The document provides details about the town planning projects of architect Jose Luis Sert. It discusses several of his major projects from the 1940s-1950s, including plans for new towns in Brazil and Peru called Cidade dos Motores and Chimbote. For Chimbote, Sert designed compact clusters of patio houses arranged around green spaces and connected by pedestrian paths to community buildings. The plans aimed to preserve natural features while providing amenities suited to the local climate.
The document discusses the emergence of planning as a professional field through the ideas of early 20th century idealists like Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. It focuses on Howard's concept of the Garden City - self-sufficient satellite towns that combined the benefits of urban and rural life. The first attempts to realize Garden Cities were Letchworth Garden City in England and Radburn, New Jersey, which incorporated elements like zoning, greenbelts, and separating vehicles from pedestrians. However, full implementation of the plans was limited. The document examines the vision and legacy of the Garden City movement.
Sir Ebenezer Howard was a pioneer of town planning who developed the concept of the garden city. He was influenced by the overcrowding and poor conditions he witnessed in cities like London and Chicago. Howard proposed that towns and countryside each had benefits and drawbacks, but that a new type of settlement combining their advantages could be created. This was the garden city - a self-contained community surrounded by greenbelt land, with proportionate areas for housing, industry and agriculture. The first examples of garden cities were Letchworth and Welwyn, which aimed to provide the benefits of both urban and rural living.
Le Corbusier designed the unrealized Radiant City project in 1930 which sought to improve urban living standards. The design had strict zoning with segregated areas for housing, business, and industry connected by underground transit. Housing would be in tall, standardized residential towers set amongst green spaces. Though never built, the Radiant City influenced many later projects seeking efficient urban planning and design through order and separation of functions.
Radburn was developed in 1929 in New Jersey as one of America's first planned garden communities. It was designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright based on principles separating pedestrian and vehicular traffic through the use of cul-de-sacs and footpaths. The development included single family homes, row houses, apartments, and a central shopping center organized around extensive common green spaces within superblocks. While innovative at the time, some aspects of Radburn's design did not work as intended in practice and it faced financial difficulties, though its approach to integrating land uses and prioritizing pedestrian access influenced later suburban development.
Sir Ebenezer Howard was the founder of the garden city movement. He published "Garden Cities of To-morrow" in 1898, which proposed the creation of new towns surrounded by greenbelts that blended the benefits of urban and rural living. The first garden cities built based on Howard's principles were Letchworth and Welwyn in England in the early 1900s. Garden cities emphasized planned development, environmental quality, and strong community.
Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years.
Wrightt believed in designing in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture.
This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture. As a founder of organic architecture, Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing three generations of architects worldwide through his works.
There is a train station and a few office and apartment buildings in Broadacre City. All important transport is done by automobile, and the pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of the one-acre (0.40-hectare) plots where most of the population dwells.
Radburn was a planned community developed in 1929 in New Jersey as a response to rapid urbanization. It included single family homes, row houses, apartments and amenities across 149 acres. Key features included separating pedestrian and vehicle networks using cul-de-sacs and footpaths, orienting homes around common green spaces rather than facing streets, and organizing commercial areas at block intersections. While innovative at the time, some elements like underused front green spaces and preferences for more private yards led to some failures in implementation. Overall though, Radburn demonstrated an early model for planned communities that influenced later suburban developments.
- Le Corbusier was an influential 20th century architect and pioneer of modern architecture. He developed principles like pilotis and roof gardens.
- His 1925 plan for the Radiant City proposed vertical housing blocks surrounded by green space, with strict zoning and an emphasis on transportation. It aimed to provide a better urban lifestyle.
- Though never fully realized, the Radiant City influenced modern planning with its high-density approach. Le Corbusier later applied these principles to his master plan for Chandigarh, India in the 1950s.
The document discusses the emergence of planning as a professional field through the ideas of early 20th century idealists like Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. It focuses on Howard's concept of the Garden City - self-sufficient satellite towns that combined the benefits of urban and rural life. The first attempts to realize Garden Cities were Letchworth Garden City in England and Radburn, New Jersey, which incorporated elements like zoning, greenbelts, and separating vehicles from pedestrians. However, full implementation of the plans was limited. The document examines the vision and legacy of the Garden City movement.
Sir Ebenezer Howard was a pioneer of town planning who developed the concept of the garden city. He was influenced by the overcrowding and poor conditions he witnessed in cities like London and Chicago. Howard proposed that towns and countryside each had benefits and drawbacks, but that a new type of settlement combining their advantages could be created. This was the garden city - a self-contained community surrounded by greenbelt land, with proportionate areas for housing, industry and agriculture. The first examples of garden cities were Letchworth and Welwyn, which aimed to provide the benefits of both urban and rural living.
Le Corbusier designed the unrealized Radiant City project in 1930 which sought to improve urban living standards. The design had strict zoning with segregated areas for housing, business, and industry connected by underground transit. Housing would be in tall, standardized residential towers set amongst green spaces. Though never built, the Radiant City influenced many later projects seeking efficient urban planning and design through order and separation of functions.
Radburn was developed in 1929 in New Jersey as one of America's first planned garden communities. It was designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright based on principles separating pedestrian and vehicular traffic through the use of cul-de-sacs and footpaths. The development included single family homes, row houses, apartments, and a central shopping center organized around extensive common green spaces within superblocks. While innovative at the time, some aspects of Radburn's design did not work as intended in practice and it faced financial difficulties, though its approach to integrating land uses and prioritizing pedestrian access influenced later suburban development.
Sir Ebenezer Howard was the founder of the garden city movement. He published "Garden Cities of To-morrow" in 1898, which proposed the creation of new towns surrounded by greenbelts that blended the benefits of urban and rural living. The first garden cities built based on Howard's principles were Letchworth and Welwyn in England in the early 1900s. Garden cities emphasized planned development, environmental quality, and strong community.
Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years.
Wrightt believed in designing in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture.
This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture. As a founder of organic architecture, Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing three generations of architects worldwide through his works.
There is a train station and a few office and apartment buildings in Broadacre City. All important transport is done by automobile, and the pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of the one-acre (0.40-hectare) plots where most of the population dwells.
Radburn was a planned community developed in 1929 in New Jersey as a response to rapid urbanization. It included single family homes, row houses, apartments and amenities across 149 acres. Key features included separating pedestrian and vehicle networks using cul-de-sacs and footpaths, orienting homes around common green spaces rather than facing streets, and organizing commercial areas at block intersections. While innovative at the time, some elements like underused front green spaces and preferences for more private yards led to some failures in implementation. Overall though, Radburn demonstrated an early model for planned communities that influenced later suburban developments.
- Le Corbusier was an influential 20th century architect and pioneer of modern architecture. He developed principles like pilotis and roof gardens.
- His 1925 plan for the Radiant City proposed vertical housing blocks surrounded by green space, with strict zoning and an emphasis on transportation. It aimed to provide a better urban lifestyle.
- Though never fully realized, the Radiant City influenced modern planning with its high-density approach. Le Corbusier later applied these principles to his master plan for Chandigarh, India in the 1950s.
