Over half of children with conjunctivitis or rhinitis also reported the other condition.
2) Around 13% of children experienced rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms. Rhinitis showed a biphasic seasonal pattern while conjunctivitis and rhinoconjunctivitis peaked in summer.
3) Many parents saw rhinitis and conjunctivitis as
The document discusses several studies on risk factors for atopy and asthma. It summarizes the following key points:
1) A large international study found significant global variation in asthma prevalence among children aged 6-7 and 13-14, with rates ranging from under 5% to over 20% depending on location.
2) Studies of birth cohorts in the UK found that over 50% of children were diagnosed with at least one allergic condition by age 18, with the most common trajectory being eczema followed by asthma then rhinitis.
3) The prevalence of peanut allergy among children in the UK doubled between 1989-1990 and 2001-2002, suggesting an increasing trend.
4) Children
Abstract— Bronchial Asthma is a public health problem in childhood. Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is a very common co-morbidity with Bronchial Asthma. So this study was conducted on 250 Primary School Children to find prevalence of Bronchial asthma and Allergic Rhinitis and their association. It was observed from this study that 17.2% of children were having Bronchial asthma and 20.4% were found to have allergic Rhinitis. Co morbidity of Bronchial Asthma with Allergic Rhinitis was observed in 11.6 % of these cases. It was also observed that Bronchial Asthma was observed significantly more in males than females and children of walled city than outer city. So it was concluded form this study that chances of occurring Allergic Rhinitis is significantly more with Bronchial Asthma than the chances of Bronchial Asthma with Allergic Rhinitis
This document discusses food allergy prevalence globally based on available studies. It notes that while challenge-confirmed prevalence data is limited, studies using other measures indicate food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. Prevalence appears highest in younger children and some Western countries report rates over 10% in infants. Studies also suggest increasing prevalence in developing countries commensurate with economic growth. More robust prevalence studies, especially in Asia and developing regions, are needed to understand the global burden.
This document summarizes research on the global epidemiology of food allergy. It finds that while robust data on food allergy prevalence is limited, available studies indicate rates are increasing worldwide. Food allergy prevalence as high as 10% has been reported in children in Western countries, and developing countries like China and Africa now report similar rates. Risk factors like male sex, family history of allergy, and lifestyle changes associated with urbanization and Westernization may be contributing to rising global food allergy prevalence. More high-quality studies on prevalence, particularly in Asia and developing regions, are still needed.
Community acquired pneumonia is a common illness in children worldwide. Children under 5 years old have the highest risk, and the most common causes are respiratory viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clinical features do not reliably distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics, with amoxicillin as first-line therapy. Complications include empyema, which presents with prolonged fever and evidence of pleural effusion. Hospitalization is required for severe cases or lack of response to outpatient treatment.
This document provides information about allergic rhinitis. It defines allergic rhinitis as an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa initiated by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. It then discusses the epidemiology, noting it is a common global health problem increasing in prevalence, especially in children and young adults. Risk factors include genetics, family history, environment, and comorbid conditions like asthma. The pathophysiology involves sensitization, early and late phase responses, and systemic activation mediated by IgE, mast cells, eosinophils, and other inflammatory cells and mediators. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, examination, and diagnostic tests like skin prick tests and immunoassays to demonstrate allergen-specific Ig
This document provides information on pediatric anaphylaxis, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, laboratory evaluation, management, treatment, and prevention. It discusses how anaphylaxis involves an immunoglobulin E-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction resulting in the release of chemical mediators. Common causes in children include foods, medications, insect stings, and vaccines. Symptoms often involve the skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and management involves epinephrine and monitoring for biphasic reactions.
- Administered questionnaires
- Performed skin prick tests to common aeroallergens
- Collected blood samples for total IgE & specific IgE
FENO measurement:
- Using NIOX MINO ( Aerocrine AB, Solna, Sweden)
- According to ATS/ERS guidelines
JACI. 2011; 127 ( 5) : 1165-72.e5.
Allergic sensitization:
- Positive SPT ( wheal diameter ≥ 3 mm) to at least one allergen
- Or specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kU/L to at least one allergen
Asthma:
The document discusses several studies on risk factors for atopy and asthma. It summarizes the following key points:
1) A large international study found significant global variation in asthma prevalence among children aged 6-7 and 13-14, with rates ranging from under 5% to over 20% depending on location.
2) Studies of birth cohorts in the UK found that over 50% of children were diagnosed with at least one allergic condition by age 18, with the most common trajectory being eczema followed by asthma then rhinitis.
3) The prevalence of peanut allergy among children in the UK doubled between 1989-1990 and 2001-2002, suggesting an increasing trend.
4) Children
Abstract— Bronchial Asthma is a public health problem in childhood. Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is a very common co-morbidity with Bronchial Asthma. So this study was conducted on 250 Primary School Children to find prevalence of Bronchial asthma and Allergic Rhinitis and their association. It was observed from this study that 17.2% of children were having Bronchial asthma and 20.4% were found to have allergic Rhinitis. Co morbidity of Bronchial Asthma with Allergic Rhinitis was observed in 11.6 % of these cases. It was also observed that Bronchial Asthma was observed significantly more in males than females and children of walled city than outer city. So it was concluded form this study that chances of occurring Allergic Rhinitis is significantly more with Bronchial Asthma than the chances of Bronchial Asthma with Allergic Rhinitis
This document discusses food allergy prevalence globally based on available studies. It notes that while challenge-confirmed prevalence data is limited, studies using other measures indicate food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. Prevalence appears highest in younger children and some Western countries report rates over 10% in infants. Studies also suggest increasing prevalence in developing countries commensurate with economic growth. More robust prevalence studies, especially in Asia and developing regions, are needed to understand the global burden.
