This paper considers ergodic capacity of energy harvesting (EH) based cellular networks. Such a network employs non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) together with relaying scheme to serve two far users. In this system model, relay is facilitated power splitting (PS) protocol to implement energy harvesting (EH). To examine capacity, expressions of signal to noise ratio (SNR) need be computed to achieve capacity. Power allocation factors are different for two users in such system and hence performance gap happens to distinguish requirements for separated users. It can be confirmed that the proposed paradigm exhibits maximal achievable capacity in some scenarios of setting parameters. To confirm exactness of the analytical expressions and show advantages of the proposed EH-NOMA, simulation results are performed in terms of ergodic capacity.
Rabid Euclidean direction search algorithm for various adaptive array geometriesjournalBEEI
This document summarizes the Rabid Euclidean direction search (REDS) algorithm for adaptive beamforming in different antenna array geometries. The REDS algorithm is analyzed for linear, circular, and planar array configurations. Simulation results show that the REDS algorithm provides significant improvements over other algorithms, including faster convergence, lower mean square error, better interference reduction, and lower sidelobe levels. Specifically, the REDS algorithm cyclically searches and updates weights along individual Euclidean directions to minimize error, offering computational advantages over algorithms like least mean square and recursive least squares.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of different adaptive beamforming techniques for smart antennas. It describes switched beamforming, which uses fixed beams, and adaptive beamforming techniques that use algorithms like LMS, SMI, RLS, CGA, CMA, and LSCMA to form an adaptive beam. It simulates these algorithms using MATLAB for a uniform linear array and compares their ability to direct the main beam towards the desired user while nulling interference. The LMS, SMI, RLS, CMA and LSCMA algorithms are found to perform well at directing the beam to the desired user, with LMS having good interference rejection and RLS providing the fastest convergence but highest computational cost.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
- The document analyzes the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and Nakagami-m fading.
- It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability of two users in such NOMA systems considering the joint impact of imperfect CSI and Nakagami-m fading.
- Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical outage probability expressions derived for the two users under the system and channel models considered.
Design and optimization of multi user OFDM orthogonal chaotic vector shift ke...journalBEEI
1) The document presents a multi-user OFDM system employing orthogonal chaotic vector shift keying (MU OFDM-OCVSK) that uses a power allocation strategy on subcarriers.
2) It derives the bit error rate equation for the MU OFDM-OCVSK system with power allocation on subcarriers. Optimal power allocation is obtained using convex optimization.
3) Simulation results show the proposed system with optimal power allocation achieves better bit error rate performance under multipath Rayleigh fading channels compared to traditional MU OFDM-DCSK and MU OFDM-OCVSK without power allocation.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This document describes the design and analysis of a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna is designed to have a wide bandwidth of 2-14 GHz. It consists of a zig-zag microstrip feedline connected to a tuning stub printed on one side of a substrate. On the other side of the substrate is a ground plane with zig-zag slots. Parametric analysis was performed to optimize the dimensions for wide bandwidth and acceptable gain between 7.448-5.928 dB. The zig-zag feedline and tuning stub with elliptical slots help improve the impedance matching for wide bandwidth operation suitable for UWB applications. Simulation results for radiation patterns, current distribution, and
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
The presentation is about Adaptive Beamforming for high data-rate applications. Analog beamforming, which is considered a cost effective solution for consumer devices are investigated. Two adaptive analog beamforming algorithms, i.e., a well-known perturbation-based and dmr-based which overcomes the drawbacks of perturbation-based algorithm are discussed in-detail and their performance comparisons are made with the help of computer simulations. Also variation of single-port structure is considered and it's benefits are exploited with the help of modified analog beamforming algorithms.
Rabid Euclidean direction search algorithm for various adaptive array geometriesjournalBEEI
This document summarizes the Rabid Euclidean direction search (REDS) algorithm for adaptive beamforming in different antenna array geometries. The REDS algorithm is analyzed for linear, circular, and planar array configurations. Simulation results show that the REDS algorithm provides significant improvements over other algorithms, including faster convergence, lower mean square error, better interference reduction, and lower sidelobe levels. Specifically, the REDS algorithm cyclically searches and updates weights along individual Euclidean directions to minimize error, offering computational advantages over algorithms like least mean square and recursive least squares.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of different adaptive beamforming techniques for smart antennas. It describes switched beamforming, which uses fixed beams, and adaptive beamforming techniques that use algorithms like LMS, SMI, RLS, CGA, CMA, and LSCMA to form an adaptive beam. It simulates these algorithms using MATLAB for a uniform linear array and compares their ability to direct the main beam towards the desired user while nulling interference. The LMS, SMI, RLS, CMA and LSCMA algorithms are found to perform well at directing the beam to the desired user, with LMS having good interference rejection and RLS providing the fastest convergence but highest computational cost.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
- The document analyzes the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and Nakagami-m fading.
- It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability of two users in such NOMA systems considering the joint impact of imperfect CSI and Nakagami-m fading.
- Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical outage probability expressions derived for the two users under the system and channel models considered.
Design and optimization of multi user OFDM orthogonal chaotic vector shift ke...journalBEEI
1) The document presents a multi-user OFDM system employing orthogonal chaotic vector shift keying (MU OFDM-OCVSK) that uses a power allocation strategy on subcarriers.
2) It derives the bit error rate equation for the MU OFDM-OCVSK system with power allocation on subcarriers. Optimal power allocation is obtained using convex optimization.
3) Simulation results show the proposed system with optimal power allocation achieves better bit error rate performance under multipath Rayleigh fading channels compared to traditional MU OFDM-DCSK and MU OFDM-OCVSK without power allocation.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This document describes the design and analysis of a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna is designed to have a wide bandwidth of 2-14 GHz. It consists of a zig-zag microstrip feedline connected to a tuning stub printed on one side of a substrate. On the other side of the substrate is a ground plane with zig-zag slots. Parametric analysis was performed to optimize the dimensions for wide bandwidth and acceptable gain between 7.448-5.928 dB. The zig-zag feedline and tuning stub with elliptical slots help improve the impedance matching for wide bandwidth operation suitable for UWB applications. Simulation results for radiation patterns, current distribution, and
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
The presentation is about Adaptive Beamforming for high data-rate applications. Analog beamforming, which is considered a cost effective solution for consumer devices are investigated. Two adaptive analog beamforming algorithms, i.e., a well-known perturbation-based and dmr-based which overcomes the drawbacks of perturbation-based algorithm are discussed in-detail and their performance comparisons are made with the help of computer simulations. Also variation of single-port structure is considered and it's benefits are exploited with the help of modified analog beamforming algorithms.
Implement of multiple access technique by wireless power transfer and relayin...journalBEEI
In this paper, we investigate non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network relying on wireless power transfer to prolong lifetime. The base station (BS) sends common signals to the relay with two functions (energy harvesting (EH) and signal processing) to further serve two NOMA users in downlink. Performance gap exists since different power allocation factor assigned from power splitting protocol adopted at the relay and such relay employs both amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward schemes. To provide performance metrics, we prove formulas of the outage probability which is a function of transmit signal to noise ratio. Simulation results indicate specific parameters to adjust system performance of two user in the considered EH-NOMA system. This finding is important recommendation to design EH-NOMA which shows particular outage performance at required target rates.
This document is a thesis submitted by Mohammed Abuibaid to Kocaeli University regarding adaptive beam-forming. It discusses various beam-forming techniques including switched array antennas, DSP-based phase manipulation, and beamforming by precoding. It also covers adaptive beamforming algorithms such as LMS, NLMS, RLS, and CM. Various beam patterns generated by these algorithms are presented. The document motivates the need for adaptive beamforming and 3D beamforming to improve energy efficiency in wireless networks.
Wideband Multi-Port Reflectometer as an Alternative in Reflection Coefficient...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the characterization and operation of an alternative device, which is known as multi-port reflectometer to measure the reflection coefficient of any device under test (DUT). Its configuration is formed by two power dividers (D) and four couplers (Q). The characterization is evaluated through the centres of power circles that also known as q-points. Its operation in the reflection coefficient measurement is tested by using three DUTs. The reflectometer’s good performance and wideband operation are proven between the frequency band of 1 and 6 GHz via the practical hardware measurement in the laboratory.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document discusses robust adaptive beamforming techniques to improve robustness against uncertainties in array manifold, such as direction-of-arrival mismatch.