The document discusses several theories and models of urban and town planning from ancient to modern times. It describes the earliest river valley civilizations and oldest continuously inhabited cities. It then covers concepts in modern town planning like segregating industries, high-rise buildings, and master plans. Various approaches to town planning like rational, incremental, and communicative are mentioned. Models of urban structure and land use are summarized, including central place theory, Ebenezer Howard's three magnets diagram, the garden city movement, concentric zone model, linear city, Radburn superblock, neighborhood unit design, core frame model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering modern architect and urban planner. He developed several influential urban planning concepts including the Radiant City, Plan Voisin for Paris, and the Linear City. Le Corbusier went on to design the city of Chandigarh in India according to principles of modern architecture and urban planning, dividing it into sectors with ample green space and separating types of traffic. His master plan for Chandigarh included the Capitol Complex, City Centre, and other zones organized according to his theories.
This document provides an overview of several eminent town planners and their key concepts and contributions to the field of town planning. It discusses town planners such as Ebenezer Howard and his Garden City concept; Patrick Geddes and his emphasis on conducting surveys before developing plans; Le Corbusier and his view of cities as living organisms; Patrick Abercrombie and his focus on regional planning; Clarence Stein and the Neighborhood Unit concept; and H.K. Mewada and P.M. Apte who planned the city of Gandhinagar. It also summarizes the main ideas and projects of several other influential town planners.
This document discusses the history of urban design from neolithic settlements to early 20th century cities. It explains that cities grew in two ways - naturally according to basic needs, and artificially through master planning with ordered streets and squares. Key topics covered include the influence of geography and climate on urban form, classical and medieval city planning, renaissance and industrial era developments, and modernist planning exemplified by projects like Brasilia.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for his organic architecture and philosophy of designing structures in harmony with humanity and nature. He was interested in urban planning throughout his career. His most ambitious plan was Broadacre City, proposed in the 1930s, which envisioned decentralized, automobile-oriented communities where each American family would be given one acre of land. Broadacre City was meant to be the antithesis of dense cities and exemplify Wright's vision of suburban living, but it remained primarily a theoretical concept that highlighted some realities of future urban sprawl and independent living. While never fully realized, Broadacre City reflected Wright's belief that technological changes would make large cities obsolete.
- The document discusses two historical neighborhood concepts - Radburn neighborhood model by Stein and Wright, and Clarence Perry's neighborhood unit concept. Both aimed to design self-contained neighborhoods with boundaries, green spaces, and pedestrian-focused streets, though they differed in maximum walking distances and treatment as overlapping vs separate units.
- Neighborhoods are considered the basic building block of cities in planning, with the goal of improving social and physical environments. However, increased mobility has challenged the social benefits of neighborhoods.
- Contemporary developments often prioritize financial goals over unified social and physical environments, though neighborhoods remain important for decentralized, community-focused planning.
Neighborhood and their concepts, garden city and satellite Town-3.pdfBilalAhmad558491
The document discusses neighborhood unit planning, satellite towns, and garden cities as concepts for urban planning. It defines each concept and compares satellite towns and garden cities.
The key points are:
1. Neighborhood unit planning aims to create self-contained residential areas centered around schools, parks, and shops that minimize traffic hazards for pedestrians.
2. Satellite towns are residential areas located outside a parent city that provide housing but remain dependent on the parent city for services and employment.
3. Garden cities are self-contained, planned communities surrounded by greenbelts that balance residential, industrial, and agricultural land uses within a limited population size.
4. Compared to satellite towns, garden cities are
The document discusses various town planning concepts including Garden Cities, Linear Cities, Radburn Superblocks, Neighbourhood Units, Green Belts, Central Place Theory, Concentric Zone Theory, and Ribbon Development. It provides background information and key characteristics of each concept. For example, it explains that Garden Cities were designed by Ebenezer Howard to combine the benefits of town and country living, with populations of around 30,000 people and self-contained employment, industry, commerce and agriculture. It also discusses criticisms of some of the concepts.
Le Corbusier was a pioneering modern architect and urban planner who helped establish the principles of the modernist movement. He advocated for high-density urban planning with towers set within open green spaces. Some of his influential urban plans included the Ville Contemporaine from 1922, which proposed a concentric city with central skyscrapers surrounded by parks, and Plan Voisin from 1925, which reimagined part of Paris with cruciform towers. Le Corbusier believed high density could reduce travel distances if incorporated with efficient transportation systems and abundant public green spaces.
Anatomization of a utopian city case of BarcelonaEsa Shaikh
Barcelona is considered a utopian city due to its highly desirable urban planning and design qualities. The document outlines Barcelona's history and development over five acts. It describes how Ildefons Cerda designed the Eixample district in the 19th century with a regular street grid and block structure to maximize light, air circulation, and public space. It also discusses Gaudi's unique Park Güell and how the 1992 Olympics revitalized the waterfront. Barcelona is praised for prioritizing pedestrian access, integrating diverse street widths, and strategically placing tall buildings to create beautiful city views.
The document provides details about the planning and development of Chandigarh, the new capital city of Punjab in India.
[1] The first master plan for Chandigarh was created by American planner Albert Mayer in the early 1950s. [2] When Le Corbusier was brought on to redesign the master plan, he retained the basic framework conceived by Mayer but replaced the neighborhood units with sectors. [3] Key features of Chandigarh designed by Le Corbusier include the open hand layout of the Capitol Complex, strict controls on housing and industry, and the use of parks and open spaces throughout the city.
Clarence Perry was an American urban planner from the early 20th century. He is considered a pioneer in neighborhood unit planning. The key aspects of Perry's neighborhood unit model include centering an elementary school in the middle, placing arterial streets along the perimeter, designing a hierarchy of internal streets, and restricting local shopping to the perimeter. The goal was to create self-contained neighborhoods that promoted community and protected residents, especially children, from traffic.
The City Beautiful movement arose in the late 19th century as an effort to introduce beautification and grandeur to cities through Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts architecture. Planners like Daniel Burnham wanted to replace railway depots with grand entrances, build attractive bridges, and develop boulevards to address traffic issues and house the wealthy. Though some aspects like Manila's American-style post office emerged in the Philippines, the movement declined by 1909 as being too expensive and impractical. Frank Lloyd Wright later proposed Broadacre City as a vision of low-density, automobile-centered suburbia where each family would own an acre, but it failed to account for large population growth and environmental impacts of urban sprawl
The document discusses the radial city planning patterns of Moscow and Washington DC. Moscow's plan features ring roads connected by radiating roads, with the core as the business area and industrial areas interspersed among residential zones. Washington DC was planned by Pierre L'Enfant and Andrew Ellicott along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland, and was burned in the War of 1812. Both cities exemplify radial city planning concepts.
Ebenezer Howard proposed the garden city theory as a response to overcrowding and congestion in cities during the Industrial Revolution. His plan called for the creation of small, planned cities that combined urban amenities with access to nature. Key elements included purchasing a large area of land, planning a compact circular or hexagonal town surrounded by a rural greenbelt, and using revenue from rising land values to benefit the community. Howard envisioned a population of around 30,000 living in the garden city, with only a fraction of the land developed and the rest used for agriculture and recreation.
Frank Lloyd Wright proposed Broadacre City as a decentralized city model where each family would be given one acre of land to live on individually. The city was planned to have low-density development and be auto-oriented, with local commercial areas and public services within 150 miles of each home. While intended to promote individualism, the strict zoning system and uniform layouts limited freedom. Broadacre City existed only as a theoretical model and faced criticisms around isolation and dependence on automobiles. However, it explored concepts like suburban sprawl and land ownership that influenced later urban planning.