This document summarizes research on the global epidemiology of food allergy. It finds that while robust data on food allergy prevalence is limited, available studies indicate rates are increasing worldwide. Food allergy prevalence as high as 10% has been reported in children in Western countries, and developing countries like China and Africa now report similar rates. Risk factors like male sex, family history of allergy, and lifestyle changes associated with urbanization and Westernization may be contributing to rising global food allergy prevalence. More high-quality studies on prevalence, particularly in Asia and developing regions, are still needed.
Community acquired pneumonia is a common illness in children worldwide. Children under 5 years old have the highest risk, and the most common causes are respiratory viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clinical features do not reliably distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics, with amoxicillin as first-line therapy. Complications include empyema, which presents with prolonged fever and evidence of pleural effusion. Hospitalization is required for severe cases or lack of response to outpatient treatment.
This document provides information about allergic rhinitis. It defines allergic rhinitis as an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa initiated by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. It then discusses the epidemiology, noting it is a common global health problem increasing in prevalence, especially in children and young adults. Risk factors include genetics, family history, environment, and comorbid conditions like asthma. The pathophysiology involves sensitization, early and late phase responses, and systemic activation mediated by IgE, mast cells, eosinophils, and other inflammatory cells and mediators. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, examination, and diagnostic tests like skin prick tests and immunoassays to demonstrate allergen-specific Ig
This document provides information on pediatric anaphylaxis, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, laboratory evaluation, management, treatment, and prevention. It discusses how anaphylaxis involves an immunoglobulin E-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction resulting in the release of chemical mediators. Common causes in children include foods, medications, insect stings, and vaccines. Symptoms often involve the skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and management involves epinephrine and monitoring for biphasic reactions.
- Administered questionnaires
- Performed skin prick tests to common aeroallergens
- Collected blood samples for total IgE & specific IgE
FENO measurement:
- Using NIOX MINO ( Aerocrine AB, Solna, Sweden)
- According to ATS/ERS guidelines
JACI. 2011; 127 ( 5) : 1165-72.e5.
Allergic sensitization:
- Positive SPT ( wheal diameter ≥ 3 mm) to at least one allergen
- Or specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kU/L to at least one allergen
Asthma:
1) Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common condition that affects millions of people in the US. It imposes a significant economic burden due to direct and indirect medical costs.
2) The diagnosis of AR can often be made based on a patient's symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and watery eyes. It is important to differentiate between seasonal and perennial AR.
3) Other conditions like sinusitis and non-allergic rhinitis should also be considered in patients with nasal symptoms. Examination may reveal signs of conditions like asthma that commonly accompany AR.
In this presentation, I look at The Hygiene Hypothesis, or the idea that preventing children from coming into contact with germs will make them more prone to certain illnesses.
IPD and pneumonia are important causes of disease in children in Bangalore, India. A study found the highest incidence of IPD was 46.01 per 100,000 in children 6-12 months. Pneumonia was the most common presentation of IPD. The incidence of clinical and radiological pneumonia was highest in children under 6 months at 4,800.88 and 1,771.32 per 100,000 respectively. Salmonella was the most common pathogen isolated. S. pneumoniae serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance was also examined.
This document provides an outline and overview of allergic rhinitis. It begins with definitions and classifications of allergic rhinitis. It then discusses the epidemiology, finding the highest prevalence rates in Western Europe and North America. The pathophysiology involves IgE-mediated sensitization and inflammation in response to allergens. Risk factors include genetics, inhalant and food allergens, pollution, tobacco smoke, and socioeconomic status. The document outlines evaluation and diagnosis, associated conditions like asthma, and management approaches.
Parent’s opinions on the diagnosis of children under 2 years of age with urin...Josep Vidal-Alaball
Urinarytractinfection(UTI)inchildhoodcanbediagnosedin5%offebrileinfants. Renal scarring is associated with increasing numbers of UTI episodes, and the incidence of renal scarring rises with each urinary infection. High levels of awareness of childhood UTI are im- portant among both professionals and parents. Whilst problems for professionals in making the diagnosis have been explored, few data exist concerning parental understanding and perspectives
The study found that:
1) The prevalence of a history of febrile seizures in 3570 Dutch schoolchildren aged 6 years was 3.9% (95% confidence interval 3.3-4.5%).
2) Children with a positive family history of febrile seizures had a 4.5 times higher risk of experiencing febrile seizures.
3) One-third of children who experienced febrile seizures visited the hospital after their first seizure, and 6% used anti-convulsant drugs for at least 6 months.
Đa số chúng ta thường gặp những ca viêm xoang ở người lớn nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là không xuất hiện ở trẻ em. Bệnh viêm xoang ở trẻ nhỏ thường gặp ở trẻ từ 6 tuổi trở xuống, cơ địa gầy gò ốm yếu, sức đề kháng kém, cơ địa dễ mắc bệnh viêm mũi và viêm mũi dị ứng bẩm sinh… Vậy cha mẹ cần làm gì khi con mình có trong những trường hợp trên? Hãy cùng Venus Global tìm hiểu một số liệu pháp chữa viêm xoang ở trẻ nhỏ ngay sau đây.