2) It proposes an alternative realization of robust linearly constrained minimum variance beamforming that uses an ellipsoidal uncertainty constraint on the steering vector.
3) A key contribution is integrating diagonal loading techniques by deriving an optimum variable loading level, providing "loading-on-demand" instead of fixed loading. This allows accurate computation of the diagonal loading level based on the uncertainty constraint.
The document summarizes research on energy efficient hybrid precoding for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT)-enabled massive MIMO non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. It proposes a novel approach using an analog circuit-embedded (ACE) algorithm to design the analog precoder based on a switch-incorporated (SI) architecture. The ACE algorithm uses a probabilistic model and smoothed updating procedure to generate the analog precoding matrix with elements of ±1/√N. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves higher spectral and energy efficiency compared to existing techniques.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of DOA Estimation using MUSIC and Beamformi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a simulation study comparing the MUSIC algorithm and LMS adaptive beamforming algorithm for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and beamforming in a smart antenna system. The MUSIC algorithm uses eigendecomposition to estimate the DOA of multiple signals and finds the position location of the desired user. The LMS algorithm then adapts the beam pattern by adjusting weights to maximize gain towards the desired user while nulling interference from other directions. The simulation results show sharp peaks in the MUSIC spectrum to accurately locate the desired user and deep nulls in the LMS beam pattern to suppress interference.
Design a mobile telephone system in a certain cityeSAT Journals
Abstract
A mobile telephone system is designed to facilitate better communication among 8000 users in the centre of Roma. The network
performance prediction tool was used to determine the best location for deployment of the base station. It was based on some
parameters or predictions which were obtained by calculating needed data to construct the base station.
Theoretically call planning, cell splitting, frequency re-use, offered traffic etc. techniques are used to obtain a good coverage for
a certain city. In order to find the best cell cluster, many calculations were also implemented.
The objective achieved was designing a network system in city centre of Roma. The 7 cell cluster and 12 cell cluster was selected
for its overall efficiency. In addition to this, co-channel interference, best server, maximum received power etc. were examined for
deployment of the base station with help of Winprop.
Key Words:Mobile telephone system, Cell cluster, Frequency re-use, Network performance, Power,Winprop.
Effect of Scattering Parameters On MIMO System CapacityIOSR Journals
This document discusses the effect of scattering parameters on the capacity of MIMO systems. It begins by introducing MIMO systems and noting that capacity can be increased by adding more antennas, but scattering parameters also influence capacity. A 2x2 MIMO antenna system is designed and simulated to obtain scattering parameters. Equations showing how scattering parameters relate to signal correlation and MIMO capacity are presented. Plots from the antenna simulation show return loss and radiation patterns. Additional plots compare the capacity of independent and correlated 2x2 MIMO channels with varying SNR levels, demonstrating capacity reduction from scattering parameters. The document concludes by quantifying the percentage decrease in capacity for the 2x2 MIMO system due to scattering effects.
This document summarizes the results of applying the Successive Survivable Routing (SSR) algorithm to different network models to calculate backup capacity requirements. The SSR algorithm provides an approximate solution to the Spare Capacity Assignment problem of finding the minimum backup capacity needed to deploy equivalent failure-disjoint recovery paths. The document finds that enhanced versions of SSR that incorporate capacity giveback and state-dependent restoration can reduce backup capacity requirements by an average of 12% compared to the standard SSR algorithm. These SSR techniques were applied to reference networks, realistic networks from internet topology data, and synthetic networks generated by the BRITE topology generator.
At this present scenario, the demand of the system capacity is very high in wireless network. MIMO
technology is used from the last decade to provide this requirement for wireless network antenna
technology. MIMO channels are mostly used for advanced antenna array technology. But it is most
important to control the error rate with enhanced system capacity in MIMO for present-day progressive
wireless communication. This paper explores the frame error rate with respect to different path gain of
MIMO channel. This work has been done in different fading scenario and produces a comparative analysis
of MIMO on the basis of those fading models in various conditions. Here, it is to be considered that
modulation technique as QPSK to observe these comparative evaluations for different Doppler frequencies.
From the comparative analysis, minimum amount of frame error rate is viewed for Rician distribution at
LOS path Doppler shift of 0 Hz. At last, this work is concluded with a comparative bit error rate study on
the basis of singular parameters at different SNR levels to produce the system performance for uncoded
QPSK modulation.
DIGITAL WAVE FORMULATION OF THE PEEC METHODPiero Belforte
This document presents a digital wave formulation (DWF) method for solving the quasi-static partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method in the time domain. The standard PEEC model is transformed into a wave digital network by using wave variables and defining wave digital circuit elements corresponding to inductors, capacitors, resistors, sources, and connections. This allows the PEEC model to be solved as a wave digital network using a digital wave simulator (DWS). A numerical example compares the proposed DWF-PEEC solver to a standard SPICE solver, showing the DWF-PEEC method provides accurate results with significant speed-up in computation time.
This document summarizes a presentation on analyzing massive MIMO systems under different wireless scenarios. It begins with background on mobile communication generations and challenges with exponentially growing data demand. It then discusses massive MIMO as a promising technology for 5G, noting it can support large numbers of users simultaneously and increase spectrum efficiency. However, challenges include hardware mismatch in TDD systems and highly correlated spatial gains. The presentation outlines analyzing the impact of these issues, as well as the feasibility of massive MIMO in cooperative networks. It proposes modeling hardware mismatch and deriving the probability distribution functions of amplitude and phase mismatches. It also discusses using different precoding techniques like zero-forcing to calculate signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio in the down
Loss allocation in distribution networks with distributed generators undergoi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a branch exchange based heuristic network reconfiguration method is proposed for obtaining an optimal network in a deregulated power system. A unique bus identification scheme is employed which makes the load flow and loss calculation faster due to its reduced search time under varying network topological environment. The proposed power loss allocation technique eliminates the effect of cross-term analytically from the loss formulation without any assumptions and approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed reconfiguration and loss allocation methods are investigated by comparing the results obtained by the present approach with that of the existing “Quadratic method” using a 33-bus radial distribution system with/without DGs.
Performance Analysis of Adaptive DOA Estimation Algorithms For Mobile Applica...IJERA Editor
Spatial filtering for mobile communications has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade and is cur-rently considered a very promising technique that will help future cellular networks achieve their ambi-tious goals. One way to accomplish this is via array signal processing with algorithms which estimate the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of the received waves from the mobile users. This paper evaluates the per-formance of a number of DOA estimation algorithms. In all cases a linear antenna array at the base station is assumed to be operating typical cellular environment.
Investigation on energy harvesting enabled device-to-device networks in prese...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Energy harvesting from ambient radio-frequency (RF) sources has been a novel approach for extending the lifetime of wireless networks. In this paper, a cooperative device-to-device (D2D) system with the aid of energy-constrained relay is considered. The relays are assumed to be able to harvest energy from information signal and co-channel interference (CCI) signals broadcasted by nearby traditional cellular users and forward the source’s signal to its desired destination (D2D user) utilizing amplify-andforward (AF) relaying protocol. Time switching protocol (TSR) and power splitting protocol (PSR) are proposed to assist energy harvesting and information processing at the relay. The proposed approaches are applied in a model with three nodes including the source (D2D user), the relay and the destination (D2D user), the system throughput is investigated in terms of the ergodic capacity and the outage capacity, where the analytical results are obtained approximately. Our numerical results verify the our derivations, and also points out the impact of CCI on system performance. Finally, this investigation provide fundamental design guidelines for selecting hardware of energy harvesting circuits that satisfies the requirements of a practical cooperative D2D system.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScsandit
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an
exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from
aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the
above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken
from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
The document discusses optimizing rate allocation for compressing hyperspectral images using JPEG2000. It proposes using the discrete wavelet transform instead of the Karhunen-Loeve transform for decorrelation due to lower computational complexity. A mixed model is used for rate distortion optimal bit allocation instead of experimentally obtained rate distortion curves. Comparisons show the mixed model approach results in lower mean squared error than traditional bit allocation schemes, while having lower implementation complexity than prior methods.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScscpconf
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
Multiuser MIMO Vector Perturbation Precodingadeelrazi
This paper proposes methods for sum rate optimization in multi-user MIMO systems using vector perturbation precoding. It derives an expression for sum rate in terms of the average transmitted vector energy. It then uses this to obtain a high-SNR upper bound on sum rate and proposes an extension of vector perturbation that allocates different rates to different users. It also proposes a low-complexity user scheduling algorithm as a method for rate allocation.