The document summarizes the garden city movement, which was initiated in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard in the UK. Garden cities were intended to be self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts with proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Two early examples are Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, which were planned with concentric patterns, open spaces, and radial boulevards extending from a central area. The garden city model emphasized balanced development, connectivity between towns and countryside, and public ownership of land.
This document discusses the work and urban planning concepts of architect Le Corbusier. It outlines his principle of planning, including the Ville Contemporaine and La Ville radieuse models which proposed centralized cities with strict zoning, abundant green space, and prioritization of vehicles. It also describes Le Corbusier's planning of Chandigarh, India and notes both praise for its architecture and landscaping, as well as criticism of his ideas for being monotonous and car-dependent with class-based housing separation.
Sir Patrick Geddes was a pioneering Scottish town planner in the late 19th/early 20th century. Some of his key contributions included:
- Introducing the concepts of "region" and "conurbation" to urban planning.
- Arguing that rural development, urban planning, and city design require different approaches and shouldn't follow a single process.
- Developing the concept of the "valley section" to illustrate how a region influences and is influenced by its cities.
- Coining the term "conurbation" to describe the merging of cities, towns, and urban areas through population growth and expansion.
- Advocating a sequential approach to planning of regional survey, rural development
This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of town planners. It outlines the stages of a town planning project, including site assessment, development design, submitting a planning report, obtaining council approval, and construction preparation and implementation. It also describes the types of drawings and plans town planners use at different stages, such as zoning plans, development plans, layout plans, locality plans, and master plans. The document provides examples of these plans and references sources on town planning processes and standards.
El documento presenta la biografía y obra del arquitecto español Josep Lluís Sert. Resume su trayectoria desde sus inicios trabajando con Le Corbusier hasta convertirse en decano de la Escuela de Arquitectura de Harvard. Destaca sus contribuciones al Movimiento Moderno como presidente del CIAM y sus numerosos planes reguladores y de vivienda social en España, Latinoamérica y Estados Unidos.
The document discusses several theories and models of urban and town planning from ancient to modern times. It describes the earliest river valley civilizations and oldest continuously inhabited cities. It then covers concepts in modern town planning like segregating industries, high-rise buildings, and master plans. Various approaches to town planning like rational, incremental, and communicative are mentioned. Models of urban structure and land use are summarized, including central place theory, Ebenezer Howard's three magnets diagram, the garden city movement, concentric zone model, linear city, Radburn superblock, neighborhood unit design, core frame model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a pioneering modern architect and urban planner. He developed several influential urban planning concepts including the Radiant City, Plan Voisin for Paris, and the Linear City. Le Corbusier went on to design the city of Chandigarh in India according to principles of modern architecture and urban planning, dividing it into sectors with ample green space and separating types of traffic. His master plan for Chandigarh included the Capitol Complex, City Centre, and other zones organized according to his theories.
This document provides an overview of several eminent town planners and their key concepts and contributions to the field of town planning. It discusses town planners such as Ebenezer Howard and his Garden City concept; Patrick Geddes and his emphasis on conducting surveys before developing plans; Le Corbusier and his view of cities as living organisms; Patrick Abercrombie and his focus on regional planning; Clarence Stein and the Neighborhood Unit concept; and H.K. Mewada and P.M. Apte who planned the city of Gandhinagar. It also summarizes the main ideas and projects of several other influential town planners.
This document discusses the history of urban design from neolithic settlements to early 20th century cities. It explains that cities grew in two ways - naturally according to basic needs, and artificially through master planning with ordered streets and squares. Key topics covered include the influence of geography and climate on urban form, classical and medieval city planning, renaissance and industrial era developments, and modernist planning exemplified by projects like Brasilia.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect known for his organic architecture and philosophy of designing structures in harmony with humanity and nature. He was interested in urban planning throughout his career. His most ambitious plan was Broadacre City, proposed in the 1930s, which envisioned decentralized, automobile-oriented communities where each American family would be given one acre of land. Broadacre City was meant to be the antithesis of dense cities and exemplify Wright's vision of suburban living, but it remained primarily a theoretical concept that highlighted some realities of future urban sprawl and independent living. While never fully realized, Broadacre City reflected Wright's belief that technological changes would make large cities obsolete.
- The document discusses two historical neighborhood concepts - Radburn neighborhood model by Stein and Wright, and Clarence Perry's neighborhood unit concept. Both aimed to design self-contained neighborhoods with boundaries, green spaces, and pedestrian-focused streets, though they differed in maximum walking distances and treatment as overlapping vs separate units.
- Neighborhoods are considered the basic building block of cities in planning, with the goal of improving social and physical environments. However, increased mobility has challenged the social benefits of neighborhoods.
- Contemporary developments often prioritize financial goals over unified social and physical environments, though neighborhoods remain important for decentralized, community-focused planning.
Neighborhood and their concepts, garden city and satellite Town-3.pdfBilalAhmad558491
The document discusses neighborhood unit planning, satellite towns, and garden cities as concepts for urban planning. It defines each concept and compares satellite towns and garden cities.
The key points are:
1. Neighborhood unit planning aims to create self-contained residential areas centered around schools, parks, and shops that minimize traffic hazards for pedestrians.
2. Satellite towns are residential areas located outside a parent city that provide housing but remain dependent on the parent city for services and employment.
3. Garden cities are self-contained, planned communities surrounded by greenbelts that balance residential, industrial, and agricultural land uses within a limited population size.
4. Compared to satellite towns, garden cities are
The document discusses various town planning concepts including Garden Cities, Linear Cities, Radburn Superblocks, Neighbourhood Units, Green Belts, Central Place Theory, Concentric Zone Theory, and Ribbon Development. It provides background information and key characteristics of each concept. For example, it explains that Garden Cities were designed by Ebenezer Howard to combine the benefits of town and country living, with populations of around 30,000 people and self-contained employment, industry, commerce and agriculture. It also discusses criticisms of some of the concepts.
Le Corbusier was a pioneering modern architect and urban planner who helped establish the principles of the modernist movement. He advocated for high-density urban planning with towers set within open green spaces. Some of his influential urban plans included the Ville Contemporaine from 1922, which proposed a concentric city with central skyscrapers surrounded by parks, and Plan Voisin from 1925, which reimagined part of Paris with cruciform towers. Le Corbusier believed high density could reduce travel distances if incorporated with efficient transportation systems and abundant public green spaces.
Anatomization of a utopian city case of BarcelonaEsa Shaikh
Barcelona is considered a utopian city due to its highly desirable urban planning and design qualities. The document outlines Barcelona's history and development over five acts. It describes how Ildefons Cerda designed the Eixample district in the 19th century with a regular street grid and block structure to maximize light, air circulation, and public space. It also discusses Gaudi's unique Park Güell and how the 1992 Olympics revitalized the waterfront. Barcelona is praised for prioritizing pedestrian access, integrating diverse street widths, and strategically placing tall buildings to create beautiful city views.
The document provides details about the planning and development of Chandigarh, the new capital city of Punjab in India.
[1] The first master plan for Chandigarh was created by American planner Albert Mayer in the early 1950s. [2] When Le Corbusier was brought on to redesign the master plan, he retained the basic framework conceived by Mayer but replaced the neighborhood units with sectors. [3] Key features of Chandigarh designed by Le Corbusier include the open hand layout of the Capitol Complex, strict controls on housing and industry, and the use of parks and open spaces throughout the city.