Nguồn: Trích https://venusglobal.com.vn/chua-viem-xoang-cho-tre-em/
#viêm_xoang_ở_trẻ_nhỏ
#chữa_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#cách_chữa_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#chữa_bệnh_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#viêm_xoang_mãn_tính_tuổi_trẻ
The document discusses several studies related to vaccines:
1. A study of 176 infant pertussis cases found most were vaccinated and exposed in households, suggesting promoting Tdap vaccination of household contacts.
2. A study found 15 children allergic to DT vaccine spontaneously resolved their allergy, with 3 still allergic on reevaluation.
3. A study of 1.8 million children found no increased risk of ITP after vaccines except MMR and possibly hepatitis A, varicella and Tdap vaccines in older children.
4. Residual casein was found in DTaP vaccines, possibly linking to reports of anaphylaxis in children with cow's milk allergy.
Actualizacion Sifilis congenita del 2018 Original Oriana López
This document discusses congenital syphilis, which occurs when the syphilis bacterium is transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy. Key points:
- Congenital syphilis remains a major public health problem worldwide and cases are increasing in the US.
- It can be prevented through prenatal screening and treatment of infected mothers and their newborn infants.
- Clinical manifestations in infants may include rash, snuffles, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and radiographic bone abnormalities. Both early and late symptoms are described.
Upper respiratory infections in childrenKhaled Saad
Upper respiratory infections are very common in children and are usually caused by viruses. The most frequent types are the common cold, acute pharyngitis (sore throat), sinusitis, and ear infections. Cough associated with an upper respiratory infection can last 1-3 weeks on average and 10% of children may still be coughing after 4 weeks. Recurrent infections are also common in children due to their developing immune systems. Accurate diagnosis of conditions like sinusitis and ear infections can be challenging but is important for guiding appropriate treatment.
This study examined the association between maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of childhood epilepsy. The researchers used prescription and hospitalization records to identify prenatal exposure to maternal infection in over 191,000 Danish births between 1998-2008. They found that children exposed prenatally to maternal infection had a 40% higher rate of epilepsy by age 5 compared to unexposed children. The association was not affected by the trimester of exposure, type of antibiotic used, or number of prescriptions. The results suggest that general processes of maternal infection, rather than specific pathogens or drugs, may underlie the increased risk of epilepsy in offspring.
1) A study of over 900 patients validated a self-assessment questionnaire for measuring control of allergic rhinitis, finding improvement in sleep, work, social activities after 15 days of treatment.
2) Exposure to cockroaches and new particle-board furniture in infancy were associated with increased risk of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, respectively, in children at 18 months.
3) A study of over 2000 children found that fewer cases of allergic rhinitis underwent remission by age 8 compared to non-allergic rhinitis, and that oral allergy syndrome was more common in those with allergic rhinitis at age 8.
This document discusses allergic disorders and their impact on children's health. It notes that allergic diseases like asthma affect approximately 50 million people in the US, including as many as one in five children. Allergic respiratory problems are very common causes of school absenteeism. The document emphasizes the importance of proper diagnosis of allergic diseases by pediatricians so that children can receive appropriate treatment. It provides an overview of common allergic conditions, diagnostic tests for allergies, and features of inhalant allergies.
Acute otitis media (AOM) is an ear infection that causes inflammation in the middle ear, often accompanied by fluid, pain, or drainage. It most commonly affects infants and young children. Risk factors include daycare attendance, exposure to smoke, bottle feeding while lying down, and recent illness. The infection is caused by both bacterial and viral factors. Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms vary and testing on young children is challenging. Treatment may include pain medication and antibiotics, depending on a child's age, symptoms, and medical history.
This document discusses the management of wheeze and cough in children in primary care. It outlines that wheeze and cough can have different causes depending on factors like age and symptom pattern. It recommends asking parents detailed questions about symptoms and considering immediate referral if concerning signs are present. For ongoing symptoms, the document recommends a trial of asthma treatment to help diagnose the underlying condition. A successful response to treatment suggests asthma while no response warrants reconsidering the diagnosis and potential referral. Regular treatment is suggested for children who experience symptom recurrence after treatment.
Kaiser. ffns a single treatment for sar. jaci 07Christian Wijaya
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms. Over 2 weeks, 299 patients received either fluticasone furoate 110 mcg or placebo once daily. Fluticasone furoate produced significantly greater improvements than placebo in reflective total nasal symptom scores, morning instantaneous total nasal symptom scores, reflective total ocular symptom scores, and patient-rated overall response to therapy. Treatment with fluticasone furoate also resulted in improvements in health-related quality of life. Fluticasone furoate was well tolerated with no serious adverse events
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation in the airways. It affects over 300 million people worldwide and is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. The document discusses the symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, inheritance, diagnosis, treatment, and management of asthma through the example of a 9-year old girl experiencing an asthma attack.
1) The document discusses the current management of occult bacteremia in infants presenting with fever without a source.
2) The prevalence of occult bacteremia has dramatically decreased in recent years due to conjugate vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis.
3) Urinary tract infection is now the most common bacterial infection found in infants presenting with fever without a source.
Honey for Treatment of Cough in Children - Feasibility StudyBee Healthy Farms
Respiratory tract infections are an important health problem because of high incidence and economic costs. The World Health Organization identifies honey as a potential demulcent treatment for cough. This study concludes that a RCT (randomized controlled trial) to determine the effects of honey versus placebo is feasible.