Wireless power transfer enabled NOMA relay systems: two SIC modes and perform...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, we deploy design and performance analysis in new system model using a relaying
model, energy harvesting, and non-orthogonal multi-access (NOMA) network. It is called such topology as
wireless powered NOMA relaying (WPNR). In the proposed model, NOMA will be investigated in two
cases including single successive interference cancellation (SIC) and dual SIC. Moreover,
the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technology can be employed to feed
energy to relays who intend to serve far NOMA users. In particular, exact outage probability expressions
are provided to performance evaluation. The results from the simulations are used to demonstrate
the outage performance of the proposed model in comparison with the current models and to verify correct
of derived expressions.
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...journalBEEI
Power domain based multiple access scheme is introduced in this paper, namely Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA). We deploy a wireless network using NOMA together with a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme for dedicated user over Nakagami-$m$ fading channel. When combined, these promising techniques (NOMA and WPT) improve the system performance in term of ergodic performance at reasonable coefficient of harvested power. However, fixed power allocation factors for each NOMA user can be adjusted at the base station and it further provide performance improvement. We design a new signal frame to deploy a NOMA scheme in WPT which adopts a linear energy harvesting model. The ergodic capacity in such a NOMA network and power allocation factors can be updated frequently in order to achieve a fair distribution among NOMA users. The exact expressions of ergodic capacity for each user is derived. The simulation results show that an agreement between analytic performance and Monte-Carlo simulation can be achieved.
Implement of multiple access technique by wireless power transfer and relayin...journalBEEI
In this paper, we investigate non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network relying on wireless power transfer to prolong lifetime. The base station (BS) sends common signals to the relay with two functions (energy harvesting (EH) and signal processing) to further serve two NOMA users in downlink. Performance gap exists since different power allocation factor assigned from power splitting protocol adopted at the relay and such relay employs both amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward schemes. To provide performance metrics, we prove formulas of the outage probability which is a function of transmit signal to noise ratio. Simulation results indicate specific parameters to adjust system performance of two user in the considered EH-NOMA system. This finding is important recommendation to design EH-NOMA which shows particular outage performance at required target rates.
This document is a thesis submitted by Mohammed Abuibaid to Kocaeli University regarding adaptive beam-forming. It discusses various beam-forming techniques including switched array antennas, DSP-based phase manipulation, and beamforming by precoding. It also covers adaptive beamforming algorithms such as LMS, NLMS, RLS, and CM. Various beam patterns generated by these algorithms are presented. The document motivates the need for adaptive beamforming and 3D beamforming to improve energy efficiency in wireless networks.
Wideband Multi-Port Reflectometer as an Alternative in Reflection Coefficient...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the characterization and operation of an alternative device, which is known as multi-port reflectometer to measure the reflection coefficient of any device under test (DUT). Its configuration is formed by two power dividers (D) and four couplers (Q). The characterization is evaluated through the centres of power circles that also known as q-points. Its operation in the reflection coefficient measurement is tested by using three DUTs. The reflectometer’s good performance and wideband operation are proven between the frequency band of 1 and 6 GHz via the practical hardware measurement in the laboratory.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document discusses robust adaptive beamforming techniques to improve robustness against uncertainties in array manifold, such as direction-of-arrival mismatch.
2) It proposes an alternative realization of robust linearly constrained minimum variance beamforming that uses an ellipsoidal uncertainty constraint on the steering vector.
3) A key contribution is integrating diagonal loading techniques by deriving an optimum variable loading level, providing "loading-on-demand" instead of fixed loading. This allows accurate computation of the diagonal loading level based on the uncertainty constraint.
The document summarizes research on energy efficient hybrid precoding for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT)-enabled massive MIMO non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. It proposes a novel approach using an analog circuit-embedded (ACE) algorithm to design the analog precoder based on a switch-incorporated (SI) architecture. The ACE algorithm uses a probabilistic model and smoothed updating procedure to generate the analog precoding matrix with elements of ±1/√N. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves higher spectral and energy efficiency compared to existing techniques.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of DOA Estimation using MUSIC and Beamformi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a simulation study comparing the MUSIC algorithm and LMS adaptive beamforming algorithm for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and beamforming in a smart antenna system. The MUSIC algorithm uses eigendecomposition to estimate the DOA of multiple signals and finds the position location of the desired user. The LMS algorithm then adapts the beam pattern by adjusting weights to maximize gain towards the desired user while nulling interference from other directions. The simulation results show sharp peaks in the MUSIC spectrum to accurately locate the desired user and deep nulls in the LMS beam pattern to suppress interference.
Design a mobile telephone system in a certain cityeSAT Journals
Abstract
A mobile telephone system is designed to facilitate better communication among 8000 users in the centre of Roma. The network
performance prediction tool was used to determine the best location for deployment of the base station. It was based on some
parameters or predictions which were obtained by calculating needed data to construct the base station.
Theoretically call planning, cell splitting, frequency re-use, offered traffic etc. techniques are used to obtain a good coverage for
a certain city. In order to find the best cell cluster, many calculations were also implemented.
The objective achieved was designing a network system in city centre of Roma. The 7 cell cluster and 12 cell cluster was selected
for its overall efficiency. In addition to this, co-channel interference, best server, maximum received power etc. were examined for
deployment of the base station with help of Winprop.
Key Words:Mobile telephone system, Cell cluster, Frequency re-use, Network performance, Power,Winprop.
Effect of Scattering Parameters On MIMO System CapacityIOSR Journals
This document discusses the effect of scattering parameters on the capacity of MIMO systems. It begins by introducing MIMO systems and noting that capacity can be increased by adding more antennas, but scattering parameters also influence capacity. A 2x2 MIMO antenna system is designed and simulated to obtain scattering parameters. Equations showing how scattering parameters relate to signal correlation and MIMO capacity are presented. Plots from the antenna simulation show return loss and radiation patterns. Additional plots compare the capacity of independent and correlated 2x2 MIMO channels with varying SNR levels, demonstrating capacity reduction from scattering parameters. The document concludes by quantifying the percentage decrease in capacity for the 2x2 MIMO system due to scattering effects.
This document summarizes the results of applying the Successive Survivable Routing (SSR) algorithm to different network models to calculate backup capacity requirements. The SSR algorithm provides an approximate solution to the Spare Capacity Assignment problem of finding the minimum backup capacity needed to deploy equivalent failure-disjoint recovery paths. The document finds that enhanced versions of SSR that incorporate capacity giveback and state-dependent restoration can reduce backup capacity requirements by an average of 12% compared to the standard SSR algorithm. These SSR techniques were applied to reference networks, realistic networks from internet topology data, and synthetic networks generated by the BRITE topology generator.
At this present scenario, the demand of the system capacity is very high in wireless network. MIMO
technology is used from the last decade to provide this requirement for wireless network antenna
technology. MIMO channels are mostly used for advanced antenna array technology. But it is most
important to control the error rate with enhanced system capacity in MIMO for present-day progressive
wireless communication. This paper explores the frame error rate with respect to different path gain of
MIMO channel. This work has been done in different fading scenario and produces a comparative analysis
of MIMO on the basis of those fading models in various conditions. Here, it is to be considered that
modulation technique as QPSK to observe these comparative evaluations for different Doppler frequencies.
From the comparative analysis, minimum amount of frame error rate is viewed for Rician distribution at
LOS path Doppler shift of 0 Hz. At last, this work is concluded with a comparative bit error rate study on
the basis of singular parameters at different SNR levels to produce the system performance for uncoded
QPSK modulation.
