This is a journal club presentation on the manuscript by Owen et al, published in May 2021 in the journal Developmental cell. It describes how the myelinoids were derived from the iPSCs and can be considered as model to study myelin biology.
Myelin is a fatty tissue that surrounds nerve cell axons and increases the speed of electrical impulses. It is composed of 80% lipid and 20% protein. In the central nervous system, myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes, while in the peripheral nervous system it is produced by Schwann cells. Myelination allows faster signal transmission and helps prevent electrical currents from leaving the axon. New research has found that axons may signal myelination by releasing ATP, which causes astrocytes to release a factor that promotes myelination by oligodendrocytes.
1) Myelination involves oligodendrocytes wrapping layers of plasma membrane around axons in the central nervous system to form myelin sheaths.
2) Myelin allows for faster and more efficient nerve signal conduction compared to unmyelinated axons. It develops through a defined sequence and continues into adulthood.
3) Recent evidence suggests myelin is dynamically regulated by experience and can remodel, representing a form of neural plasticity. The precise mechanisms of how oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths and regulate thickness are still under investigation.
The document discusses tissue engineering approaches for the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and limited regenerative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. For peripheral nerve injuries, the current gold standard treatment is autologous nerve grafts, but these have limitations. Alternative approaches discussed include the use of nerve guides containing matrices and scaffolds to bridge gaps and guide axon regeneration. Factors like scaffold composition and geometry, inclusion of cells and growth factors, and degradation properties can influence how well scaffolds support regeneration across critical gaps in nerves. The document reviews considerations for scaffold and matrix design and various strategies for incorporating growth-promoting components in peripheral nerve engineering.
This document summarizes research on the role of the transcription factor Islet1 (Isl1) in brain development. Key points:
- Isl1 is important for motor neuron development but its exact role is unclear due to early lethality in knockout mice. The study uses transgenic mice to ectopically express Isl1 in the cerebellum.
- Preliminary results show fewer surviving pups among Isl1-expressing transgenic mice, indicating effects on embryonic development and postnatal survival.
- Examination of cerebella from transgenic mice found significant changes in morphology compared to controls, suggesting Isl1 misexpression impacts proliferation, migration and differentiation of cerebellar neurons during development.
- Further
This document discusses various materials and therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration. It covers guidance therapies using nerve conduits made from natural and synthetic biomaterials. Biomolecular therapies involve delivering growth factors to promote regeneration. Cellular therapies utilize Schwann cells, stem cells, and genetically modified cells. Advanced techniques include nerve conduits fabricated using 3D printing, injection molding and aligned polymer fibers. Future areas of focus are multi-chamber conduits and stem cell therapies to further enhance regeneration.
This document summarizes tissue engineering approaches for repairing spinal cord injuries. It discusses the use of stem cells (especially neural stem cells, Schwann cells, bone marrow stem cells, and adipose-derived stem cells) as seed cells. Scaffolds made from materials like silk fibroin, chitosan, collagen, and hydrogels are described. Growth factors that could be delivered include NGF, BDNF, and NT-3 to promote neuronal survival and axon regeneration. While tissue engineering is promising for spinal cord repair, more research is still needed to develop fully successful treatment methods.
It provides a brief information about Neuroplasticity to enthusiast willing to know "How we gain daily skills?" and "Changing ability of our brain according to our daily habit."
For more details on study, you can follow the references...
This document discusses various types of neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors according to the WHO classification of CNS tumors. It describes key features of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, gangliocytoma, ganglioglioma, anaplastic ganglioglioma, dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma, pineocytoma, pleomorphic pineocytoma, and pineoblastoma. For each tumor type, it summarizes clinical presentation, macroscopic and microscopic appearance, immunohistochemical characteristics, and histopathological hallmarks.
Myelin is a fatty tissue that surrounds nerve cell axons and increases the speed of electrical impulses. It is composed of 80% lipid and 20% protein. In the central nervous system, myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes, while in the peripheral nervous system it is produced by Schwann cells. Myelination allows faster signal transmission and helps prevent electrical currents from leaving the axon. New research has found that axons may signal myelination by releasing ATP, which causes astrocytes to release a factor that promotes myelination by oligodendrocytes.
1) Myelination involves oligodendrocytes wrapping layers of plasma membrane around axons in the central nervous system to form myelin sheaths.