Clarence Perry was an American urban planner from the early 20th century. He is considered a pioneer in neighborhood unit planning. The key aspects of Perry's neighborhood unit model include centering an elementary school in the middle, placing arterial streets along the perimeter, designing a hierarchy of internal streets, and restricting local shopping to the perimeter. The goal was to create self-contained neighborhoods that promoted community and protected residents, especially children, from traffic.
The City Beautiful movement arose in the late 19th century as an effort to introduce beautification and grandeur to cities through Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts architecture. Planners like Daniel Burnham wanted to replace railway depots with grand entrances, build attractive bridges, and develop boulevards to address traffic issues and house the wealthy. Though some aspects like Manila's American-style post office emerged in the Philippines, the movement declined by 1909 as being too expensive and impractical. Frank Lloyd Wright later proposed Broadacre City as a vision of low-density, automobile-centered suburbia where each family would own an acre, but it failed to account for large population growth and environmental impacts of urban sprawl
The document discusses the radial city planning patterns of Moscow and Washington DC. Moscow's plan features ring roads connected by radiating roads, with the core as the business area and industrial areas interspersed among residential zones. Washington DC was planned by Pierre L'Enfant and Andrew Ellicott along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland, and was burned in the War of 1812. Both cities exemplify radial city planning concepts.
Ebenezer Howard proposed the garden city theory as a response to overcrowding and congestion in cities during the Industrial Revolution. His plan called for the creation of small, planned cities that combined urban amenities with access to nature. Key elements included purchasing a large area of land, planning a compact circular or hexagonal town surrounded by a rural greenbelt, and using revenue from rising land values to benefit the community. Howard envisioned a population of around 30,000 living in the garden city, with only a fraction of the land developed and the rest used for agriculture and recreation.
Frank Lloyd Wright proposed Broadacre City as a decentralized city model where each family would be given one acre of land to live on individually. The city was planned to have low-density development and be auto-oriented, with local commercial areas and public services within 150 miles of each home. While intended to promote individualism, the strict zoning system and uniform layouts limited freedom. Broadacre City existed only as a theoretical model and faced criticisms around isolation and dependence on automobiles. However, it explored concepts like suburban sprawl and land ownership that influenced later urban planning.
The document summarizes the garden city movement, which was initiated in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard in the UK. Garden cities were intended to be self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts with proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Two early examples are Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, which were planned with concentric patterns, open spaces, and radial boulevards extending from a central area. The garden city model emphasized balanced development, connectivity between towns and countryside, and public ownership of land.
This document discusses the work and urban planning concepts of architect Le Corbusier. It outlines his principle of planning, including the Ville Contemporaine and La Ville radieuse models which proposed centralized cities with strict zoning, abundant green space, and prioritization of vehicles. It also describes Le Corbusier's planning of Chandigarh, India and notes both praise for its architecture and landscaping, as well as criticism of his ideas for being monotonous and car-dependent with class-based housing separation.
Sir Patrick Geddes was a pioneering Scottish town planner in the late 19th/early 20th century. Some of his key contributions included:
- Introducing the concepts of "region" and "conurbation" to urban planning.
- Arguing that rural development, urban planning, and city design require different approaches and shouldn't follow a single process.
- Developing the concept of the "valley section" to illustrate how a region influences and is influenced by its cities.
- Coining the term "conurbation" to describe the merging of cities, towns, and urban areas through population growth and expansion.
- Advocating a sequential approach to planning of regional survey, rural development
This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of town planners. It outlines the stages of a town planning project, including site assessment, development design, submitting a planning report, obtaining council approval, and construction preparation and implementation. It also describes the types of drawings and plans town planners use at different stages, such as zoning plans, development plans, layout plans, locality plans, and master plans. The document provides examples of these plans and references sources on town planning processes and standards.
El documento presenta la biografía y obra del arquitecto español Josep Lluís Sert. Resume su trayectoria desde sus inicios trabajando con Le Corbusier hasta convertirse en decano de la Escuela de Arquitectura de Harvard. Destaca sus contribuciones al Movimiento Moderno como presidente del CIAM y sus numerosos planes reguladores y de vivienda social en España, Latinoamérica y Estados Unidos.
The 81st Annual Academy Awards ceremony featured several memorable moments including Ben Stiller and Natalie Portman presenting, a performance by Beyonce, Hugh Jackman, Beyonce, Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron performing together, appearances by former Oscar winners, a performance by Phillipe Petit, the cast of Slumdog Millionaire accepting awards, Hugh Jackman and Anne Hathaway hosting, Penelope Cruz presenting, Steve Martin and Tina Fey's comedic monologue, and Slumdog Millionaire winning Best Picture which was accepted by Sean Penn.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of urban planning through summaries of key figures and developments. It discusses the work of Frederick Law Olmsted in designing Central Park and shaping urban planning in New York City and Chicago. It also covers Haussmann's redesign of Paris in the 1850s and Robert Moses' impact on infrastructure and development projects in New York City in the 1900s. The document then introduces concepts from Jane Jacobs and new urbanist approaches to planning exemplified by Seaside, Florida.
The document discusses assembly language tanka, which is a style of poetry that uses assembly language instructions in a 5-7-5-7-7 structure. It provides examples of assembly language tanka, explaining the use of a season word and rhythmic patterns. The document suggests that writing assembly language tanka can aid in learning about assembly language programming, optimization, and shellcode programming.
This document discusses heat pump technology and Mayekawa heat pump products. It provides technical specifications and performance data for Mayekawa reciprocating and screw compressor heat pumps, including the N6HK and N160GHS models. It also presents three case studies where Mayekawa heat pumps were installed to produce hot water for district heating, industrial processes, and overcompression applications. The document concludes with information on Mayekawa's global presence and availability of its heat pump products worldwide.
This document provides details on several architectural works by Frank Lloyd Wright:
- The house has a basement with large air ducts to heat and circulate fresh air through floor grilles. Horizontal elements and few verticals compose the pinwheel floor plan.
- Unity Temple integrates all systems and has hollow columns that serve as air ducts. It was one of the first non-industrial buildings constructed of poured concrete.
- The Imperial Hotel in Tokyo survived earthquakes due to its modular design. It formed an H-shape with guest rooms along the sides and common areas in the center.
Este documento proporciona una introducción al ordenamiento territorial y la gobernanza del agua en la cuenca del Río Tunjuelo en Bogotá, Colombia. Explica brevemente conceptos clave como ordenamiento territorial, componentes del Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial de Bogotá como la estructura ecológica, funcional y socioeconómica, y normas y clasificaciones de suelo urbano. También incluye una sección sobre la cartografía del POT de 2010.
Lucio Costa was a Brazilian modernist architect best known for designing the urban plan of Brasilia, Brazil's new capital city. His plan stipulated zones for residential, commercial, and industrial areas, and limited building heights. It featured a cross-shaped design with a central monumental axis and residential axis to separate traffic. The plan included superblocks with uniform six-story buildings and vast green spaces, creating a park-like city on different scales from monumental to residential. Brasilia became a model for planned urban development when it was completed in 1960.
Kenzō Tange (丹下 健三 Tange Kenzō?, 4 September 1913 – 22 March 2005) was a Japanese architect, and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture. He was one of the most significant architects of the 20th century, combining traditional Japanese styles with modernism, and designed major buildings on five continents. Tange was also an influential patron of the Metabolist movement. He said: "It was, I believe, around 1959 or at the beginning of the sixties that I began to think about what I was later to call structuralism", (cited in Plan 2/1982, Amsterdam), a reference to the architectural movement known as Dutch Structuralism.