Pasien pria berusia 56 tahun datang dengan keluhan sesak napas dan batuk yang sudah berlangsung lama. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan tanda-tanda gangguan paru seperti penggunaan otot bantu pernafasan. Hasil rontgen paru menunjukkan gambaran tuberkulosis paru dan penyakit paru obstruktif kronik. Diagnosis bandingnya adalah PPOK eksaserbasi dan TB Paru. Pasien diberikan tatalaksana berupa obat nebulizer
Pasien datang dengan keluhan sesak napas dan batuk berdahak yang memberat. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan tanda-tanda infeksi paru kronis dan TB paru. Diagnosis banding PPOK eksaserbasi dan TB paru. Diagnosis kerja PPOK eksaserbasi ditambah TB paru berdasarkan hasil laboratorium dan rontgen dada. Pengobatan dilakukan dengan antibiotik, nebulizer, dan OAT kategori 1. Kondisi pasien membaik selama perawatan in
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1) Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common condition that affects millions of people in the US. It imposes a significant economic burden due to direct and indirect medical costs.
2) The diagnosis of AR can often be made based on a patient's symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and watery eyes. It is important to differentiate between seasonal and perennial AR.
3) Other conditions like sinusitis and non-allergic rhinitis should also be considered in patients with nasal symptoms. Examination may reveal signs of conditions like asthma that commonly accompany AR.
In this presentation, I look at The Hygiene Hypothesis, or the idea that preventing children from coming into contact with germs will make them more prone to certain illnesses.
IPD and pneumonia are important causes of disease in children in Bangalore, India. A study found the highest incidence of IPD was 46.01 per 100,000 in children 6-12 months. Pneumonia was the most common presentation of IPD. The incidence of clinical and radiological pneumonia was highest in children under 6 months at 4,800.88 and 1,771.32 per 100,000 respectively. Salmonella was the most common pathogen isolated. S. pneumoniae serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance was also examined.
This document provides an outline and overview of allergic rhinitis. It begins with definitions and classifications of allergic rhinitis. It then discusses the epidemiology, finding the highest prevalence rates in Western Europe and North America. The pathophysiology involves IgE-mediated sensitization and inflammation in response to allergens. Risk factors include genetics, inhalant and food allergens, pollution, tobacco smoke, and socioeconomic status. The document outlines evaluation and diagnosis, associated conditions like asthma, and management approaches.
Parent’s opinions on the diagnosis of children under 2 years of age with urin...Josep Vidal-Alaball
Urinarytractinfection(UTI)inchildhoodcanbediagnosedin5%offebrileinfants. Renal scarring is associated with increasing numbers of UTI episodes, and the incidence of renal scarring rises with each urinary infection. High levels of awareness of childhood UTI are im- portant among both professionals and parents. Whilst problems for professionals in making the diagnosis have been explored, few data exist concerning parental understanding and perspectives
The study found that:
1) The prevalence of a history of febrile seizures in 3570 Dutch schoolchildren aged 6 years was 3.9% (95% confidence interval 3.3-4.5%).
2) Children with a positive family history of febrile seizures had a 4.5 times higher risk of experiencing febrile seizures.
3) One-third of children who experienced febrile seizures visited the hospital after their first seizure, and 6% used anti-convulsant drugs for at least 6 months.
Đa số chúng ta thường gặp những ca viêm xoang ở người lớn nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là không xuất hiện ở trẻ em. Bệnh viêm xoang ở trẻ nhỏ thường gặp ở trẻ từ 6 tuổi trở xuống, cơ địa gầy gò ốm yếu, sức đề kháng kém, cơ địa dễ mắc bệnh viêm mũi và viêm mũi dị ứng bẩm sinh… Vậy cha mẹ cần làm gì khi con mình có trong những trường hợp trên? Hãy cùng Venus Global tìm hiểu một số liệu pháp chữa viêm xoang ở trẻ nhỏ ngay sau đây.
Nguồn: Trích https://venusglobal.com.vn/chua-viem-xoang-cho-tre-em/
#viêm_xoang_ở_trẻ_nhỏ
#chữa_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#cách_chữa_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#chữa_bệnh_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#viêm_xoang_mãn_tính_tuổi_trẻ
The document discusses several studies related to vaccines:
1. A study of 176 infant pertussis cases found most were vaccinated and exposed in households, suggesting promoting Tdap vaccination of household contacts.
2. A study found 15 children allergic to DT vaccine spontaneously resolved their allergy, with 3 still allergic on reevaluation.
3. A study of 1.8 million children found no increased risk of ITP after vaccines except MMR and possibly hepatitis A, varicella and Tdap vaccines in older children.
4. Residual casein was found in DTaP vaccines, possibly linking to reports of anaphylaxis in children with cow's milk allergy.
Actualizacion Sifilis congenita del 2018 Original Oriana López
This document discusses congenital syphilis, which occurs when the syphilis bacterium is transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy. Key points:
- Congenital syphilis remains a major public health problem worldwide and cases are increasing in the US.
- It can be prevented through prenatal screening and treatment of infected mothers and their newborn infants.
- Clinical manifestations in infants may include rash, snuffles, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and radiographic bone abnormalities. Both early and late symptoms are described.
Upper respiratory infections in childrenKhaled Saad
Upper respiratory infections are very common in children and are usually caused by viruses. The most frequent types are the common cold, acute pharyngitis (sore throat), sinusitis, and ear infections. Cough associated with an upper respiratory infection can last 1-3 weeks on average and 10% of children may still be coughing after 4 weeks. Recurrent infections are also common in children due to their developing immune systems. Accurate diagnosis of conditions like sinusitis and ear infections can be challenging but is important for guiding appropriate treatment.