2) Myelin allows for faster and more efficient nerve signal conduction compared to unmyelinated axons. It develops through a defined sequence and continues into adulthood.
3) Recent evidence suggests myelin is dynamically regulated by experience and can remodel, representing a form of neural plasticity. The precise mechanisms of how oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths and regulate thickness are still under investigation.
The document discusses tissue engineering approaches for the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and limited regenerative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. For peripheral nerve injuries, the current gold standard treatment is autologous nerve grafts, but these have limitations. Alternative approaches discussed include the use of nerve guides containing matrices and scaffolds to bridge gaps and guide axon regeneration. Factors like scaffold composition and geometry, inclusion of cells and growth factors, and degradation properties can influence how well scaffolds support regeneration across critical gaps in nerves. The document reviews considerations for scaffold and matrix design and various strategies for incorporating growth-promoting components in peripheral nerve engineering.
This document summarizes research on the role of the transcription factor Islet1 (Isl1) in brain development. Key points:
- Isl1 is important for motor neuron development but its exact role is unclear due to early lethality in knockout mice. The study uses transgenic mice to ectopically express Isl1 in the cerebellum.
- Preliminary results show fewer surviving pups among Isl1-expressing transgenic mice, indicating effects on embryonic development and postnatal survival.
- Examination of cerebella from transgenic mice found significant changes in morphology compared to controls, suggesting Isl1 misexpression impacts proliferation, migration and differentiation of cerebellar neurons during development.
- Further
This document discusses various materials and therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration. It covers guidance therapies using nerve conduits made from natural and synthetic biomaterials. Biomolecular therapies involve delivering growth factors to promote regeneration. Cellular therapies utilize Schwann cells, stem cells, and genetically modified cells. Advanced techniques include nerve conduits fabricated using 3D printing, injection molding and aligned polymer fibers. Future areas of focus are multi-chamber conduits and stem cell therapies to further enhance regeneration.
This document summarizes tissue engineering approaches for repairing spinal cord injuries. It discusses the use of stem cells (especially neural stem cells, Schwann cells, bone marrow stem cells, and adipose-derived stem cells) as seed cells. Scaffolds made from materials like silk fibroin, chitosan, collagen, and hydrogels are described. Growth factors that could be delivered include NGF, BDNF, and NT-3 to promote neuronal survival and axon regeneration. While tissue engineering is promising for spinal cord repair, more research is still needed to develop fully successful treatment methods.
It provides a brief information about Neuroplasticity to enthusiast willing to know "How we gain daily skills?" and "Changing ability of our brain according to our daily habit."
For more details on study, you can follow the references...
This document discusses various types of neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors according to the WHO classification of CNS tumors. It describes key features of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, gangliocytoma, ganglioglioma, anaplastic ganglioglioma, dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma, pineocytoma, pleomorphic pineocytoma, and pineoblastoma. For each tumor type, it summarizes clinical presentation, macroscopic and microscopic appearance, immunohistochemical characteristics, and histopathological hallmarks.
This document discusses neuroplasticity and recovery after spinal cord injury. It classifies spinal cord injuries and explains that neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to form new neural connections. It provides examples of cortical reorganization and plasticity in the brain after injuries like amputation or spinal cord injury. The document also discusses how sensory feedback training and treadmill training can enhance neuroplasticity and promote recovery of locomotion through reorganization of spared pathways in the spinal cord.
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life in response to experiences. There are two main types of neuroplasticity - structural, involving physical changes to neurons and synapses, and functional, involving changes in neural pathways and connections that underlie learning and memory. Structural neuroplastic changes include synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and neural cell death. Functional changes are mediated by synaptic plasticity mechanisms like long-term potentiation and long-term depression. Neuroplasticity allows the brain to form new memories and skills, but can also contribute to cognitive decline or altered motor control depending on the circumstances.
The cytoskeleton plays a key role in maintaining neuronal shape and function. A recent study found alterations in the expression of beta tubulin isoforms in brain regions of schizophrenia patients. Specifically, beta tubulin expression was decreased in the anterior cingulate cortex and increased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients compared to controls. The neuronal cytoskeleton, comprised of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments, is involved in transporting proteins and organelles within neurons and maintaining cell structure. Abnormalities in the cytoskeleton are associated with neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric illnesses.
Microglial cells are the major immunocompetent cells in the brain and express many features of monocytes.
Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord
This includes signaling cascades well established in the immune system involving chemokines and cytokines and their receptor systems
This document describes several types of abnormal red blood cells, including their characteristics, mechanisms, and associated conditions. Spherocytes have a spherical shape due to a lack of membrane cytoskeletal components. Elliptocytes and ovalocytes have an elliptical or oval shape due to decreases in skeletal membrane proteins. Echinocytes have evenly distributed spicules or bumps on their surface and are typically an artifact of blood processing. Stomatocytes resemble normal cells but have an elongated or slit-like area of pallor and are associated with liver disease and certain drug exposures.
The document discusses two recent studies on nuclear transport and its implications for medical research. The first study used high-speed atomic force microscopy to visualize the dynamics of nuclear pores in colon cancer cells at nanoscale resolution. It found that nuclear pore deformation may be involved in cancer cell death. The second study identified a potential way to prevent mRNA with disease-causing mutations from leaving the nucleus in motor neuron disease. Advances in understanding nuclear transport could lead to new treatment approaches for diseases like cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Imaging of demyelinating diseases finalSunil Kumar
This document discusses pathology and imaging of multiple sclerosis. It begins by describing the composition and development of myelin and white matter in the central nervous system. It then discusses multiple sclerosis as a primary demyelinating disease characterized by plaques seen on imaging. The clinical manifestations and variants of multiple sclerosis are described. Imaging findings on CT, MRI, T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR sequences are provided, showing the appearance of lesions in white matter and ability to detect acute inflammation.
The document discusses stigmergy, which is coordination between agents or actions indirectly through the local environment. It uses the example of Dictyostelium, a social amoeba that exhibits self-organized behavior without leaders through the synchronization of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production. This synchronization mechanism is a universal feature that can explain coordination in other organisms without centralized control.
This document discusses the role of stem cells in visual restoration. It begins with an overview of eye anatomy and the significance of the retina in image formation. It then describes the pathophysiology of two retinal diseases: Retinitis Pigmentosa and Macular Degeneration. It explains what stem cells are and their various classifications. Finally, it discusses how stem cell therapy works for both Retinitis Pigmentosa and Macular Degeneration by injecting retinal progenitor cells or implanting new retinal pigment epithelium cells created from embryonic stem cells to replace damaged or dead cells in the retina.
This document discusses neuronal cell tumors, which are rare but do exist. It provides examples of neuronal cell tumors like central neurocytomas that have been found in the brain. Key evidence that these tumors are of neuronal origin includes the expression of neuronal markers like neurofilaments and synaptophysin, as well as the presence of neuritic processes and synaptic vesicles in microscopic and electron microscopy images. While unusual given neurons' post-mitotic nature, some tumors seem to arise from neuronal cells based on their specialized neuronal features and characteristics.
Akhtar and Breunig-2015-Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience - Barriers to post...Aslam Akhtar, MS
This document summarizes barriers to postnatal neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex. It describes how the cortex develops prenatally through tightly regulated neurogenesis along radial glial scaffolds. After birth, radial glia are depleted and the "gliogenic switch" stops neurogenesis in favor of gliogenesis. As a result, the adult cortex has very little ability to replace neurons lost to injury or disease. Strategies to promote postnatal neurogenesis, such as interneuron transplantation and glial reprogramming, aim to circumvent the developmental barriers normally preventing regeneration in the adult brain.
The document discusses brain plasticity, which refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience. It was previously believed that the brain's structure was fixed by adulthood, but research now shows the brain continues creating new neural pathways and altering existing ones. The document outlines the history of research on brain plasticity, how it works through processes like neurogenesis and synaptic pruning, and its types like functional and structural plasticity.
Adult Neurogenesis and it's Role in Alzheimer'sAbhishek Das
This document summarizes adult neurogenesis and its role in brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. It describes how new neurons are generated from neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and hippocampus of the adult brain. Alterations in neurogenesis are linked to neurological conditions like Alzheimer's, where neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques accumulate and neurons die, affecting areas like the hippocampus early on. Efforts are underway to understand how neurogenesis contributes to disease and potentially harness neural stem cells to help repair symptoms.
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience. It allows for strengthening and weakening of nerve connections and even the growth of new nerve cells. All areas of the brain show some degree of plasticity, even in adulthood, contrary to previous beliefs. Experiences shape the brain by stimulating synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, and changes in neuronal connectivity. Neuroplasticity enables learning, recovery from injury, and adaptation to environmental changes throughout life.
