Regions of the lower limb

1. There are 3 types of joints present in the thoracic spine:
Between vertebral bodies – adjacent vertebral bodies are joined by intervertebral
discs, made of fibrocartilage. This is a type of cartilaginous joint, known as a
symphysis.
Between vertebral arches ie facet joints – formed by the articulation of superior
and inferior articular processes from adjacent vertebrae. It is a synovial type joint. In
the thoracic spine facet joints angled at:
•60° to the transverse plane
•20° to the frontal plane, with the superior facets facing posterior and a little up and
laterally and the inferior facets facing anteriorly, down, and medially.
•motion: lateral flexion and rotation; no flexion/extension
Costovertebral joints, unique to the thoracic spine - consists of the head of the rib
articulating with:
•Superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra
•Inferior costal facet of the superior vertebra
•Intervertebral disc separating the two vertebrae
Within this joint, the intra-articular ligament of head of rib attaches the rib head to the
intervertebral disc. Only slight gliding movements can occur at these joints, due to the
close articulation of their components

2. REGIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB
• the gluteal region is
posterolateral and between the iliac
crest and the fold of skin (gluteal
fold) that defines the lower limit of
the buttocks.
• the thigh is between the inguinal
ligament and the knee joint and the
posterior thigh is between the
gluteal fold and the knee.
• the leg is between the knee and
ankle joint.
• the foot is distal to the ankle
joint.

3. THE BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB
• The bones of the gluteal region are the
pelvic bones.
• Thigh bone is the femur. it articulate with
the patella (knee cap).
Bone of leg are:
The tibia is medial in position, is large
bone, and is the weight bearing bone.
• The fibula is lateral bone, smaller than
tibia, participate in ankle, no participation in
the knee joint.
• *They articulate to each other by superior and
inferior tibiofibular joints.
• *Between these two bones there is an
interosseous membrane.

4. THE BONES OF THE LOWER
LIMB
The bones of the foot consist of
 the seven tarsal bones,
 the metatarsals,
 the phalanges.
The ankle joint is formed by
distal end of the tibia and part of
one of the tarsal bones of the foot
(talus) with small participation of
fibula.

5. BONES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION
The ilium, ischium, and pubis form the hip bone.
They meet one another at the acetabulum.
The hip bones articulate with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints.
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They also articulate with one another anteriorlly at the symphysis pubis.

6. THE ILIUM
• Iliac crest
• Ala
• Internal lip of iliac crest
• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Posterior superior iliac spine
• Anterior inferior iliac spine
• Posterior inferior iliac spine
• Greater sciatic notch.

7. THE ISCHIUM
The ischium
is L shaped, possessing an upper
thicker part, the body, and a lower
thinner part, the ramus.
The ischial spine projects from the
posterior border of the ischium and
intervenes between the greater and
lesser sciatic notches.
The ischial tuberosity forms the
posterior aspect of the lower part of the
body of the bone.