This study examined the association between maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of childhood epilepsy. The researchers used prescription and hospitalization records to identify prenatal exposure to maternal infection in over 191,000 Danish births between 1998-2008. They found that children exposed prenatally to maternal infection had a 40% higher rate of epilepsy by age 5 compared to unexposed children. The association was not affected by the trimester of exposure, type of antibiotic used, or number of prescriptions. The results suggest that general processes of maternal infection, rather than specific pathogens or drugs, may underlie the increased risk of epilepsy in offspring.
1) A study of over 900 patients validated a self-assessment questionnaire for measuring control of allergic rhinitis, finding improvement in sleep, work, social activities after 15 days of treatment.
2) Exposure to cockroaches and new particle-board furniture in infancy were associated with increased risk of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, respectively, in children at 18 months.
3) A study of over 2000 children found that fewer cases of allergic rhinitis underwent remission by age 8 compared to non-allergic rhinitis, and that oral allergy syndrome was more common in those with allergic rhinitis at age 8.
This document discusses allergic disorders and their impact on children's health. It notes that allergic diseases like asthma affect approximately 50 million people in the US, including as many as one in five children. Allergic respiratory problems are very common causes of school absenteeism. The document emphasizes the importance of proper diagnosis of allergic diseases by pediatricians so that children can receive appropriate treatment. It provides an overview of common allergic conditions, diagnostic tests for allergies, and features of inhalant allergies.
Acute otitis media (AOM) is an ear infection that causes inflammation in the middle ear, often accompanied by fluid, pain, or drainage. It most commonly affects infants and young children. Risk factors include daycare attendance, exposure to smoke, bottle feeding while lying down, and recent illness. The infection is caused by both bacterial and viral factors. Diagnosis can be difficult as symptoms vary and testing on young children is challenging. Treatment may include pain medication and antibiotics, depending on a child's age, symptoms, and medical history.
This document discusses the management of wheeze and cough in children in primary care. It outlines that wheeze and cough can have different causes depending on factors like age and symptom pattern. It recommends asking parents detailed questions about symptoms and considering immediate referral if concerning signs are present. For ongoing symptoms, the document recommends a trial of asthma treatment to help diagnose the underlying condition. A successful response to treatment suggests asthma while no response warrants reconsidering the diagnosis and potential referral. Regular treatment is suggested for children who experience symptom recurrence after treatment.
Kaiser. ffns a single treatment for sar. jaci 07Christian Wijaya
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms. Over 2 weeks, 299 patients received either fluticasone furoate 110 mcg or placebo once daily. Fluticasone furoate produced significantly greater improvements than placebo in reflective total nasal symptom scores, morning instantaneous total nasal symptom scores, reflective total ocular symptom scores, and patient-rated overall response to therapy. Treatment with fluticasone furoate also resulted in improvements in health-related quality of life. Fluticasone furoate was well tolerated with no serious adverse events
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation in the airways. It affects over 300 million people worldwide and is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. The document discusses the symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, inheritance, diagnosis, treatment, and management of asthma through the example of a 9-year old girl experiencing an asthma attack.
1) The document discusses the current management of occult bacteremia in infants presenting with fever without a source.
2) The prevalence of occult bacteremia has dramatically decreased in recent years due to conjugate vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis.
3) Urinary tract infection is now the most common bacterial infection found in infants presenting with fever without a source.
Honey for Treatment of Cough in Children - Feasibility StudyBee Healthy Farms
Respiratory tract infections are an important health problem because of high incidence and economic costs. The World Health Organization identifies honey as a potential demulcent treatment for cough. This study concludes that a RCT (randomized controlled trial) to determine the effects of honey versus placebo is feasible.
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Pasien pria berusia 56 tahun datang dengan keluhan sesak napas dan batuk yang sudah berlangsung lama. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan tanda-tanda gangguan paru seperti penggunaan otot bantu pernafasan. Hasil rontgen paru menunjukkan gambaran tuberkulosis paru dan penyakit paru obstruktif kronik. Diagnosis bandingnya adalah PPOK eksaserbasi dan TB Paru. Pasien diberikan tatalaksana berupa obat nebulizer
Pasien datang dengan keluhan sesak napas dan batuk berdahak yang memberat. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan tanda-tanda infeksi paru kronis dan TB paru. Diagnosis banding PPOK eksaserbasi dan TB paru. Diagnosis kerja PPOK eksaserbasi ditambah TB paru berdasarkan hasil laboratorium dan rontgen dada. Pengobatan dilakukan dengan antibiotik, nebulizer, dan OAT kategori 1. Kondisi pasien membaik selama perawatan in
Pasien wanita usia 38 tahun datang dengan keluhan nanah dan darah di bekas luka operasi caesar 10 hari sebelumnya beserta demam dan nyeri kepala. Didiagnosis dengan infeksi luka operasi post caesar ditambah diabetes mellitus dan hipertensi. Dilakukan perawatan medik dan non-medik seperti antibiotik infus, diet, dan pembersihan luka.
Pasien wanita usia 38 tahun datang dengan keluhan nanah dan darah dari bekas luka operasi caesar 10 hari sebelumnya disertai demam dan nyeri kepala. Didiagnosis infeksi luka operasi post caesar ditambah diabetes melitus dan hipertensi. Dirawat inap dan diberi antibiotik, antidiabetes, dan analgesik. Kondisi membaik dan pulang dengan resep obat.
Tiga kalimat:
1. Journal ini membahas rekomendasi screening gula darah setelah melahirkan bagi wanita dengan diabetes melahirkan.
2. Namun, tingkat screening saat ini masih rendah, kurang dari 50%, meskipun screening dapat mencegah atau menunda diabetes tipe 2.