This study seeks to pioneer a new technique to probe the local axon proteins in vivo during development. The researchers will tag proteins within neuronal growth cones using APEX peroxidase, isolate them, and identify them using mass spectrometry. This will allow them to determine what proteins are present during axon development in the intact brain. They will first test the technique in vitro by expressing APEX in neuronal cultures and capturing labeled growth cone proteins. If successful, they will later apply the technique in vivo to gain insights into axon growth mechanisms and how miswiring may contribute to cognitive disorders.
Central nervous system neurons are unable to regenerate unlike peripheral nervous system neurons due to inhibitory factors and low cAMP levels in the central nervous system. However, if peripheral and central nervous system branches are separated, the peripheral branch can cause cAMP levels to rise and allow the central branch to regrow. This research aims to develop a genetically manipulable model to identify molecules regulating axon regeneration. Caenorhabditis elegans is a suitable model as it has a simple nervous system with identifiable axon paths and synapses, as well as being small and transparent, and its genes, regeneration patterns, and mechanisms are similar to vertebrates.
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to change throughout life. The brain remains plastic and can change even later in life. Examples of neuroplasticity include phantom limb studies which show the brain reorganizing after limb loss. Stem cell research is relevant to neuroplasticity as stem cells can differentiate into neurons and learn new tasks to replace damaged neurons, such as using stem cells to produce dopamine in Parkinson's patients. Sensory areas of the brain can take over functions of other areas if deprived due to critical periods of development and structural and functional plasticity.
THE CYTOSKELETON AND ITS APPLICATION IN CANCER , CELL GROWTH AND CONGENITAL D...NevIlle16
The document discusses the cytoskeleton and its role in cancer, cell growth, and congenital diseases. It defines the cytoskeleton as a network of protein filaments and tubules that maintains cell structure and movement. There are three main types of cytoskeletal structures: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are involved in cell division, structure, and intracellular transport. Defects in microtubules can cause diseases like primary ciliary dyskinesia. Microfilaments composed of actin are important for cell motility, structure, and cytokinesis. Intermediate filaments provide structural support and anchoring between the cell membrane and cytoskeleton. Mutations in cytoskeletal proteins can lead
This document summarizes key findings about the molecular mechanisms that regulate myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It discusses how transcription factors such as Sox10, Oct6, Krox20, and Yy1 control myelination by activating myelin genes and suppressing inhibitors of myelination. It also describes the roles of epigenetic regulators like HDAC1/2, microRNAs, and the influence of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis on myelin synthesis. Additionally, the roles of various cell adhesion molecules and signaling pathways in selecting axons for myelination and forming axo-glial junctions are summarized.
This document discusses neuroplasticity and recovery after spinal cord injury. It classifies spinal cord injuries and explains that neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to form new neural connections. It provides examples of cortical reorganization and plasticity in the brain after injuries like amputation or spinal cord injury. The document also discusses how sensory feedback training and treadmill training can enhance neuroplasticity and promote recovery of locomotion through reorganization of spared pathways in the spinal cord.
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life in response to experiences. There are two main types of neuroplasticity - structural, involving physical changes to neurons and synapses, and functional, involving changes in neural pathways and connections that underlie learning and memory. Structural neuroplastic changes include synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and neural cell death. Functional changes are mediated by synaptic plasticity mechanisms like long-term potentiation and long-term depression. Neuroplasticity allows the brain to form new memories and skills, but can also contribute to cognitive decline or altered motor control depending on the circumstances.
The cytoskeleton plays a key role in maintaining neuronal shape and function. A recent study found alterations in the expression of beta tubulin isoforms in brain regions of schizophrenia patients. Specifically, beta tubulin expression was decreased in the anterior cingulate cortex and increased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients compared to controls. The neuronal cytoskeleton, comprised of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments, is involved in transporting proteins and organelles within neurons and maintaining cell structure. Abnormalities in the cytoskeleton are associated with neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric illnesses.
Microglial cells are the major immunocompetent cells in the brain and express many features of monocytes.
Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord
This includes signaling cascades well established in the immune system involving chemokines and cytokines and their receptor systems
This document describes several types of abnormal red blood cells, including their characteristics, mechanisms, and associated conditions. Spherocytes have a spherical shape due to a lack of membrane cytoskeletal components. Elliptocytes and ovalocytes have an elliptical or oval shape due to decreases in skeletal membrane proteins. Echinocytes have evenly distributed spicules or bumps on their surface and are typically an artifact of blood processing. Stomatocytes resemble normal cells but have an elongated or slit-like area of pallor and are associated with liver disease and certain drug exposures.