DIGITAL WAVE FORMULATION OF THE PEEC METHODPiero Belforte
This document presents a digital wave formulation (DWF) method for solving the quasi-static partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method in the time domain. The standard PEEC model is transformed into a wave digital network by using wave variables and defining wave digital circuit elements corresponding to inductors, capacitors, resistors, sources, and connections. This allows the PEEC model to be solved as a wave digital network using a digital wave simulator (DWS). A numerical example compares the proposed DWF-PEEC solver to a standard SPICE solver, showing the DWF-PEEC method provides accurate results with significant speed-up in computation time.
This document summarizes a presentation on analyzing massive MIMO systems under different wireless scenarios. It begins with background on mobile communication generations and challenges with exponentially growing data demand. It then discusses massive MIMO as a promising technology for 5G, noting it can support large numbers of users simultaneously and increase spectrum efficiency. However, challenges include hardware mismatch in TDD systems and highly correlated spatial gains. The presentation outlines analyzing the impact of these issues, as well as the feasibility of massive MIMO in cooperative networks. It proposes modeling hardware mismatch and deriving the probability distribution functions of amplitude and phase mismatches. It also discusses using different precoding techniques like zero-forcing to calculate signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio in the down
Loss allocation in distribution networks with distributed generators undergoi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a branch exchange based heuristic network reconfiguration method is proposed for obtaining an optimal network in a deregulated power system. A unique bus identification scheme is employed which makes the load flow and loss calculation faster due to its reduced search time under varying network topological environment. The proposed power loss allocation technique eliminates the effect of cross-term analytically from the loss formulation without any assumptions and approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed reconfiguration and loss allocation methods are investigated by comparing the results obtained by the present approach with that of the existing “Quadratic method” using a 33-bus radial distribution system with/without DGs.
Performance Analysis of Adaptive DOA Estimation Algorithms For Mobile Applica...IJERA Editor
Spatial filtering for mobile communications has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade and is cur-rently considered a very promising technique that will help future cellular networks achieve their ambi-tious goals. One way to accomplish this is via array signal processing with algorithms which estimate the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of the received waves from the mobile users. This paper evaluates the per-formance of a number of DOA estimation algorithms. In all cases a linear antenna array at the base station is assumed to be operating typical cellular environment.
Investigation on energy harvesting enabled device-to-device networks in prese...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Energy harvesting from ambient radio-frequency (RF) sources has been a novel approach for extending the lifetime of wireless networks. In this paper, a cooperative device-to-device (D2D) system with the aid of energy-constrained relay is considered. The relays are assumed to be able to harvest energy from information signal and co-channel interference (CCI) signals broadcasted by nearby traditional cellular users and forward the source’s signal to its desired destination (D2D user) utilizing amplify-andforward (AF) relaying protocol. Time switching protocol (TSR) and power splitting protocol (PSR) are proposed to assist energy harvesting and information processing at the relay. The proposed approaches are applied in a model with three nodes including the source (D2D user), the relay and the destination (D2D user), the system throughput is investigated in terms of the ergodic capacity and the outage capacity, where the analytical results are obtained approximately. Our numerical results verify the our derivations, and also points out the impact of CCI on system performance. Finally, this investigation provide fundamental design guidelines for selecting hardware of energy harvesting circuits that satisfies the requirements of a practical cooperative D2D system.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScsandit
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an
exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from
aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the
above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken
from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
The document discusses optimizing rate allocation for compressing hyperspectral images using JPEG2000. It proposes using the discrete wavelet transform instead of the Karhunen-Loeve transform for decorrelation due to lower computational complexity. A mixed model is used for rate distortion optimal bit allocation instead of experimentally obtained rate distortion curves. Comparisons show the mixed model approach results in lower mean squared error than traditional bit allocation schemes, while having lower implementation complexity than prior methods.
DETECTION OF POWER-LINES IN COMPLEX NATURAL SURROUNDINGScscpconf
Power transmission line inspection using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is taking off as an exciting solution due to advances in sensors and flight technology. Extracting power-lines from aerial images, taken from the UAV, having complex natural surroundings is a critical task in the above problem. In this paper we propose an approach for suppressing natural surrounding that
leads to power line detection. The results of applying our method on real-life video frames taken from a UAV demonstrate that our approach is very effective. We believe that our approach can
be easily used for line detection in any other real outdoor video as well.
Multiuser MIMO Vector Perturbation Precodingadeelrazi
This paper proposes methods for sum rate optimization in multi-user MIMO systems using vector perturbation precoding. It derives an expression for sum rate in terms of the average transmitted vector energy. It then uses this to obtain a high-SNR upper bound on sum rate and proposes an extension of vector perturbation that allocates different rates to different users. It also proposes a low-complexity user scheduling algorithm as a method for rate allocation.
Wireless power transfer enabled NOMA relay systems: two SIC modes and perform...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, we deploy design and performance analysis in new system model using a relaying
model, energy harvesting, and non-orthogonal multi-access (NOMA) network. It is called such topology as
wireless powered NOMA relaying (WPNR). In the proposed model, NOMA will be investigated in two
cases including single successive interference cancellation (SIC) and dual SIC. Moreover,
the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technology can be employed to feed
energy to relays who intend to serve far NOMA users. In particular, exact outage probability expressions
are provided to performance evaluation. The results from the simulations are used to demonstrate
the outage performance of the proposed model in comparison with the current models and to verify correct
of derived expressions.
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...journalBEEI
Power domain based multiple access scheme is introduced in this paper, namely Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA). We deploy a wireless network using NOMA together with a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme for dedicated user over Nakagami-$m$ fading channel. When combined, these promising techniques (NOMA and WPT) improve the system performance in term of ergodic performance at reasonable coefficient of harvested power. However, fixed power allocation factors for each NOMA user can be adjusted at the base station and it further provide performance improvement. We design a new signal frame to deploy a NOMA scheme in WPT which adopts a linear energy harvesting model. The ergodic capacity in such a NOMA network and power allocation factors can be updated frequently in order to achieve a fair distribution among NOMA users. The exact expressions of ergodic capacity for each user is derived. The simulation results show that an agreement between analytic performance and Monte-Carlo simulation can be achieved.
Outage performance of downlink NOMA-aided small cell network with wireless po...journalBEEI
This article considers the outage performance of the downlink transmission for a small cell network in a heterogeneous network. Due to mobility and distribution of users, it is necessary to study massive connections and high energy efficiency for such kind of systems. To be an enabler of energy harvesting, a power beacon is helpful to support the base station to send signals to distant users, and wireless power transfer (WPT) is exploited to guarantee the data packets transmission from the power beacon to the base station. To provide massive connections, we propose a novel non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique combined with WPT to enhance outage performance and latency reduction. Furthermore, we derive outage probability (OP) to characterize the system performance. Simulation results are verified to match well between theoretical and analytical methods, and main parameters are determined to understand how they affect the proposed scheme.
Tractable computation in outage performance analysis of relay selection NOMATELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, using full-duplex (FD) transmission model provides enhanced bandwidth efficiency and improved performance for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system. However, lack of papers have investigated FD relay together with relay selection issue to improve performance of NOMA system. The problems in power allocation for two NOMA users satisfying fairness as well as relay selection strategy are studied in this paper. By considering the outage performance of proposed scheme with its vital result, general NOMA wireless networks can be developed for future networks due to its improved performance. Simulation results show that the relaying selection scheme can achieve a significant performance improvement by increasing required quantity of relay.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a low complexity orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-based non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system called successive bandwidth division (SBD)-NOMA. The key aspects are:
1) SBD-NOMA divides users among orthogonal sub-bands to reduce interference and receiver complexity compared to conventional NOMA.
2) Power allocation is performed across sub-bands to maximize the sum rate while ensuring proportional fairness among users.
3) Simulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of SBD-NOMA and compare it to other approaches.
Exploiting Outage Performance of Wireless Powered NOMATELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Considering a dual-hop energy-harvesting (EH) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) relaying system, this paper consider novel relaying protocols based on time power switching-based relaying (TPSR) architecture for amplify-and-forward modes. We introduce novel system model relaying network with impacts of energy harvesting fractions and derive analytical expressions for outage probability for the information transmission link. It confirmed that right selection of power allocation for NOMA to obtain optimal performance. Theoretical results show that, in comparison with the conventional solutions, the proposed model can achieve optimal throughput efficiency for sufficiently small threshold SNR with condition of controlling time switching fractions and power splitting fractions appropriately in TPSR protocol. We also explore impacts of transmission distances in each hop, transmission rate, the other key parameters of TPSR to outage performance for different channel models. Simulation results are presented to corroborate the proposed methodology.
