3. HIP JOINT
• Ball and socket variety of synovial joint
• ARTICULAR SURFACES
• The head of femur articulates with acetabulum of hip bone to form hip joint.
• Head of femur form more than half of a sphere, & is covered with hyaline cartilage
except at the fovea capitis.
• The acetabulum presents a horseshoe shaped lunate articular surface, acetabular
notch and acetabular fossa.
• The lunate surface is covered with cartilage.
• Though the articular surface on the head of femur and the acetabulum are reciprocally
cured, the are not co-extensive.
• The hip joint is unique in having a high degree of stability as well as mobility.
4.
5. STABILITY OF HIP JOINT
DEPENDS ON:
1)The depth of acetabulum and narrowing of its mouth by the acetabular labrum.
2)Tension and the strength of ligaments.
3)Strength of surrounding muscles.
4)Length of obliquity of the neck of femur.
5)Atmospheric Pressure: A fairly wide range of mobility is possible because of fact
that the femur has a long neck which is narrower than the equatorial diameter of
the head.
6. LIGAMENTS OF HIP JOINT:
1)Fibrous Capsule
2)Iliofemoral Ligament
3)Pubofemoral Ligament
4)Ischiofemoral Ligament
5)Ligament of Head of femur
6)Acetabular Labrum
7)Transverse Acetabular Ligament
8. KNEE JOINT
• Largest and more complex joint
of the body.
• Complexity is a result of fusion
of 3 joints in one, which are
1. Lateral femorotibial
joint
2. Medial femorotibial
joint
3. Femoropatellar joint
9. TYPE :
• Compound variety of synovial joint, incorporating 2 condylar joints
between both the condyles of femur and tibia, & 1 saddle joint
between the femur and patella.
ARTICULAR SURFACES :
1. Condyles of femur
2. Patella
3. Condyles of tibia
•The femoral condyles articulates with the tibial condyles below &
behind and
•With the patella in front.
13. MOVEMENTS AT KNEE JOINT
FLEXION : Hamstrings, Short head of biceps femoris, Gracilis, Sartorius,
Gastrocnemius, Popliteus
EXTENSION : Quadriceps femoris ( Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus
medialis, Vastus intermidious
MEDIAL ROTATION :
• Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Long head of biceps femoris when
FLEXED
• Popliteus when non-bearing knee is extended
LATERAL ROTATION : Biceps femoris when knee is flexed
14. LOCKING & UNLOCKING
• Locking is a mechanism that allows the knee to remain in the position of
full extension.
• Locking occurs as a result of medial rotation of femur during last stage of
extension.
• Locking is produced by QUADRICEPS FEMORIS.
• Unlocking occurs as a result of lateral rotation of femur during initial stage
of flexion.
• Unlocking is produced by POPLITEUS muscle.
15. ANKLE JOINT
TYPE : Synovial joint of Hinge Joint
ARTICULAR SURFACES :
• Upper articular surface is formed by :-
1. Lower end of tibia including medial
malleolus
2. Lateral malleolus of fibula
3. Inferior transverse tibiofibular
ligament
These structures form a deep socket.
• Inferior articular surface if formed by
articular areas on the upper, medial and
lateral aspects of talus.
16. Ligaments of Knee Joint
that support the joint :-
1. Fibrous Capsule
2. Deltoid Ligament or
Medial Ligament
3. Lateral Ligament
18. PROXIMAL TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT
TYPE OF JOINT : Plain Synovial Joint, Gliding Joint
Articulation is between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of fibula.
The articular surface is flattened and covered by hyaline cartilage.
LIGAMENTS :
• Anterior and posterior ligaments strengthens the capsule
• Capsule and synovial membrane attached to line of the articular surface
MOVEMENTS :
• A small amount of gliding movement takes place during movements at ankle
joint.
19. DISTAL TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT
TYPE : Fibrous Joint
ARTICULATION :
•Articulation is between fibular notch at the lower end of the
tibia and the lower end of fibula
No capsule
The joint permits slight movements, so that the lateral
malleolus can rotate laterally during dorsiflexion of the ankle
20. JOINTS OF THE FOOT
Joints of the foot are
numerous, they can be
classified are
1. Intertarsal Joint
2. Tarsometatarsal Joint
3. Intermetatarsal
4. Metatarsophalangeal
Joint
5. Interphalangeal
21. The main intertarsal joints are
1. Subtalar or talocalcaneal joint
2. Talocalcaneonavicular joint
3. Calcaneocuboid joint
Smaller intertarsal joints include
1. Cuneonavicular joint
2. Cuboidonavicular joint
3. Intercuneiform joint
4. Cuneocuboid joint
22. MOVEMENTS
1. The intertarsal, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints permit gliding
and rotatory movements, which jointly bring about inversion, eversion,
supination and pronation of the foot.
• Pronation is a component of eversion while supination is a component
of inversion.
2. The metatarsophalangeal joints are similar to metacarpophalangeal
joints of the hand, they permit flexion, extension, adduction and
abduction of the toes.
3. The interphalangeal joints are of hinge variety and permit flexion and
extension od the distal phalanges.