The document discusses two recent studies on nuclear transport and its implications for medical research. The first study used high-speed atomic force microscopy to visualize the dynamics of nuclear pores in colon cancer cells at nanoscale resolution. It found that nuclear pore deformation may be involved in cancer cell death. The second study identified a potential way to prevent mRNA with disease-causing mutations from leaving the nucleus in motor neuron disease. Advances in understanding nuclear transport could lead to new treatment approaches for diseases like cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Imaging of demyelinating diseases finalSunil Kumar
This document discusses pathology and imaging of multiple sclerosis. It begins by describing the composition and development of myelin and white matter in the central nervous system. It then discusses multiple sclerosis as a primary demyelinating disease characterized by plaques seen on imaging. The clinical manifestations and variants of multiple sclerosis are described. Imaging findings on CT, MRI, T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR sequences are provided, showing the appearance of lesions in white matter and ability to detect acute inflammation.
The document discusses stigmergy, which is coordination between agents or actions indirectly through the local environment. It uses the example of Dictyostelium, a social amoeba that exhibits self-organized behavior without leaders through the synchronization of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production. This synchronization mechanism is a universal feature that can explain coordination in other organisms without centralized control.
This document discusses the role of stem cells in visual restoration. It begins with an overview of eye anatomy and the significance of the retina in image formation. It then describes the pathophysiology of two retinal diseases: Retinitis Pigmentosa and Macular Degeneration. It explains what stem cells are and their various classifications. Finally, it discusses how stem cell therapy works for both Retinitis Pigmentosa and Macular Degeneration by injecting retinal progenitor cells or implanting new retinal pigment epithelium cells created from embryonic stem cells to replace damaged or dead cells in the retina.
This document discusses neuronal cell tumors, which are rare but do exist. It provides examples of neuronal cell tumors like central neurocytomas that have been found in the brain. Key evidence that these tumors are of neuronal origin includes the expression of neuronal markers like neurofilaments and synaptophysin, as well as the presence of neuritic processes and synaptic vesicles in microscopic and electron microscopy images. While unusual given neurons' post-mitotic nature, some tumors seem to arise from neuronal cells based on their specialized neuronal features and characteristics.
Akhtar and Breunig-2015-Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience - Barriers to post...Aslam Akhtar, MS
This document summarizes barriers to postnatal neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex. It describes how the cortex develops prenatally through tightly regulated neurogenesis along radial glial scaffolds. After birth, radial glia are depleted and the "gliogenic switch" stops neurogenesis in favor of gliogenesis. As a result, the adult cortex has very little ability to replace neurons lost to injury or disease. Strategies to promote postnatal neurogenesis, such as interneuron transplantation and glial reprogramming, aim to circumvent the developmental barriers normally preventing regeneration in the adult brain.
The document discusses brain plasticity, which refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience. It was previously believed that the brain's structure was fixed by adulthood, but research now shows the brain continues creating new neural pathways and altering existing ones. The document outlines the history of research on brain plasticity, how it works through processes like neurogenesis and synaptic pruning, and its types like functional and structural plasticity.
Adult Neurogenesis and it's Role in Alzheimer'sAbhishek Das
This document summarizes adult neurogenesis and its role in brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. It describes how new neurons are generated from neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and hippocampus of the adult brain. Alterations in neurogenesis are linked to neurological conditions like Alzheimer's, where neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques accumulate and neurons die, affecting areas like the hippocampus early on. Efforts are underway to understand how neurogenesis contributes to disease and potentially harness neural stem cells to help repair symptoms.
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience. It allows for strengthening and weakening of nerve connections and even the growth of new nerve cells. All areas of the brain show some degree of plasticity, even in adulthood, contrary to previous beliefs. Experiences shape the brain by stimulating synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, and changes in neuronal connectivity. Neuroplasticity enables learning, recovery from injury, and adaptation to environmental changes throughout life.
This study seeks to pioneer a new technique to probe the local axon proteins in vivo during development. The researchers will tag proteins within neuronal growth cones using APEX peroxidase, isolate them, and identify them using mass spectrometry. This will allow them to determine what proteins are present during axon development in the intact brain. They will first test the technique in vitro by expressing APEX in neuronal cultures and capturing labeled growth cone proteins. If successful, they will later apply the technique in vivo to gain insights into axon growth mechanisms and how miswiring may contribute to cognitive disorders.