Study on transmission over Nakagami-m fading channel for multiple access sche...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a downlink performance in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system is considered. With regard to different priority for two NOMA users, we exploit the closed-form expressions of outage probability over wireless fading channel following Nakagami-m fading. The fixed power allocation factor scheme is examined to reduce the complexity in computation regarding performance analysis. In our analysis, perfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) is applied in order to achieve perfect signal decoding operation. Simulation results show that the considered NOMA downlink scheme is affected by transmit SNR, power allocation factors, fading parameters.
Enabling relay selection in non-orthogonal multiple access networks: direct a...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we consider downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in which the relay selection (RS) scheme is enabled for cooperative networks. In particular, we investigate impact of the number of relays on system performance in term of outage probability. The main factors affecting on cooperative NOMA performance are fixed power allocations coefficients and the number of relay. This paper also indicate performance gap of the outage probabilities among two users the context of NOMA. To exhibit the exactness of derived formula, we match related results between simulation and analytical methods. Numerical results confirms that cooperative NOMA networks benefit from increasing the number of relay.
BER Performance of MU-MIMO System using Dirty Paper CodingIJEEE
In this paper Dirty Paper Coding for communication system is implemented. MIMO application that involves devices such as cell phones, pocket PCs require closely spaced antenna, which suffers from mutual coupling among antennas and high spatial correlation for signals. DPC is used for compensating the degradation due to correlation and mutual coupling.
Its exploring the technique for spatially successive interference cancellation and superposition of transmission for upcoming radio communication 5G technology.
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are considered a promising solution to minimize multiuser interference (MUI) based on simple precoding techniques with a massive antenna array at a base station (BS). This paper presents a novel approach of beam division multiple access (BDMA) which BS transmit signals to multiusers at the same time via different beams based on hybrid beamforming and user-beam schedule. With the selection of users whose steering vectors are orthogonal to each other, interference between users is significantly improved. While, the efficiency spectrum of proposed scheme reaches to the performance of fully digital solutions, the multiuser interference is considerably reduced.
GENERALIZED POWER ALLOCATION (GPA) SCHEME FOR NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS ...ijcseit
This paper presents a Generalized Power Allocation (GPA) scheme for different users in Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) based wireless communication system. The power allocation to the users becomes
complex with the increased number of users. There are some conventional schemes for power allocation in
NOMA but they have to optimize some parameters arbitrarily. In this paper, a simple but effective power
allocation scheme has been formulated and tested by simulations. The proposed GPA scheme does not need
any parameter adjustment. Theoretical power distribution to different users of NOMA has been calculated
using the proposed GPA technique. The calculated powers of individual users with the proposed scheme
are different and more distributed than the arbitrary power allocation scheme which satisfies the basic
condition of NOMA. The total of calculated powers with GPA scheme shows only 01% variation with the
arbitrary power allocation scheme which shows the consistency of GPA scheme with other schemes. The
performance of NOMA based wireless communication system with GPA scheme has been simulated under
various conditions using Matlab. The simulated BER performance for NOMA based wireless
communication system using different modulation techniques show similar results with other conventional
schemes which validates the formulation of GPA scheme.
GENERALIZED POWER ALLOCATION (GPA) SCHEME FOR NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS ...ijcseit
This paper presents a Generalized Power Allocation (GPA) scheme for different users in Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) based wireless communication system. The power allocation to the users becomes
complex with the increased number of users. There are some conventional schemes for power allocation in
NOMA but they have to optimize some parameters arbitrarily. In this paper, a simple but effective power
allocation scheme has been formulated and tested by simulations. The proposed GPA scheme does not need
any parameter adjustment. Theoretical power distribution to different users of NOMA has been calculated
using the proposed GPA technique. The calculated powers of individual users with the proposed scheme
are different and more distributed than the arbitrary power allocation scheme which satisfies the basic
condition of NOMA. The total of calculated powers with GPA scheme shows only 01% variation with the
arbitrary power allocation scheme which shows the consistency of GPA scheme with other schemes. The
performance of NOMA based wireless communication system with GPA scheme has been simulated under
various conditions using Matlab. The simulated BER performance for NOMA based wireless
communication system using different modulation techniques show similar results with other conventional
schemes which validates the formulation of GPA scheme.
GENERALIZED POWER ALLOCATION (GPA) SCHEME FOR NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS ...ijcseit
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a Generalized Power Allocation (GPA) scheme for different users in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) based wireless communication system. The power allocation to the users becomes complex with the increased number of users. There are some conventional schemes for power allocation in NOMA but they have to optimize some parameters arbitrarily. In this paper, a simple but effective power allocation scheme has been formulated and tested by simulations. The proposed GPA scheme does not need any parameter adjustment. Theoretical power distribution to different users of NOMA has been calculated using the proposed GPA technique. The calculated powers of individual users with the proposed scheme are different and more distributed than the arbitrary power allocation scheme which satisfies the basic condition of NOMA. The total of calculated powers with GPA scheme shows only 01% variation with the arbitrary power allocation scheme which shows the consistency of GPA scheme with other schemes. The performance of NOMA based wireless communication system with GPA scheme has been simulated under various conditions using Matlab. The simulated BER performance for NOMA based wireless communication system using different modulation techniques show similar results with other conventional schemes which validates the formulation of GPA scheme.
GENERALIZED POWER ALLOCATION (GPA) SCHEME FOR NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS ...ijcseit
This paper presents a Generalized Power Allocation (GPA) scheme for different users in Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) based wireless communication system. The power allocation to the users becomes
complex with the increased number of users. There are some conventional schemes for power allocation in
NOMA but they have to optimize some parameters arbitrarily. In this paper, a simple but effective power
allocation scheme has been formulated and tested by simulations. The proposed GPA scheme does not need
any parameter adjustment. Theoretical power distribution to different users of NOMA has been calculated
using the proposed GPA technique. The calculated powers of individual users with the proposed scheme
are different and more distributed than the arbitrary power allocation scheme which satisfies the basic
condition of NOMA. The total of calculated powers with GPA scheme shows only 01% variation with the
arbitrary power allocation scheme which shows the consistency of GPA scheme with other schemes. The
performance of NOMA based wireless communication system with GPA scheme has been simulated under
various conditions using Matlab. The simulated BER performance for NOMA based wireless
communication system using different modulation techniques show similar results with other conventional
schemes which validates the formulation of GPA scheme.
Throughput analysis of non-orthogonal multiple access and orthogonal multipl...IJECEIAES
This study introduces the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique into the wireless energy harvesting K-hop relay network to increase throughput. The relays have no dedicated energy source and thus depend on energy harvested by wireless from a power beacon (PB). Recently, NOMA has been promoted as a technology with the potential to enhance connectivity, reduce latency, increase fairness amongst users, and raise spectral effectiveness compared to orthogonal multiple access (OMA) technology. For performance considerations, we derive exact throughput expressions for NOMA and OMA-assisted multi-hop relaying and compare the performance between the two. The obtained results are validated via Monte Carlo simulations.
An investigation of Max-Min Fairness Power Control in Cell-Free Massive MIMO ...IRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the impact of max-min fairness power control on the performance of cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) networks and small-cell mMIMO (SC-mMIMO) networks.
2) It derives closed-form expressions for the downlink and uplink throughput of CF-mMIMO networks using max-min fairness power control algorithms.
3) The numerical results show that the throughput of CF-mMIMO networks outperforms SC-mMIMO networks, and additional antennas at access points can improve throughput in CF-mMIMO networks compared to SC-mMIMO networks.