Influenced from an early age by the Swiss modernist, Le Corbusier, Tange gained international recognition in 1949 when he won the competition for the design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. He was a member of CIAM (Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne) in the 1950s. He did not join the group of younger CIAM architects known as Team X, though his 1960 Tokyo Bay plan was influential for Team 10 in the 1960s, as well as the group that became Metabolism.
His university studies on urbanism put him in an ideal position to handle redevelopment projects after the Second World War. His ideas were explored in designs for Tokyo and Skopje. Tange's work influenced a generation of architects across the world.
Kenzo Tange fue un arquitecto y urbanista japonés nacido en 1913 que diseñó numerosos edificios públicos en Japón como ayuntamientos, museos y el estadio olímpico de Tokio. Combinó el estilo japonés tradicional con métodos modernos de construcción usando hormigón. Fue galardonado con el premio Pritzker en 1987 por su destacada carrera que abarcó proyectos urbanísticos y arquitectónicos en Japón, Asia y Europa.
Kenzo Tange was a prominent 20th century Japanese architect known for combining traditional Japanese styles with modernism. Some of his most famous works include the Yoyogi National Gymnasium built for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, and the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Tange pioneered an architectural movement called "Metabolism" which focused on flexible, expandable structures for growing urban populations. His designs made innovative use of reinforced concrete and dramatic geometric forms to create monumental civic buildings that reflected both international modernism and unique Japanese regional identity.
Kenzo Tange was a prominent Japanese architect born in 1913. He studied under Le Corbusier and helped reconstruct Japan after World War II. Throughout his career, Tange sought to unite technology and humanity in his works and believed architecture should reflect social structures and progress toward the future. Some of his most notable projects include the Hiroshima Peace Park and Center, the Kagawa Prefectural Office, the National Gymnasium for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, and the master plan for Expo '70 in Osaka. Tange viewed himself as continually advancing and creating a dynamic balance between inconsistencies.
This document provides information about Sir Patrick Geddes, a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist, and pioneering town planner. It discusses his influential thinking in fields like urban planning and sociology. Some of Geddes' key contributions mentioned include introducing the concept of "region" to architecture and planning, coining the term "conurbation" to describe merged urban areas, and founding the Scots College international teaching establishment. The document also outlines some of Geddes' principles for urban planning projects in places like Bombay and his concepts around the relationships between a place, its folk/people, and their work.
This presentation is a compilation of selected topics on the history of urbanization, urban and regional planning theories, urban thinkers and their contributes, concepts, bases of land use, applicability to the Philippine setting, and a briefer of urban design elements.
The document discusses the history, theory, aspects, and practice of urban planning. It begins with definitions of urban planning and discusses its origins in ancient civilizations. It then covers influential urban planning theories and thinkers from Hippodamus to modernists like Howard and Le Corbusier. The document outlines aspects of urban planning like aesthetics, infrastructure, transportation and discusses sustainable practices. It also discusses new master-planned cities and different levels of urban planning from national to municipal. In the end, it discusses impacts of urban planning on happiness, education and criminality.
Ensanche, The Expansion of Barcelona, Cerda, BarcelonaNicholas Socrates
The document discusses the urban expansion and design of Barcelona's Eixample district. It was designed in the mid-19th century by Ildefonso Cerdá to accommodate the growing population and industrialization of Barcelona. Cerdá envisioned a grid-like plan with wide streets and square blocks to allow for light, ventilation, and public spaces. The plan aimed to improve public health and social equality. However, it faced opposition from the bourgeoisie and was initially modified. While it has undergone changes, Cerdá's plan formed the basis of the Eixample district, one of Barcelona's most iconic areas.
Portfolio DUNNARQ / Aleph Arquitectura 2015John Dunn
John Dunn has extensive experience in architecture, planning, and writing. His portfolio includes awards for floating park and inhabitable dock proposals. He has professional experience designing several buildings and parks in Ecuador, including Los Samanes Park, the second largest in South America. He also has experience in community planning projects focused on land use, transportation, and urban renewal.
Curitiba, Brazil implemented an innovative and sustainable transportation system and urban planning strategies over several decades beginning in the 1960s. Key steps included developing a master plan in 1964 focused on minimizing sprawl, preserving historic areas, and investing in affordable public transit. This involved creating a network of bus routes connected to high-density development. Curitiba also emphasized social and environmental programs around recycling, green spaces, and citizen participation. As a result, Curitiba has been recognized internationally as a model of sustainable urban planning.
Lucio Costa was appointed to plan the new capital of Brazil, Brasilia, which was built 600 miles inland from Rio de Janeiro between 1957-1960. The plan for Brasilia was based on a simple cross layout, with a main axis containing government buildings and a cathedral, and residential wings on each side. The city was designed on different scales, with wide avenues and monumental buildings alongside planned residential superblocks and commercial areas. While Brasilia had innovative design aspects like extensive green space and grade-separated roadways, it also faced criticism for not considering pedestrians and displacing some residents far from services.
Urban planning has its origins in ancient civilizations like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had deliberately planned cities. In classical times, Greek philosophers like Hippodamus laid out cities in orthogonal grids. During medieval times, many new towns were built in Europe to gain power. In the 19th century, overcrowded industrial cities led to new ideas like Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities which proposed self-sufficient towns surrounded by greenbelts. In the 20th century, planners like Le Corbusier proposed concepts like the Radiant City with high density apartment blocks separated by open spaces. Chandigarh was influenced by these ideas and became a model new town in post-colonial India
Barcelona has a long history of innovative urban planning dating back to its founding by the Romans in 15 BC. Over the centuries, visionary planners like Ildefons Cerdà transformed the city, implementing the superblock concept in the 19th century to create a more organized layout. Barcelona has since reimagined superblocks, combining several city blocks to limit cars and prioritize pedestrians, public spaces, and mixed land uses. While not without challenges, superblocks have improved quality of life and sustainability in Barcelona, garnering international attention. The city now faces issues from overtourism and pollution, spurring new plans to transform Barcelona into a people-centered model for the 21st century.
This document provides an overview of a final project to design a new, better town called Zerone. It begins with introductions and definitions of towns. It then discusses investigations and data collection on ancient, present, and future towns. For ancient towns, it examines the Sassi of Matera. For present towns, it looks at Paris. For future towns, it analyzes Masdar City in Dubai as an example of a planned zero-carbon city. The document concludes by stating this research will help understand key elements of towns and what makes them better and sustainable.
The garden city movement was initiated by Ebenezer Howard in the late 19th century as a response to overcrowded and polluted cities. His ideal garden city would house 32,000 people on 6,000 acres in a concentric design with green spaces and boulevards. When full, another garden city would be developed nearby linked by transit. The goals were to combine the benefits of urban and rural life without their drawbacks by containing development and maintaining greenbelts. Some early examples that implemented Howard's principles included Letchworth Garden City in England and Radburn in New Jersey.
We find urban renewal projects to be both fascinating and inspirational. They showcase amazing creativity and reviltalise neglected neighbourhoods, underused waterfronts or even entire cities. Here’s a list of 20, about half of which are just getting started.