Central nervous system neurons are unable to regenerate unlike peripheral nervous system neurons due to inhibitory factors and low cAMP levels in the central nervous system. However, if peripheral and central nervous system branches are separated, the peripheral branch can cause cAMP levels to rise and allow the central branch to regrow. This research aims to develop a genetically manipulable model to identify molecules regulating axon regeneration. Caenorhabditis elegans is a suitable model as it has a simple nervous system with identifiable axon paths and synapses, as well as being small and transparent, and its genes, regeneration patterns, and mechanisms are similar to vertebrates.
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to change throughout life. The brain remains plastic and can change even later in life. Examples of neuroplasticity include phantom limb studies which show the brain reorganizing after limb loss. Stem cell research is relevant to neuroplasticity as stem cells can differentiate into neurons and learn new tasks to replace damaged neurons, such as using stem cells to produce dopamine in Parkinson's patients. Sensory areas of the brain can take over functions of other areas if deprived due to critical periods of development and structural and functional plasticity.
THE CYTOSKELETON AND ITS APPLICATION IN CANCER , CELL GROWTH AND CONGENITAL D...NevIlle16
The document discusses the cytoskeleton and its role in cancer, cell growth, and congenital diseases. It defines the cytoskeleton as a network of protein filaments and tubules that maintains cell structure and movement. There are three main types of cytoskeletal structures: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are involved in cell division, structure, and intracellular transport. Defects in microtubules can cause diseases like primary ciliary dyskinesia. Microfilaments composed of actin are important for cell motility, structure, and cytokinesis. Intermediate filaments provide structural support and anchoring between the cell membrane and cytoskeleton. Mutations in cytoskeletal proteins can lead
This document summarizes key findings about the molecular mechanisms that regulate myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It discusses how transcription factors such as Sox10, Oct6, Krox20, and Yy1 control myelination by activating myelin genes and suppressing inhibitors of myelination. It also describes the roles of epigenetic regulators like HDAC1/2, microRNAs, and the influence of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis on myelin synthesis. Additionally, the roles of various cell adhesion molecules and signaling pathways in selecting axons for myelination and forming axo-glial junctions are summarized.
This seminar presentation summarizes research on chemoarchitectonics and neural growth factors. It discusses chemoarchitectonics as the study of brain anatomy and function through staining specific chemicals to identify neurotransmitter patterns. The presentation reviews a study on lungfish brains that identified neuronal populations and tracts using calbindin and calretinin staining. It also discusses Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic mapping of the cerebral cortex and Nissl staining technique. Finally, it provides an overview of neurotrophins like NGF, their discovery, biogenesis, functions in neuron survival and differentiation, and signaling mechanisms through neurotrophin receptors.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been used to label and track stem cells. These nanoparticles can be internalized by stem cells and do not affect their viability, proliferation or differentiation capabilities. Labeled stem cells can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging both in vitro and in vivo. This non-invasive technique allows localization and analysis of stem cell interactions and distributions, providing valuable information for advancing stem cell therapies.
Stem cell therapy shows promise for treating various neurological disorders. There are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent, and adult stem cells which are multipotent. Stem cells may promote cell replacement in damaged organs through proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Challenges include optimal cell types and doses, monitoring transplanted cells, and ensuring safety. While stem cell therapy is being studied for conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, and stroke, more research is still needed to address current obstacles in translating laboratory findings to clinical applications.
PHYSIOLOGY OF NEURON,
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF NEURON, NERVE GROWTH FACTORS, CYTOKININES,
Zones Of The Neuron
1. Receptor Zone
2. Site Of Origin Of Conducted Impulse
3. Zone Of All Or None Transmission
4. Zone Of Secretion Of Transmitter
Functions Of Neuron
Transport system in neuron
Neurotrophins – Neurotrophic Factors
Nerve Growth Factor
Other Neurotrophins
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Disease- Muscle loose their functionality. Regenerative medicine help to diagnose via cellular therapeutic level. (MSC's used to cure)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Disease Diagnoses via Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Muscles loose their activities or functionality and through the cellular transplantation or implanting MSC's for curing disease. It is Preclinical Phase experiment which is quite affective.