Energy-efficient user association mechanism enabling fully hybrid spectrum sh...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The document proposes an energy-efficient user association mechanism enabling fully hybrid spectrum sharing among multiple 5G cellular operators. It presents a network model with four independent operators, where each operator owns a set of mmWave base stations. The spectrum is divided into licensed, semi-shared, and fully-shared portions to serve users belonging to the different operators. The proposed QoE-based energy-efficient user association and fully hybrid spectrum sharing approach aims to maximize the energy efficiency of the four operators while maintaining a high quality of experience for users. Numerical results show that the approach can significantly improve energy efficiency for the operators compared to a maximum SINR-based approach, while still providing high quality of service to users.
This document summarizes a study that used two methods - nonlinear autoregressive neural network prediction (NARNN) and one-dimensional multilevel wavelet de-noising technique (1D MDT) - to predict path loss of GSM signals in an urban environment in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine. The NARNN had a mean square error of 3.3978dB while the 1D MDT had 3.428dB, showing the NARNN performed slightly better at 3.02%. Both methods predicted signal attenuation in the study area. Neural network clustering also revealed signal strengths between -75dB to -95dB were most common, indicating mostly weak signals were received.
Exact Outage Performance Analysis of Amplify-and-forward-aware Cooperative NOMATELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, new radio access scheme that combines Amplify-and-Forward (AF) relaying protocol and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system is introduced. In particular, different scenarios for fixed power allocation scheme is investigated. In addition, the outage probability of both weak and strong user is derived and provided in closed-form expressions. Such outage is investigated in high SNR scenario and comparison performance between these NOMA scenarios is introduced. Numerical simulations are offered to clarify the outage performance of the considered scheme if varying several parameters in the existing schemes to verify the derived formulas.
Similar to Joint impacts of relaying scheme and wireless power transfer in multiple access of cellular networks (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
The document proposes using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters of a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image classification. The PSO algorithm is used to find optimal values for CNN hyperparameters like the number and size of convolutional filters. In experiments on the MNIST handwritten digit dataset, the optimized CNN achieved a testing error rate of 0.87%, which is competitive with state-of-the-art models. The proposed approach finds optimized CNN architectures automatically without requiring manual design or encoding strategies during training.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
1) Researchers developed a prototype contactless transaction system using QR codes and digital payments to support physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in traditional markets.
2) The system allows sellers and buyers in traditional markets to conduct fast, secure transactions via smartphones without direct cash exchange. Buyers scan sellers' QR codes to view product details and make e-wallet payments.
3) Testing showed the system's functions worked properly and users found it easy to use and useful for supporting contactless transactions and digital transformation of traditional markets. However, further development is needed to increase trust in digital payments for users unfamiliar with the technology.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
This document describes the implementation of a double-layer structure on an octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) to improve its performance at 5.8 GHz. The double-layer consists of two double positive (DPS) substrates placed above the OMYA. Simulation and experimental results show that the double-layer configuration increases the gain of the OMYA by 2.5 dB compared to without the double-layer. The measured bandwidth of the OMYA with double-layer is 14.6%, indicating the double-layer can increase both the gain and bandwidth of the OMYA.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
The document provides an overview of the key performance indicators (KPIs) for 6G wireless networks compared to 5G networks. Some of the major KPIs discussed for 6G include: achieving data rates of up to 1 Tbps and individual user data rates up to 100 Gbps; reducing latency below 10 milliseconds; supporting up to 10 million connected devices per square kilometer; improving spectral efficiency by up to 100 times through technologies like terahertz communications and smart surfaces; and achieving an energy efficiency of 1 pico-joule per bit transmitted through techniques like wireless power transmission and energy harvesting. The document outlines how 6G aims to integrate terrestrial, aerial and maritime communications into a single network to provide ubiquitous connectivity with higher
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Joint impacts of relaying scheme and wireless power transfer in multiple access of cellular networks
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 811∼819
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i2.1936 r 811
Joint impacts of relaying scheme and wireless power
transfer in multiple access of cellular networks
Anh-Tu Le1
, Dinh-Thuan Do1
1
Faculty of Electronics Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Article Info
Article history:
Received Oct 16, 2020
Revised Jan 7, 2021
Accepted Feb 16, 2021
Keywords:
Ergodic capacity
NOMA
Energy harvesting
ABSTRACT
This paper considers ergodic capacity of energy harvesting (EH) based cellular net-
works. Such a network employs non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) together
with relaying scheme to serve two far users. In this system model, relay is facili-
tated power splitting (PS) protocol to implement energy harvesting (EH). To examine
capacity, expressions of signal to noise ratio (SNR) need be computed to achieve ca-
pacity. Power allocation factors are different for two users in such system and hence
performance gap happens to distinguish requirements for separated users. It can be
confirmed that the proposed paradigm exhibits maximal achievable capacity in some
scenarios of setting parameters. To confirm exactness of the analytical expressions
and show advantages of the proposed EH-NOMA, simulation results are performed in
terms of ergodic capacity.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Dinh-Thuan Do
Faculty of Electronics Technology
Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City
12 Nguyen Van Bao, Go Vap Dist., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Email: dodinhthuan@iuh.edu.vn
1. INTRODUCTION
Considering as the potentials to implement infrastructure in the fifth generation (5G) cellular system,
higher spectral efficiency benefits from the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique to serve massive
connections [1], [2]. To overcome disadvantages of the traditional orthogonal multiple access (MA) technique,
the power domain is employed to require NOMA to provide MA in cellular networks [3]. To perform functions
of NOMA, the signals of multiple users are multiplexed in the power domain at the base station (BS), i.e.
superposition coding (SupC) is designed at transmitters. At the receivers, to restrain the inter-user interference,
it is required to employ successive interference cancellation (SIC). In addition to power-reuse, NOMA provides
extra advantage in term of user fairness as distinctive feature of this scheme [4]. In this MA scheme, users with
worse channel conditions need allocate more power, while users with higher channel gains only require less
power. By implementing NOMA communication system, it can be achieved improved trade-off between user
fairness and system performance. For example, higher throughput and faster traffic are two advantages of
NOMA compared with the conventional orthogonal MA protocols.
Together with NOMA, this technique has more benefits as combining with cooperative transmission
scenarios and further improvement of the reliability in NOMA is obtained [5]–[8]. In cooperative manner, users
and relays can cooperate to combat channel fading and improve the performances, namely new scheme as coop-
erative NOMA (C-NOMA) networks. At the receivers, the maximal-ratio combining (MRC) needs to combine
the two independent signals received at two links including the direct and relaying. As a result, C-NOMA
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
2. 812 r ISSN: 2302-9285
provides ability of the diversity techniques. Thus, C-NOMA exhibits better qualities of services (Qos) criteria
and the system can be improved significantly. Recently, C-NOMA has been intensively studied. Generally,
various aspects of C-NOMA were introduced. The reliability in transmission and improved performance can
be achieved as in recent works [9]–[15]. In recent works [13], [15], the authors indicated advantages of NOMA
can be achieved in device to device networks. Regarding energy harvesting [16-19], results exhibits wireless
power transfer as solution to prolong lifetime of network and applications of NOMA. The closed forms of the
metrics, such as the in terms of outage probability, throughput. In most of works, the target rates are main factor
affecting to outage behavior and they derived expressions to evaluate the performance of the NOMA scheme.
Nowadays, power domain based NOMA is widely studied in works, such as [20], [21], [22]. They
introduced system adopting orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in the sub-channel transmission of PD-
NOMA [23]. The multi-user detection uses SIC technology at the receiver to delete interference among users
and such Non-orthogonal transmission still remains its performance. The authors in [24]examined performance
of a hybrid NOMA-based wireless system. In this system, to transmit on the uplink, users harvest wireless
power from the received downlink signals. To improve the spectral efficiency by exploiting the spatial domainJ.
W. Kim et al. proposed an integration of NOMA and generalized space shift keying [26].
Motivated by recent works [16], [17], [18], this paper considers a new the fixed power allocation
scheme and relay harvests power and acts as relay with respect to implement cooperative EH-NOMA protocol.
Such relay is designed to introduce performance gaps to representative how well the weak user and strong user
operate in various scenarios.