3. Organisasi medis merekomendasikan metrik kualitas standar untuk mengukur tingkat screening gula darah pascamelahirkan untuk meningkatkan deteksi dini dan perawatan.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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1. Journal Reading
Consultant :
dr. Lilianty Fauzi, Sp.M., M Kes
Inter-Relationship between Rhinitis and
Conjunctivitis in Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis and
Associated Risk Factors in Rural UK Children
OPHTHALMOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MALAHAYATI UNIVERSITY
PERTAMINA BINTANG AMIN HOSPITAL BANDARLAMPUNG
2023
Name : Aulia Dwi Juanita
NPM : 21360331
Michael R. Perkin, Tara Bader, [...], and Christopher G. Owen (2015)
2. Introduction
Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) accounts for 15% of eye related consultations in primary care. Most will
include those with acute forms of the condition, which are either seasonal or perennial. Seasonal
allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), a Type 1 IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction, is commonly seen when
pollens are present in the atmosphere (typically during spring and summer months).
It is uncertain the extent to which parents are able to successfully recognise when their children have
IgE mediated pollen induced rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis symptoms. Sensitization to pollen can occur
in the absence of symptoms and seasonal symptoms with a perceived pollen trigger can occur in the
absence of pollen sensitization.
IgE-mediated AC commonly accompanies AR, and the WAO proposed that the disorder
be appropriately termed allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC).[6] The extent of overlap
between rhinitis and conjunctivitis was not more precisely stated. The report also
acknowledged that the relationship between allergic and non-allergic conjunctivitis
requires further investigation.
3. Introduction
Rhinitis and rhinoconjuctivitis have been extensively studied under the auspices of the
International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC). Examining allergic disorders
in early life is of interest as this is a period when susceptibility to allergens might be
influenced. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of rhinitis, conjunctivitis and the inter-
relationship between the two conditions. We explored the extent to which parent suspicions
of environmental triggers overlapped with sensitization on skin prick testing.
This study took place within a rural population of children. There has been
increasing interest in the potentially protective influence of exposure to farming
in early life on allergic outcomes, possibly through modulation of cytokine
production. While these associations have been examined for AR and ARC,
associations with SAC have not been specifically examined; this is of particular
interest to see if associations observed with other allergic outcomes can be
replicated.
4. Materials and Methods
• Population
This investigation was carried out within the Study of Asthma and Allergy in Shropshire,
a school based survey examining whether farming and animal related exposures were
associated with allergy. Cross-sectional study of rural school children (aged 5–11 years).
• Questionnaires
Parental questionnaires were used to diagnose allergic outcomes (including
conjunctivitis, rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis), and to collect data on atopic history,
demographic and environmental exposures. Responses were used to diagnose rhinitis
and rhinoconjunctivitis using ISAAC definitions. . This used as a basis the ISAAC rhino-
conjunctivitis questions but modified these to allow all respondents to report
conjunctivitis symptoms independent of the response to the question on watery-itchy
eyes.
5. Materials and Methods
• Clinical Survey
Skin prick testing was undertaken on the volar surface of one forearm with the following
allergens (ALK-Abelló, Horsholm, Denmark): dog hair, cat hair, horse hair, cow hair, 6-
grass mix, house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and the following storage
mites; (i) Acarus siro, (ii) Lepidoglyphus destructor, (iii) Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Any
sized skin wheal was recorded as indicating IgE-mediated sensitization in accordance
with the WAO guidelines
• Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out using STATA/SE software (Stata/SE 10 for Windows,
StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). Binomial confidence intervals on proportions
with conjunctivitis, rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis were calculated. Odds ratios of the
conditions by exposure were examined using logistic regression with and without
adjustment for age, sex, breastfeeding status, family history of allergy, number of older
and younger siblings. djustments were decided upon a priori.
6. Definitions of Conjunctivitis, Rhinitis and Rhinoconjunctivitis
The presence of conjunctivitis was determined based on an affirmative response in the
eye questionnaire to reporting itchy watery eyes when the child did not have a cold or
the flu. Rhinitis was determined by an affirmative response to the ISAAC question in the
background questionnaire: “has your child ever had a problem with sneezing, or a
runny, or blocked nose when he/she did not have a cold or the flu?”.
Rhinoconjunctivitis could be determined in two ways:
1. Respondents with conjunctivitis in the eye questionnaire were asked if the
conjunctivitis was accompanied by rhinitis (using the ISAAC question above);
2. Respondents with rhinitis in the background questionnaire were asked if the rhinitis
was accompanied by conjunctivitis (using the ISAAC questions).
An analysis was then undertaken to determine the risk factors for these conditions with
particular reference to the rural/farming environment.
7. Result
Of the 1073 families who replied to invitation to take part, 919 completed the eye questionnaire
(85.6%), of whom 894 children (49.9% male) had data on seasonality for both nasal and ocular
symptoms. Of these children 768 underwent skin prick testing. Mean age of participants was 8.6 years.
Total Number Reporting Current Rhinitis Symptoms, Current Conjunctivitis
Symptoms and Combined Rhinoconjunctivitis Symptoms
More children had parent-
reported conjunctivitis than
rhinitis.
• 64.1% (100/156) of those
reporting conjunctivitis also
reported rhinitis; 51.1% (69/135)
of those reporting rhinitis also
reported conjunctivitis.
• Children reporting both rhinitis
and conjunctivitis symptoms in
the same month at any point in
the year resulted in a prevalence
of 13.0% of children with parent
reported rhinoconjunctivitis.