This is the ppt that describes about organization of nerve in central nervous system. It also classify the nerves in various ways. Functions of different nerves and its characteristics are also described in this ppt.
PROVIDES.
1. Entry of nanoparticles into body.
2.Formation of protein corona.
3.Cellular uptake.
4.Endocutotic pathways..
a. Phagocytosis.
b. Clathrin mediated.
c. Caveolae mediated.
d. Pinocytosis.
5.Fate of Nanoparticle.
6.Effects.
7.conclusion
Nanobiotechnology has many potential applications in areas like medicine, genomics, and robotics. It offers novel opportunities for molecular disease imaging, targeted drug delivery, and therapeutic intervention. Some key areas of focus are using nanoparticles for controlled drug release, protein-based drug delivery systems, magnetic nanoparticles for imaging and therapy, and gene delivery vectors like liposomes and dendrimers. Nanotechnology also has applications in cancer research, cardiovascular disorders, neuroscience, molecular diagnostics, and gene therapy. It provides tools for protein analysis, single-cell studies, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Overall, nanobiotechnology holds promise for advancing healthcare through applications in various areas of medicine and biotechnology.
This document provides an overview of recent updates to the WHO classification of central nervous system tumors based on the 2016 guidelines. Key points include:
- Incorporation of molecular parameters like IDH, ATRX, and 1p/19q status into tumor classifications to improve diagnostic accuracy.
- Diffuse gliomas are now classified based on shared genetic drivers rather than histology alone. Entities like oligoastrocytoma are discouraged.
- Newly recognized entities include epithelioid glioblastoma and glioblastoma with a primitive neuronal component showing MYC/MYCN amplification.
- The diagnosis of oligodendroglioma now requires both IDH mutation and 1p/
This study developed engineered skeletal muscle tissues on three different substrates: micropatterned stiff PDMS, micropatterned soft PDMS, and micromolded gelatin hydrogels. Skeletal myoblasts cultured on gelatin hydrogels formed thicker myofibers with many nuclei that expressed differentiation markers, while those on stiff PDMS delaminated with low cell numbers. Soft PDMS supported some fusion but fibers were thin with few nuclei. Gelatin hydrogels thus optimally maintained engineered skeletal muscle long-term due to additive chemical and mechanical properties. Future work will improve gelatin fabrication and characterize engineered muscle function.
The document discusses the role of microtubules inside cells and their clinical applications. Microtubules provide structural support, enable intracellular transport, and help separate chromosomes during cell division. They are made of tubulin and can grow or shrink. Disruptions to microtubule stability are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Maintaining the balance between stable and dynamic microtubule pools could help treat these diseases. Microtubules also interact with integrin-mediated cell adhesions and their tension may be locally controlled by microtubule assembly state.
This document discusses the use of stem cells in neurosurgery. It begins with an introduction on how the brain was once thought to lack the ability for self-repair but is now known to regenerate neurons. The outline includes topics on different types of stem cells, their use in traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, brain tumors, and stroke. Methods of stem cell implantation and challenges are also covered. The document concludes by discussing the current and future prospects of neural stem cells in treatment and the need for more preclinical and clinical trials.
- Partial obstruction of the small intestine in mice resulted in distance-dependent disruption of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) networks, with number of proliferating ICC appearing to be lower closest to the occlusion.
- Proliferating ICC were unexpectedly low 10mm from the occlusion.
- This study aims to improve quantification methods of ICC networks and examine proliferation as a potential factor in ICC network depletion using a mouse model of partial small intestine obstruction.
This document summarizes a research project on controlling and regulating stem cell differentiation using nanoparticles. Raman microspectroscopy is used to monitor stem cell differentiation processes at the subcellular level. The objectives are to demonstrate Raman microspectroscopy can monitor differentiation, understand how nanoparticle properties influence differentiation, and control stem cell triggering through nanoparticles. Methods include Raman spectroscopy, cell culture, and multivariate analysis. Achievements include analyzing different substrates and monitoring chondrogenic differentiation. Future work involves characterizing differentiation markers, publishing results, and investigating nanoparticle toxicity and effects on differentiation.