Brasília was planned and developed in the 1950s as Brazil's new capital city. The city's layout was designed by urban planner Lúcio Costa and resembles an airplane, with a central monumental axis intersecting a curved residential axis. Key features of the plan include superblocks with ample green space, separate networks for vehicles and pedestrians, and a Plaza of Three Powers at the center of government buildings. The goal was to create a modern, planned city that could develop Brazil's central region and serve as a symbol of national pride.
The document discusses the garden city movement initiated by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 in the UK. The key aspects are:
1) Garden cities were self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts with proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture to capture benefits of the countryside and city while avoiding disadvantages of both.
2) Two early garden cities built according to Howard's model were Letchworth and Welwyn near London.
3) The garden city concept aimed to provide a high quality of life through incorporating green spaces, limiting city size, and balancing town and country living.
THE PARC DE LA VILLETTE, The Parc de la Villette is the third-largest park in Paris, 55.5 hectares in area, located at the northeastern edge of the city in the 19th arrondissement.
An Overview of the City Beautiful Movement - An architectural manifestation of the social response to failing urban life.
Contains details regarding the origin, key characteristics, architects and major cities involved, along with the following case studies :
- Mcmillan Plan
- Plan of Chicago and
- City of Minneapolis.
Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
The garden city introduced the use of green belts that have served many uses including the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management.
Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and community dimensions.
The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial estates and collective retailing spaces could be used within a comprehensive planning approach to serve public purposes.
Urban planning of Curitiba, Brazil. How is their current situation, their impact on environment, their techniques and policies used for the planning, past Curitiba...
*Compiled this for some1 who requested an assistance.
The document provides a history and overview of the growth of Barcelona, Spain from its founding by the Romans to modern times. Some key points:
- Barcelona was founded as a Roman colony called Barcino in the 1st century BC and grew under Muslim rule and as a center of the Crown of Aragon.
- In the 19th century, Barcelona underwent rapid urban expansion and industrialization during the Industrial Revolution, aided by Ildefonso Cerdà's master plan which envisioned wide streets in a grid pattern.
- While Cerdà's plan accounted for open green spaces, overpopulation led to higher density development that compromised his vision for light and ventilation.
- Currently, Barcelona is
The document discusses the Garden City Movement concept in urban planning created by Ebenezer Howard. Some key points:
1. Howard proposed planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts that balanced residential, industrial, and agricultural areas to address overcrowding and pollution in cities.
2. His "Garden Cities" aimed to reconnect people with nature while maintaining economic opportunities. The first examples were Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City in England.
3. While the concepts saw some success, maintaining affordability proved difficult. The movement emphasized the need for urban planning but ultimately failed to inspire widespread adoption of Garden Cities.
The document discusses the planning and development of Brasilia, the capital city of Brazil. It was built rapidly between 1956-1960 according to a master plan that placed government buildings and monuments along a central axis crossed by broad highways. Residential and commercial districts were organized into superblocks around the highways. The city was designed to separate vehicles, pedestrians, and different land uses. Brasilia applied principles from the Athens Charter and showcased modernist architecture on a grand scale. It was acclaimed as an exemplar of rational, planned urban design.
The document provides details about the town of Puchong, including its history and characteristics. It discusses what defines a town versus a city, and provides examples of medieval and current cities. It also explores the concept of satellite towns and futuristic cities, using Brasilia and Dubai as case studies. The key aspects of town planning for Brasilia are outlined, including its transportation system and landscaping features.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. Introduction
Joseo Luis Sert like Alvar Aalto, Oscar Niemeyer(Brazil)
and Kunio Mayekawa(Japan) belong to the second
generation of contemporary architecture.
Sert’s talents are closely bound up with the organization
of the city, with an architecture that has its roots in
Mediterranean culture and, inseperable from these,
with an intensive relation with art.
Sert retained close contact with Le Corbusier from his
years in Paris to the creation of the Carpenter Center
for the Visual Arts at Harvard (1963) .
3. Jose Luis Sert appeared for the first time at the second
congress of CIAM in Frankfurt in 1929, at the same
time as Walter Gropius & Alvar Aalto.
Sert’s artistic sensitivity has enabled him to put together
simple repititive elements – workers’ houses in the
plan for Chimbote or apartments in the Harvard
married-student quarter’s.
Mediterranean influences
Sert was instrumental in reviving the house that looks
inward: the house built around a patio. He re-used it
for the first time in 1946 in his modest dwellings for
Chimbote, Peru, designed to meet the simple living
standards of South American workers.
4. Town Planning Projects
J.L.Sert worked with P.L.Wiener as Town Planning Associates
for more than ten years since 1946 on many projects for
South American cities, such as the new towns ‘ Cidade dos
Motores’ near Rio de Janeiro(1945-46) and Chimbote,
Peru(1949), and the Master plan for Bogota, Colombia(1951-
53).
In his pilot master plan for Havana, Cuba (1955-58) a rapidly
growing city of over a million inhabitants, a serious study
was made of the whole region of Havana & of the need to
promote the extension of the city eastwards.The plan
showed how the major road system could be systemized
without disturbing the vital life of the city, nor the historic
core of Havana with its grid of narrow streets dating from
early colonial times, also how the beautiful coastline of the
city could be opened up again. The plan demands the
careful seperation of pedestrian ways from traffic routes,
elimination of slums & the creation of new highways.
6. The group of quarters for married students of Harvard University
shows the closest relations with the organism of the city. They
immediately give a new scale to the whole area around , most of
which is a near slum today , while at the same time providing the
present inhabitants with new public open spaces and new
opportunities for pedestrian access to the Charles river.
The change in structure of student quarters from a type modeled
on the English 18th century country house was started in
Cambridge by Alvar Aalto’s curving dormitory for the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947.This was followed
by Harvard’s Graduate Center built by Walter Gropius in 1949,
which expressed the most open planning then known for a
student dormitory. Automobile is banned from the interior of
the complex, but a two-storey parking garage for 350cars is
provided.
9. Leisure City near Barcelona,1934
The centre of the city is linked to the unspoiled
coastland by extending one of the main avenues as an
expressway for mass transportation lines. Barcelona is
cut off from the waterfront by an industrial belt & the
railroad lines feeding industry. This project opens up a
large stretch of coast with fine beaches & pine groves
for public use, establishing a park for people in the city
who do not own cars. The project provides for bathing
facilities with a bus terminal, parking & supply
facilities capable of handling great masses of people .
10. Master Plan for Barcelona, 1933-
1935
Barcelona has three well differentiated zones: the medieval city with the belt of
boulevards replacing the old ramparts , the regular gridiron street system of the
19th century, & the incorporated towns & villages of the suburban periphery,
irregular in pattern, where industry mixes with residential uses.
Sert worked on the Barcelona plan in collaboration with the GATEPAC (local
Catalan group) , the main points or requests were:
1. Renewal & rehabilitation projects in the old city (eradication of slums) &
improvement of health conditions.
2. Limitation of growth of the 19th-century plan & determination of a new grid
system .
3. Zoning of the city into different functions & limiting the growth of suburban
communities where there is a mix of these functions.
4. Better links of the city to the waterfront & the new projected ‘ Leisure City”.
5. Revision of the existing zoning & building codes to conform with health
requirements.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. 1939-1953
Town Planning Associates was established in 1945, Paul Lester Wiener, Jose Luis
Sert & Paul Schulz were the three partners in the group. During their initial
years of practice ,Town Planning Associates developed methods of work based
on those generally proposed by the International Congresses for Modern
Architecture. As they progressed the methods changed becoming more
adaptable to local conditions.