8. Result
• In this survey, 63.6% of the children with parent reported hay fever had had this diagnosis
confirmed by a doctor. In contrast, only 5.8% of the children with itchy watery eye symptoms had
had a diagnosis of allergic eye disease made by a doctor. This compares with asthma where 99.1%
of the children with parent reported asthma had had the diagnosis confirmed by a doctor and
eczema where the figure was 88.3%.
• The environmental triggers of ocular symptoms reflected the seasonal demarcation. Those with
seasonal conjunctivitis or rhinoconjunctivitis predominantly identified pollens as a trigger, although
over a quarter reported animal triggers as well. House dust mite as a trigger was reported by one in
ten children with seasonal conjunctivitis or rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms. In contrast those children
with perennial eye symptoms were much less likely to report pollens and more likely to report
house dust mite and animal danders than seasonal sufferers.
9. Result
Monthly Reporting of Rhinitis, Conjunctivitis and Rhinoconjunctivitis
• Exploring this seasonal pattern further, Fig 1 shows the
month by month prevalence of symptoms for the
three conditions.
• Whilst conjunctivitis and rhinoconjunctivitis show a
clear seasonal trend with a summer peak and
winter waning, rhinitis in contrast shows a clear
biphasic distribution with a summer peak but a
lesser winter peak with February/March and
October being the months with lowest prevalence.
• This biphasic distribution is not explained by any
difference in house dust mite sensitisation rates and
suggests that parents ability to differentiate rhinitis due
to colds or flu in winter is perhaps somewhat limited.
10. Result
Inter-Relationship between Reporting on Rhinitis and Conjunctivitis Symptoms
• The background questionnaire identified 78 participants with rhinitis who also had itchy watery
eyes. Half of these had rhinitis symptoms accompanying their eye symptoms.
• There were a number of seemingly discordant subgroups identified by this intermeshing of the
two questionnaires. An obvious example being the 44 children with conjunctivitis associated with
rhinitis who reported no rhinitis with or without conjunctivitis in the background questionnaire.
Similarly 18 children with rhinitis on the background questionnaire accompanied by itchy watery
eyes denied any symptoms of itchy watery eyes in the eye questionnaire.
• The implication of these results would be that a significant proportion of parents perceive their
children presenting with primarily rhinitis or primarily conjunctivitis as two separate conditions.
Hence a parent can have a child who gets episodes of conjunctivitis that have been accompanied
by rhinitis but denies having a child who gets episodes of rhinitis that have been accompanied by
conjunctivitis.
11. Result
Inter-Relationship between Parent Reported Symptoms, Triggers and Sensitisation
• Of the 106 children who had recognised pollen as ever having triggered eye symptoms and the 116
children who were grass pollen sensitised on skin prick testing, only 60 children were both (52% of
those grass pollen sensitised and 57% of those recognising pollen as a trigger).
• Asymptomatic sensitisation was common: 44 (38%) sensitised children had no current SAC or SAR.
Of the 25 children with pollen ever having caused eye symptoms, but with no current SAC or SAR,
only 8 (32%) were grass pollen sensitised. This compares with the 75 children with current SAC and
pollen as a recognised trigger of whom 48 (64%) were grass pollen sensitised.
• This suggests that in the absence of current symptoms (SAC or SAR) a parent suspicion of a pollen
trigger is a poor predictor of sensitisation with two thirds of such children showing no evidence of
grass pollen sensitisation.
12. Result
• Of the 50 children with animals suspected of being a trigger and the 92 who were sensitised to an
animal dander, 36 were both. This represents 72% of those recognising animals as a trigger (the
highest for all three external triggers) and 39% of those animal sensitised. Asymptomatic animal
sensitisation was again common with 45 children (49%) of those sensitized having no AC or AR.
• Parent suspicion of animals ever having caused conjuncitivitis symptoms in the absence of current
symptoms was more likely to be predictive of sensitisation than for grass pollen and house dust
with 14 out of 24 being asensitised (58%), but this compares with a sensitisation rate of 89% (16/18)
amongst those with current eye symptoms.
• Ocular symptoms significantly exceeded nasal symptoms for those with grass pollen sensitisation:
49% (57/116) versus 30% (35/116). However for the perennial triggers ocular and nasal symptoms
were similar for those with house dust mite sensitisation (19% versus 22%) and animal sensitisation
(21% versus 24%).
13. Result
Risk Factors for Rhinitis, Conjunctivitis, and Rhinoconjunctivitis in a Rural Population
• As one would anticipate both family and child
history of allergy were strongly related to an
increased risk of rhinitis (R), conjunctivitis (C), and
rhinoconjunctivitis (RC), especially a personal
history of atopic disease (eczema and particularly
asthma). Having older siblings reduced the risk of
RC. Family size was strongly and statistically
significantly related to both C and RC, with a trend
for the latter with increasing family size.
• There were no associations with other variables
including diet, use of household fuels and
breastfeeding (data not presented).
• Despite this breastfeeding status was adjusted for
in the multivariable analysis, as this is often
regarded as a potential confounder.
14. Result
Rural Risk Factors for Rhinitis, Conjunctivitis, and Rhinoconjunctivitis
• Children were classified into one of three exposure groups; farming children whose parents live and work on a farm
(n = 291), labourer’s children whose parent(s) work on a farm but do not live on a farm (n = 130), and control children
(n = 496). For all three conditions, control children had the highest prevalence, labourer’s children intermediate levels
and farm children the lowest levels with the protective effect being statistically significant for AC and borderline for
the other two conditions.
• We investigated whether there was a seasonal pattern to this protective effect with particular reference to AC.