Similar to Journal club: iPSC derived myelinoids to study myelin biology of humans (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Journal club: iPSC derived myelinoids to study myelin biology of humans
1. Journal club to present manuscript “iPSC-
derived myelinoids to study myelin biology of
humans”
Authors: Owen G. James, Bhuvaneish T. Selvaraj, Dario
Magnani, ..., Charles ffrench-Constant, David A. Lyons,
Siddharthan Chandran; Developmental Cell; May 2021
Journal club presenter: Dr. Leena Shingavi
4. Introduction
• The formation and maintenance of myelin in the CNS of
humans is a dynamic life-long process
• Normal myelinated axon functions, namely efficient nerve
conduction, metabolic support to the axon and adaptive
myelination requires both normal myelin wrapping and
myelination or myelinated axon organization
• Its disruption across the life course is associated with
neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and degenerative disorders
6. Introduction
• Recent human models of oligodendrogenesis demonstrate
oligodendrocyte differentiation in 3D spheroids containing
neurons and astrocytes
• In vitro systems with mature myelinated axons have focused on
generating myelinating oligodendrocytes using forebrain-
patterned cultures
• In-utero, the emergence of ventral spinal cord-derived
oligodendrocytes is earlier and the maturation of the
myelinated axons is much faster than the forebrain-derived
oligodendrocytes
7. Aim
• To establish an iPSC-derived spinal cord patterned model of
myelin formation to investigate myelin development, disease,
pharmacological interventions and adaptive myelination in
human context
8. Materials and methods
• 1. Culture of human iPSCs: 3 hPSCs (males) lines were obtained
and validated using chromosomal analysis, pluripotency and
absence of plasmid integration. iPSC lines for Nfasc155-/-
clone1, female and Nfasc155-/- clone 2, female were
generated by Cedars-Sinai
• 2. Generation of iPSC myelinoids: (3 phases)
• 3. Dissociated myelinoid cultures: to supplement with 3nM of
tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT)
9. Materials and methods
• 4. Immunostaining of whole-mounted myelinoids
• 5. Cryopreservation and immunostaining
• 6. Image acquistion by confocal microscopy
• 7. Transmission Electron microscopy: toluidine blue staining for
compact myelin
• 8. PCR amplification of Nfasc155: to confirm the presence of
homozygous Nfasc155 mutation in patient-derived iPSCs
• 9. qRT-PCR: of rostrocaudal axis genes to characterise the regional
identity and cellular composition of the myelinoids
10. Materials and methods
• Image analysis by confocal microscopy
• Automated analysis using MetaXpress software: for unbiased
3D quatification of global myelin volume and axonal density
15. Results: Structural organisation of myelinated
axons and myelin-compaction
These myelinating organoids are thus referred to as myelinoids
16. Results:Nfasc155-/- patient-derived myelinoids recapitulate
disease pathology of disordered myelinated axon organisation
Thus, iPSC myelinoids can be used to model disorders of myelinated axon organisation
18. Results: Myelinoids predictably respond to
pharmacological cues at both individual cell
level and whole-myelinoid levels
The myelinating profile of individual oligodendrocytes can be modulated pharmacologically.
Also demostrates widespread effects of human myelination can be assessed using the myelinoid
model
19. Results: TeNT supresses human
myelination
Reduced vesicular release supresses myelin development, providing an opportunity to
study human adaptive myelination
20. Conclusions
• Spinal cord patterned myelinoids recapitulates compact myelin
formation and myelinated axon organisation; allowing the study of
nodal assembly and disruption in health and disease
• Patient-derived myelinoids demonstrated in the key pathology of
Nfasc155 deficiency, namely impaired paranode (PNJ) formation
• Investigations into the long term impact of Nfasc deficiency or other
mutations on nodal domain stability and axonal health may be well
served using iPSC myelinoids
21. Conclusions
• Inhibition of synaptic vesicle release secondary to TeNT
resulted in preferential myelin targeting, a reduction in
internodes per oligodendrocyte and a reduction in global
myelin volume and sheaths per cell
• The study established iPSC-derived myelinoids as a tractable
and quantifiable platform for evaluation of human myelin
biology in a tissue-level context
22. Limitations of the study
• Inferences made on myelin development in this model may not be
generalizable due to the spinal cord identity of myelinoid cultures.; limiting
their use in studying myelin development in the context of certain
neurological conditions
• The extended time frame over which myelination occurs in this system can
be challenging to optimize the dosing of small molecules/treatments that
influence myelin development or neuronal activity
• A common limitation of organoid models is that they lack the full
complement and diversity of cell types found in vivo, e.g. microglia are
absent in these organoids and yet play critical roles in neurodevelopment