In the case of the early study for a new city in Brazil, Cidade dos Motores which
follows these CIAM directives more closely , it is similar in spirit to Brasilia , in
its rather loose pattern of leaving large open spaces between buildings.
The second project undertaken by TPA was the plan for the City of Chimbote in
northern Peru located in fertile jungle land covered with tropical plant growth.
The Cidade dos Motores is located in the rainless, desert coastland of Peru,
where irrigation is necessary for agriculture, requiring a system of canals
making use of the water from the Andean range.
The Chimbote plans make use of tight clusters of patio houses one to three storeys
high and emphasize the patio or court as a urban module that repeats at
different scales from the one-family house patio to the civic center.
16. It also introduces the continuous lineal park spaces, in this particular case
following the branch-like pattern of irrigation canals. These green
strips (small in area) link the different sector centers & their
community buildings and playfields, where parking facilities are
available. These parks lead to the main promenade , the ‘Paseo’ , and
the center of the city.
The planners gave careful consideration to the preservation of the natural
conditions of the sites, such as watersheds, natural drainage of the land,
brooks, rivers etc. The plans provided certain kinds of amenities that take
advantage of the climatic conditions & can be given at small extra cost: open-air
meeting places , a promenade or ‘Paseo’, arcades & simple shelters; also
accesses to river or waterfronts that people can make free use of.
Some of the proposed improvements are modern, others existed in old cities. The
‘Quadras’ or blocks of the colonial plans , built following the principles of the
Laws of the Indies(1570). The TPA plans tried to perpetuate what was good in
the old cities & add those elements that contribute to better living .
17. Cidade dos Motores(Motor City),
Brazil, 1945
The Cidade dos Motores, or Motor City, was to be built on reclaimed land between Rio de
Janiero & Petroplis, 25 miles from Rio is one of great natural beauty.
Cidade dos Motores was planned for a population of 25,000 inhabitants near the new
airplane & tractor factories.It would also serve the needs of an agricultural area claimed
from the unhealthy marshlands of the region.
The design fits into the site & is shaped by topographical conditions. Main roads & building
groups occupy the flatter areas between the many hills, which are untouched & their
wooded character preserved. Climate was an important consideration, being hot-humid
orientation to prevailing breezes ventilation & sun protection was important.
The main road network ,reduced to a minimum in the first phases, is simple in design. It
limits and feeds the neighbourhood & Civic center and links them to the factories to the
Rio-Petroplois highway. The Civic center makes use of a continuous concrete parasol
providing roofs for shops, restaurants & arcades. The main promenade is covered with
awnings.
Several low structures ,hotel & movie theater define the main square. The promenade the
square to the technical school & stadium. A pedestrian overpass bridges the main road
that feeds into the peripheral parking areas , and shops develop around planted courts.
18. Lines of royal palms accentuate the main pedestrian paths
& places of public gathering. Covered pathways link the
more important buildings & community services. A small
brook runs across the residential areas to one side of the
main square.Paths converge toward the Civic center ,or
core of the community, where the town square or ‘praca’
and the promenade or ‘passeio’ provide meeting places for
the pedestrians & visitors. The neighbourhoods in the
Cidade dos Motores are shaped around the community
services; public spaces are generous. A great of the
population is lodged in apartment buildings requiring
elevators.
22. The New City of Chimbote, Peru,1948
This required the development of a new port city dilapidated town existed
on the site where only an old linking the Andean valley in the interior
to the Bay of Chimbote on the Pacific Ocean. This is a rainless region,
desert-like in character which can be transformed with irrigation. The
Pan American highway that runs along the Pacific coast from Central
America south to Chile passes through this city.This highway and the
road & railways to the Santa valley are the main feeders of this
community.
The bay, with a very good natural harbor and a beautiful beach, presents
ideal waterfront conditions for the new city. The population would
work in industry, in the harbor sector and on agriculture due to
irrigation. The majority of the population would continue to living near
the ground, close to their animals, making use of the patios or
courtyards as their roofless living rooms.
The result is a compact grouping of low one-two or three story houses
with large walled courts larger than the houses. Service streets and
pedestrian lanes are defined by these low, practically windowless walls.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29. Master Plan for
Medellin,Columbia,1949
Medellin, Columbia’s second city with a population of 690,000 is its main center
for textile industry, located in a coffee rich region, in the narrow mountain
valley of the Medellin river(altitude 4500ft.). The city has grown along this
river, and a study of its control by means of upstream dams & artificial lakes,
irrigation ditches.
In the recent past, the land around the center of the city was bulldozed by
developers who paid no attention to the natural drainage to the small streams
or to the hilly conditions of some sites. The planners tried ,wherever possible,
to re-establish the natural conditions and drainage of the sites. This system &
the consequent drainage of the marshlands made large areas of land near the
center available for the extension of the city.
Each sector is defined by the main expressway system that feeds the commercial
business & light-manufacturing areas on its fringes. The playfields, recreational
and community facilities are grouped into local sector centers along the lineal
parks that follow the main streams. Each sector would have lineal parks with
particular kinds of flowering trees different in colour from other parks to
identify each sector. The main parks develop the margins of the Medellin river
which links the two industrial sectors, North and South and the new Civic
center.
30. The Civic Center (in a crowded older part of the city) will now move to a riverfront site now
occupied by railroad yards & a public market. The new Civic center has a main square with a City
hall & office buildings as a core. The square itself is defined by low commercial buildings & is tied by
low commercial buildings & is linked by a pedestrian promenade to the riverfront park.
31.
32. Master Plan for Bogota, Colombia, 1951-
1953 in collaboration with Le Corbusier & the local
planning Office.
The capital of the Republic of Colombia is on a high plateau, 7800ft. above sea level , with an agreeable
climate.The site is a fertile green valley, the Sabana , which was once the bottom of a mountain lake.
The city is limited on the East by a steep high mountain range & the swamplands of the Bogota river
halt its growth towards the West, giving it a lineal shape fitting well in the elongated valley.
Bogota was founded by Jimenez de Quesada in 1539. It followed the design principles set by the Law of
the Indies (Leyes de Indias) drafted in Spain in the sixteenth century. Like all colonial cities in Latin
America, its design is based on a grid of squares called ‘quadras’; streets are 240 to 300ft. apart. These
old streets were planned for pedestrians & horse carriages; today congested with parked automobiles.
New avenues have been cut across the old city, and high-rise office buildings stand beside the old one-
story patio houses.
In 1967 Bogota had a population of 700,000. The City Council established a local Planning Office in 1949,
guided by Le Corbusier and Town Planning Associates. The basic diagram was determined by Le
Corbusier , Paul Lester Wiener, Jose Luis Sert and Herbert Ritter(Director of the Planning Office) in
Roquebrune, Menton, France, in 1949. Le Corbusier was commissioned to develop the pilot plan,
which was delivered & approved in August 1950.
Town Planning Associates were charged with that development of that Pilot Plan into a Master Plan,
done in consultation with Le Corbusier and in collaboration with the local planning Office &
consultants.The Master Plan develops a detailed adaptation of the diagrammatic road, land use, and
other plans to suit the particular conditions of each sector of the city. The area covered by the
replanned city and proposed extensions was divided into thirty-five sectors, with shapes & areas
determined by the main expressway network. These sectors vary in population from 25,000 to 75,000.