Monthly reporting of AC symptoms by farm exposure group is shown in Fig 2. In general there was a marked stepwise
reduction in AC symptoms with control children having the highest prevalence, farm labourer’s children having
intermediate levels and farm children the lowest. The reduction showed no seasonal variation being present in winter
months as much as summer months.
• All farming related variables were associated with a lower risk of all three conditions (i.e. odds ratios less than 1), with
the strongest statistically significant effects in the adjusted analyses seen for early farm animal exposure (in the first
year of life), consumption of unpasteurised milk and playing in a barn or stable.
15. Discussion
Whilst the WAO suggested that AC should be seen as a companion symptom to AR, our
study showed that the prevalence of AC exceeded AR. In Oxfordshire, children suffering
from eye symptoms end up with a doctor confirming a diagnosis of allergic eye disease, in
contrast to hay fever, asthma or eczema. ARC occurring almost exclusively in summer,
with rhinitis being split fifty-fifty, and seasonal conjunctivitis prevailing in two thirds of AC
children. All three conditions were at their peak incidence in June and July, consistent with
the NHANES III study where ocular symptoms peaked in the same months .
Ocular symptoms predominated amongst those grass pollen sensitised whereas the
split between ocular and nasal symptoms was even for house dust mite and animal
sensitisation. This contrasts with the NHANES III results were ocular symptoms were
more frequent in relation to animals, house dust mite and pollen.
16. Discussion
• Despite the difference in seasonality and patterns of reported triggers between the
three conditions this appeared to have no bearing on the protective effect observed
amongst farming children in this rural population.
• The protective effect was apparent all year around and not influenced by seasonality.
Specific factors within the farming environment that conferred a protective effect were
similar to those observed in the previous farming literature for asthma and
sensitisation–early farm animal exposure, playing in barns and stables and
consumption of unpasteurised milk.
• This protective effect appears to be sustained [18]. The graded protective effect of
increasing numbers of older siblings on SAC, is also akin to findings for other allergic
outcomes.
17. Discussion
We did not have the power to dissect further which part of the farming environment might be
responsible. For instance, we were unable to differentiate between type of farming as a high
proportion (40%) of farms were mixed arable and livestock with 50% pure livestock and only 7%
pure arable.
Limitations of the study :
• The potential for participation bias with families with a history of atopic
disorders being more likely to participate in a study about asthma and allergy.
• The study was also cross sectional so it is difficult to know whether families with
allergic histories / symptoms avoid farming related occupations.
• Migration out of farming was asked about in children participating in the larger
study and did not account for the associations observed.
• If such an effect were to exist, it is unlikely to fully account for the consistent
associations observed between farming status and a raft of allergic diagnoses.
18. Conclusions
• Allergic disorders are a huge public health burden. Whilst disease
modifying (and potentially curing) treatment for SAC is available with
immunotherapy, this is expensive and not hazard free.
• Stable dust has been shown to have a broad immunosuppressive
effect, perhaps explaining why a broad suppression of the different
conditions was observed.
• Establishing the exact constituents of the farm environment, whether
it be in dust or unpasteurised milk remains to be achieved. However
the protective effects observed in this and other studies from the
farming environment make this an important task to pursue.
20. Is the background of the study clearly stated?
Yes, the background of the study clearly stated.
• Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) accounts for 15% of eye related consultations in primary care. Most will include
those with acute forms of the condition, which are either seasonal or perennial. Seasonal allergic
conjunctivitis (SAC), a Type 1 IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction, is commonly seen when pollens are
present in the atmosphere (typically during spring and summer months).
• It is uncertain the extent to which parents are able to successfully recognise when their children have IgE
mediated pollen induced rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis symptoms. Sensitization to pollen can occur in the
absence of symptoms and seasonal symptoms with a perceived pollen trigger can occur in the absence of
pollen sensitization.
• Rhinitis and rhinoconjuctivitis have been extensively studied under the auspices of the International Study of
Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of rhinitis,
conjunctivitis and the inter-relationship between the two conditions. And also the extent to which parent
suspicions of environmental triggers overlapped with sensitization on skin prick testing.
21. What is the main problem of this research?
This study took place within a rural population of children. There has been increasing
interest in the potentially protective influence of exposure to farming in early life on
allergic outcomes, possibly through modulation of cytokine production. While these
associations have been examined for AR and ARC, associations with SAC have not been
specifically examined; this is of particular interest to see if associations observed with
other allergic outcomes can be replicated. So, this to examine the inter-relationship
between rhinitis and conjunctivitis and the epidemiological risk factors for these
conditions in a rural UK population.
22. What is the type of the study?
This investigation was carried out within the Study of Asthma and Allergy in Shropshire, a school
based survey examining whether farming and animal related exposures were associated with
allergy. Full details of the cross sectional study design have been reported elsewhere. Cross-
sectional study of rural school children (aged 5–11 years).
What is the objective of this study?
Objective of this study is Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is such a common condition, especially in
childhood. The extent to which it occurs concurrently with or independently from allergic rhinitis
(AR) has not been well described.
23. What are conclusions of this study?
• Allergic disorders are a huge public health burden. Whilst disease modifying
(and potentially curing) treatment for SAC is available with immunotherapy, this
is expensive and not hazard free.
• Stable dust has been shown to have a broad immunosuppressive effect,
perhaps explaining why a broad suppression of the different conditions was
observed.
• Establishing the exact constituents of the farm environment, whether it be in
dust or unpasteurised milk remains to be achieved. However the protective
effects observed in this and other studies from the farming environment make
this an important task to pursue.