2. SYSTEM MODEL AND SINR COMPUTATIONS
2.1. System model
By exploring wireless power transfer, relay in Figure 1 is able to harvesting power from a base station
(BS). In this scenario, two destinations (U1, U2) with a power splitting-based EH relay [18]-[21] is studied. We
denote channel gains hab for link from node a to node b and it falls into exponential distribution with means
λab. The channels are quasistatic, i.e. the channels remains constant over one transmission time while different
values for these channels over different transmission times. Relay has two kinds, Amplify-and-Forward (AF)
or Decode-and-Forward (DF) relaying and it suitable for relevant applications. T is denoted as the whole
transmission time. T is divided into two transmission phases. Regarding EH function, it uses only the harvested
power during the first transmission phase to transmit during the second transmission phase. Regarding the
transmit power of the BS, PS is transmit power. To serve two users, x1 and x2 are the messages intending to
send to the weak user U1 and the strong user U2. We denote a1 and a2 as the power allocation coefficients in
NOMA scheme. It is strict required: a1 > a2 with a1 + a2 = 1.
BS
U2
U1
Transmission Information
Energy Harvesting
Figure 1. Wireless power transfer in NOMA.
The relay is able to harvest wireless energy to serve transmission in the next phase, it need be computed
the received signal at the relay R as
yR =
p
(1 − β)hSRµ(x) + nR (1)
where µ(x) =
√
a1PSx1 +
√
a2PSx2
is mixture signal, nR is known as the additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) with variance N0. More importantly, by controlling transmit power PS at the BS with arbitrary coeffi-
Bulletin of Electr Eng Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 811 – 819
3. Bulletin of Electr Eng Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 r 813
cient denoted by β (0 β 1), amount of harvested power varies significantly and hence system performance
needs be guaranteed.
Although litter amount of harvested energy, the relay benefits from such energy, and it is formulated
by [27]
Ph = βPS|hSR|
2
. (2)
We denote |hSR|
2
as variable Xa In the next section, the first metric needs be considered, i.e. the signal-to-
interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are then used in further metrics.
2.2. SINR computations
Together with performing successive interference cancellation (SIC) in NOMA, SINR, SNR can be
determined to detect signal x1, x2 respectively at R and they can be given as
γSR1 =
(1 − β) a1PSXa
(1 − β) a2PSXa + N0
=
(1 − β) a1ρXa
(1 − β) a2ρXa + 1
,
(3)
and
γSR2 = (1 − β) a2ρXa, (4)
Considering the main impact on outage performance ρ = PS
N0
is denoted as transmit SNR and it is computed at
the BS.
In order to detect x1 at user U1, the corresponding SINR is expressed by
γRU1
=
βρa1XbXa
βρa2XaXb + 1
(5)
where |hSU1 |
2
is denoted as variable Xb. Similarly, the SINR to detect x2 at user U2 is computed by
γRU2,1
=
βρa1|hRU2 |
2
Xa
βρa2Xa |hRU2
| + 1
. (6)
SNR to to detect x2 is only determined after SIC implementation at U2, and it is formulated as
γRU2 = βρa2|hRU2 |
2
|hSR|
2
. (7)
2.3. Decode-and-forward relaying
DF relaying mode is also known as popular strategy to extend coverage of wireless network under the
context of EH-NOMA using the end-to-end SNR from the BS to user U1 can be expressed as
γDF
U1
= min (γSR1, γRU1 )
= min
(1 − β) a1ρXa
(1 − β) a2ρXa + 1
,
βρa1XbXa
βρa2XaXb + 1
(8)
It is worth noting that such min function is maximized when all of its argument becomes equal. As a
result, the following optimal value of β is found to achieve maximal instantaneous rate as
β∗
DF,U1
=
1
Xb + 1
(9)
For DF case, the SNR from the BS to U2 can be computed as
γDF
U2
= min (γSR2, γRU2
)
= min
(1 − β) a2ρXa, βρa2|hRU2
|
2
Xa
.
(10)
Similarly, the optimal value of β can be obtained to achieve optimal instantaneous rate as
β∗
DF,U2
=
1
|hRU2 |
2
+ 1
. (11)
Joint impacts of relaying scheme and wireless power... (Anh-Tu Le)
4. 814 r ISSN: 2302-9285
2.4. Amplify-and-forward relaying
For AF- based EH-NOMA, the received SNR at the U1 can be formulated by [Eq.4,[22]]
γAF
U1
'
γSR1γRU1
γSR1 + γRU1
'
(1 − β) βρa1XbXa
2 (1 − β) βρa2XaXb + (1 − β) + βXb
(12)
Similarly, the SINR can be obtained at U2 as
γAF
U2
'
(1 − β) βρa2|hRU2 |
2
Xa
(1 − β) + β|hRU2 |
2 (13)
The following optimal value of β in AF scenario is expressed by
β∗
AF,Ui
=
1
|hRUi
| + 1
(14)
3. ERGODIC CAPACITY
3.1. Decode-and-Forward relaying
3.1.1. The ergodic capacity at U1
The analytical expression can be obtained for ergodic capacity [2]
CDF
U1
= E
1
2
log2 1 + γDF
U1
=
1
2 ln 2
∞
Z
0
1 − FγDF
U1
(x)
1 + x
dx
(15)
where E [•] denotes the expectation over random variable. Then, we can write FγDF
U1
(x) as
FγDF
U1
(x) = Pr γDF
D1
x
= 1 − Pr
Xa
x
|h1|
2
+ 1
ρ (a1 − xa2) |h1|
2
(16)
It then can be written as
FγDF
U1
(x) =
∞
Z
0
f|h1|2 (z)
x(z+1)
ρ(a1−xa2)z
Z
0
fXa
(y)dydx
= 1 −
1
λ1
∞
Z
0
e
−
x(z+1)
ρ(a1−xa2)zλSR
− z
λ1 dx
= 1 − 2e
−
γth1
(a1−xa2)ρλSR
r
γth1
(a1 − xa2) ρλSRλ1
× K1
2
r
γth1
(a1 − xa2) ρλ1λSR
(17)
As a result, ergodic capacity in optimal scenario and DF mode for U1 is given by
CDF
U1
=
1
ln 2
a1/a2
Z
0
e
−
λRU1
x
(a1−xa2)ρ
1 + x
×
s
xλRU1
λSR
(a1 − xa2) ρ
K1 2
s
xλSRλRU1
(a1 − xa2) ρ
!
dx
(18)
Bulletin of Electr Eng Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 811 – 819
5. Bulletin of Electr Eng Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 r 815
3.1.2. The ergodic capacity at U2
Similarly, ergodic capacity is expressed for U2 in DF mode as
CDF
U2
= E
1
2
log2 1 + γDF
U1
= E
e
λSR(Xb+1)
a2ρXb E1
λSR(Xb+1)
a2ρXb
2 ln 2
dXb
(19)
where E1(.) is the exponential integral. Because, it is difficult to solve (19) in closed-form, so we can use the
following approximation for the exponential integral [24]
E1 (x) ' 4
√
2πaN aI
N+1
X
n=1
I+1
X
i=1
p
bne−4bnbix
(20)
where aN = 1
2N+2 , aI = 1
2I+2 , bn = cot(θn−1)−cot(θn)
(N+1)−1
π
, bi = cot(θi−1)−cot(θi)
(I+1)−1
π
, θ0 = 0, θn = πn
2N+2 ,
θi = πi
2I+2 .
Hence, CDF
U2
can be rewritten as
CDF
U2
=
2
√
2
ln 2
πaN aI
N+1
X
n=1
I+1
X
i=1
p
bn
×
∞
Z
0
λRU1
e−λRU1
Xb
e
−ε
(Xb+1)
Xb dXb
(21)
where ε = 4bnbiλSR
a2ρ − λSR
a2ρ . Based on [23, 3.324.1], the capacity of U2 can be expressed as
CDF
U2
=
2
√
2
ln (2)
πaN aI
N+1
X
n=1
I+1
X
i=1
p
λRU1
bne−ε
√
εK1
2
p
ελRU1
(22)
3.2. Amplify-and-forward relaying
3.2.1. The ergodic capacity at U1
We have formula for examining ergodic capacity at U1 in AF mode as
CAF
U1
= E
1
2
log2 1 + γAF
U1
=
1
2 ln 2
∞
Z
0
1 − FγAF
U1
(x)
1 + x
dx.