33.
34. A Classified Road System
The detailed expressway network as proposed by Le Corbusier in the Pilot Plan was
designed by Town Planning Associates & the road engineering firm of Seelye, Stevenson,
Value and Knecht of New York. Corbusier had applied a similar system in Chandigarh.
The plan of Bogota is the first where the principle of urban sectors has been put into
practice. The ground is split up into rectangular areas in order to allow a strictly rational
circulation system for fast traffic. Here at Bogota for the first time a perfectly harmonious
circulation scheme has been put into practice, from the national roads to the regional
roads and finally to the house doors. Roads are divided into several types: V1, the larger
regional roads linking the city to the region & particular conditions of the site(such as
mountain passes,etc); V2, the main traffic ways within the city; V3, linking the V1 & V2
roads, are rather evenly spaced & define the different sectors. These three first categories
are limited access roads with service streets running along both sides; V4 are the local
‘main streets’, the shopping centers of the sectors. They feed into the expressways but are
designed for slow- moving traffic controlled by light systems; V5 branch off the V4, or the
service streets of the expressways; V6 are local service streets or loop roads, which lead to
parking lots and the main & service entrances of buildings; V7 are park strips or green
paths for pedestrian use only. They link schools and playfields. The local sector cores are
located near the intersections of V4s & V7s.
The consulting engineers gave precise sections to all roads according to their type & capacity.
Intersections of different kind of roads were designed to provide for gradual development
by phases. All required land in these intersections should be acquired in the first phase ,
so that these roads may be easily transformed into bridge rotaries when traffic conditions
so advise.
35. Sectors
There are no neighbourhood units, as the planners consider these inadequate in
size & tending to encourage segregation. The sectors that are larger in size, as
determined by the expressways, can provide for a complete core of community
services. Some large sectors will have several cores of varied character. Mixed
uses have been encouraged in certain areas, for e.g. light manufacturing,
warehouses, offices and shops along the V4, and apartments are provided over
these shops in many cases. The majority of the sectors are predominantly
residential in character, but they all have mixed-use areas in one or more
commercial streets. The classification of these sectors into one-family or multi-
family zones has been purposely avoided, but the bulk zoning laws would
establish land area ratios so that any high building would have to leave
necessary landscaped spaces around it. It would also have to provide for
adequate servicing and parking facilities. The combination of low patio
buildings (walk-ups) and high-rise structures would result in an interesting
skyline avoiding monotonous repitition of long parallel slabs and of vast areas
of one-family houses.
Many sectors have a particular character such as those containing the main bus
terminal, the central market or the large medical or shopping centres.
The population figures in these sectors will determine the road sections, parks,
the utility network , parking & the size and type of community buildings.
36. The Core of the City
The main core of the city, planned as an extension of the existing one, is divided into three areas or sub-
centers:
1. The govermental and religious center
2. The commercial and business sectors
3. The cultural and entertainment center
The govermental and religious center develops around the existing nucleus of the Plaza Bolivar. The main
square as determined by the founder of the city, Jimenez de Quesada, was extended on two levels
as proposed by Le Corbusier in his Pilot Plan. Buildings around this square follow his proposal.
The existing Cathedral and Houses of Parliament remain. High-rise buildings would lodge the
new ministries; a new Municipal building, a Court of Justice and a Presidential Palace define the
square. Some old colonial churches of historic value could be kept. This plan triples the area of the
existing Plaza Bolivar. The new expressway (Carrera 10a) opened in the fifties would link this
square to other sectors of the city. Surface parking and underground garage facilities are provided
between that expressway and the square.
The Calle Real, the traditional pedestrian street of the old city, links the political center to the
commercial and business sectors to the North. The commercial and business sectors are developed
around a series of squares of different sizes & shapes that are linked by pedestrian bridge
overpasses. The system is designed on two levels, making use of the sloping site(near the hills to
the East). This provides underground parking below the squares and facilitates pedestrian
crossings at different levels. The squares are offset or staggered so that there is no axial or
monumental view that would discourage pedestrian walking. Shops & Office buildings line these
squares. From them, one will get frequent views of the hillside park toward the East. Continuing
the half-hour promenade from the political center through the commercial and business sectors,
one arrives at the large open park space of the cultural and entertainment center of the city. The
existing hillside park has a public library, a museum(old prison), a bull ring and a new hotel. These
would be supplemented by other hotels, a National Theater and Concert Hall, a new museum
wing, a tourist center and a Congress building with a convention auditorium.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. Pilot Plan for Havana, Cuba, 1955-
1958
Special studies were made to determine the Region of Havana, its limits, proposed land uses and main
road system. The same approach applied to the region was used in the study of the Havana
Metroplitan area, establishing a division into sectors similar to the Medellin & Bogota plans. Sectors
were also determined here by the main land uses & expressway system. Old Havana had historical
monuments to preserve , congested narrow streets, large slum areas & a decreasing population.
The Pilot Plan included a report on the ‘ proposed road system for the Havana Metropolitan area’
submitted by the planners & consulting engineers. The diagrammatic plan for the Region of Havana
proposes to safeguard the natural beauty –topography, watersheds, rivers, the shape of the coastline,
its bays & harbors and the rich agricultural qualities of the region.
The proposed main-road system is influenced by the elongated shape of the Island of Cuba in the east-
west direction. The major roads are in the east-west direction, the north-south roads are relatively
unimportant. The east-west highway is known as the ‘carretara central’ or central highway, it passes
through the heart of the city causing congestion, hence a by-pass was proposed. A north-south
highway too was proposed. A ribbon development existed in old Havana and these roads were useless
for quick movement due to multiple accesses.
The metroploitan area was proposed for a population of 3 million inhabitants & certain density limits.
The diagram shows the main existing commercial streets & the green network retaining their
character independent of the expressway system. The city was proposed to have a system of roads one
for the rapid through traffic & another for slow moving traffic servicing the shopping & business
areas. The sectors were mixed with small industry, commerce & business alongwith residential uses.
Industries were located near the harbor & other sectors are located near new expressways for supplies
and movement of goods.
In the central sectors Old Havana have high population density, slums & congestion. The Government &
Civic centers of the Plaza de la Republica, the University of Havana, the Botanical gardens, the square
next to the Capitol, the old Paseo del Prado & the historical monuments of Old Havana are areas with
character which were developed & needed better access. Older decaying commercial areas were saved
by providing access to expressway & parking.
44.
45.
46. There are five main nuclei in the Havana central city
1. The Plaza de la Republica
2. The University city & the Botanical Gardens
3. The waterfront promenade
4. The new commercial & business area in Old Havana,&
5. The proposed new Government buildings in East Havana
Havana has a very beautiful coastline which is unencumbered by industry or
railroads, this waterfront was to be made accessible to the entire population.
Old Havana having a colonial street pattern is unchanged and its streets planned
for horse-drawn carriages are congested with automobiles & buses. A new
approach was proposed to the grid pattern based on the seperation of
pedestrians & vehicles.By widening alternate streets and using the centers of
the ‘quadras’ or blocks for parking and accesses to buildings, the remaining
streets were left alone for pedestrian use. This was possible because the new
system provided two accesses to each building –one opening to the parking
lot and widened streets , while the other opened to the traditional small
streets of Old Havana to be reserved for pedestrians.