(23)
It is worth noting that FγAF
U1
(x) is written as
FγAF
U1
(x) = Pr γ̂AF
U2
x
= Pr
ρa2Xa|hRU2 |
2
(1 + |hRU2
|)
2 x
!
= Pr Xa
x(1 + |hRU2
|)
2
ρa2|hRU2
|
2
!
(24)
Joint impacts of relaying scheme and wireless power... (Anh-Tu Le)
6. 816 r ISSN: 2302-9285
Using the CDF of Xa and the approximation e
−
2λSRγth2
ρa2
√
z
= 1 − 2λSRγth2
ρa2
√
z
we can write
FγAF
U1
(x) = 1 − λRU2
∞
Z
0
e−
λSRx(1+
√
z)2
ρa2z
e−λRU2
z
dz
' 1 −
∞
Z
0
λRU2
e−
λSRx
ρa2 e−
λSRx
ρa2z −λRU2
z
dz
+
2λSRλRU2
xe−
λSRx
ρa2
ρa2
∞
Z
0
1
√
z
e−
λSRx
ρa2z −λRU2
z
dz
(25)
To continue compute it, FγAF
U1
(x) is rewritten as
FγAF
U1
(x) ' 1 − 2e−
λSRx
ρa2
s
λSRλRU2
x
ρa2
K1 2
s
λSRλRU2
x
ρa2
!
+ e−
λSRx
ρa2
4xλSRλ2
RU2
ρa2
xλSR
ρa2λRU2
1/4
K1/2 2
s
xλSRλRU2
ρa2
! (26)
After performing some manipulations, it can be obtained below result
CAF
U1
=
1
ln 2
a1/2a2
Z
0
1
1 + x
e
−
λSRx
ρ(a1−2xa2)
s
xλSRλRU1
ρ (a1 − 2xa2)
× K1 2
s
xλSRλRU1
ρ (a1 − 2xa2)
!
− e
−
λSRx
ρ(a1−2xa2)
2xλSRλ2
RU1
ρ (a1 − 2γth1a2)
×
xλSR
ρ (a1 − 2xa2) λRU1
1/4
K1/2 2
s
xλSRλRU1
ρ (a1 − 2xa2)
!!
dx
(27)
3.2.2. The ergodic capacity at U2
Similarly, it can be illustrated ergodic capacity for U2 as
CAF
U2
= E
1
2
∞
Z
0
log 1 +
ρa2|hRU2 |
2
Xa
(|hRU2 | + 1)
2
!
× λSRe−λSRXa
dXa
=
1
ln 2
∞
Z
0
E1
λSR(|hRU1 | + 1)
2
a2ρXb
!
× e
λSR(|hRU1 |+1)
2
a2ρXb λSRe−λSRXa
d|hSR|
2
(28)
Finally, in AF mode, we can computed ergodic capacity for U2 as
CAF
U2
=
2
√
2
ln (2)
πaN aI
N+1
X
n=1
I+1
X
i=1
p
bne−ε
×
s
λRU1
ε + λRU1
ελRU1 K1
2
p
ε (ε + λRU1 )
(29)
Bulletin of Electr Eng Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 811 – 819
7. Bulletin of Electr Eng Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 r 817
4. SIMULATION RESULT
The simulation model is based on Figure 1, and we assume fixed power allocation factors assigned for
two NOMA users, a1 = 0.9, a2 = 0.1. In the simulations, we set λSR = λRU2
= 1, λRU1
= 2 .
In Figure 2, we investigate the impact of AF and DF relaying mode on ergodic capacity performance
of EH-NOMA system. It can be seen that ergodic of user U1, U2 at mode DF is better than that of AF mode.
However, user U2 provides higher ergodic capacity compared with that of user U1. The main reason is that
different power allocation factors are used for two users. The second reason is related to decoding procedure at
each user is differ.
Figure 3 depicts how strong channel of link from the BS to relay make influence to ergodic capacity. It
can be intuitively seen that strong channel gain results in weaker channel of link from relay to destinations and
such situation exhibits worse performance. Figure 4 indicates opposite trends for two users regarding power
allocation factors. Therefore, controlling power factor a1 guarantees fairness among two users in EH-NOMA
system.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Figure 2. Ergodic capacity performance of two users versus SNR with R2 = 0.5.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Figure 3. Ergodic capacity performance of two users
versus channel gain λSR
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Figure 4. Ergodic capacity performance of two users
versus a1 = 0.5
Joint impacts of relaying scheme and wireless power... (Anh-Tu Le)
8. 818 r ISSN: 2302-9285
5. CONCLUSION
This paper considers ergodic capacity of wireless powered network. It can be concluded that power
allocation coefficients for each user in EH-NOMA leads to varying ergodic city performance. The detail perfor-
mance analysis has been performed in term of ergodic capacity and it is provided via the closed-form expres-
sions related to this metric. It is shown that performance gap exists among two NOMA users due to different
mode of AF/DF, and different power allocation factors. Simulation results are performed to verify our analytical
results and it is helpful guidelines to design EH-NOMA in practice.
REFERENCES
[1] Q. Zhang, Z. Liang, Q. Li, and J. Qin, “Buffer-aided non-orthogonal multiple access relaying systems in Rayleigh
fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 95–106, Jan. 2017.
[2] G. Cai, Y. Fang, G. Han, J. Xu, and G. Chen, “Design and analysis of relay-selection strategies for two-way relay
network-coded DCSK systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 1258–1271, Feb. 2018.
[3] M. F. Kader and S. Y. Shin, “Cooperative relaying using space-time block coded non-orthogonal multiple access,”
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 5894–5903, Jul. 2017.
[4] Z. Yu, C. Zhai, and J. Liu, “Non-orthogonal multiple access relaying with truncated ARQ,” IET Commun., vol. 11,
no. 4, pp. 514–521, Mar. 2017.
[5] P.-M. Nam, D.-T. Do, T.-T. Nguyen, P. T. Tin, “Energy harvesting assisted cognitive radio: random location-based
transceivers scheme and performance analysis, “ Telecommunication Systems, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 123-132, 2018
[6] H.-S. Nguyen, D.-T. Do, T.-S. Nguyen and M. Voznak, “Exploiting hybrid time switching-based and power splitting-
based relaying protocol in wireless powered communication networks with outdated channel state information,” Au-
tomatika, 58:4, 111-118, 2017.
[7] D.-T. Do, “Energy-aware two-way relaying networks under imperfect hardware: optimal throughput design and
analysis,” Telecommunication Systems, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 449-459, 2016.
[8] Quang Nhat Le, Dinh-Thuan Do, Beongku An, ”Secure wireless powered relaying networks: Energy harvesting
policies and performance analysis,” International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 30, no. 18, 2017.
[9] D.-T. Do, A.-T. Le and B.-M. Lee, “On Performance Analysis of Underlay Cognitive Radio-Aware Hybrid
OMA/NOMA Networks with Imperfect CSI,” Electronics, vol. 8 no.7, pp. 819, 2019.
[10] Dinh-Thuan Do, Chi-Bao Le, A.-T. Le, ”Cooperative underlay cognitive radio assisted NOMA: secondary network
improvement and outage performance, ” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control),
vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 2147-2154, 2019.
[11] Dinh-Thuan Do, T.-T. Thi Nguyen, ”Exact Outage Performance Analysis of Amplify-and-Forward-Aware Cooper-
ative NOMA,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control), vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1966-
1973, 2018
[12] Dinh-Thuan Do, C.-B. Le, ”Exploiting Outage Performance of Wireless Powered NOMA,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecom-
munication, Computing, Electronics and Control), vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1907-1917, 2018.
[13] D.-T. Do, A.-T. Le, C.-B. Le and B. M. Lee “On Exact Outage and Throughput Performance of Cognitive Radio
based Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Networks With and Without D2D Link,” Sensors (Basel), vol. 19, no. 15, pp.
3314, 2019.
[14] Dinh-Thuan Do, M.-S. Van Nguyen, T.-A. Hoang and M. Voznak, “NOMA-Assisted Multiple Access Scheme for IoT
Deployment: Relay Selection Model and Secrecy Performance Improvement,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 3, p736, 2019.
[15] D.-T. Do and A.-T. Le, “NOMA based cognitive relaying: Transceiver hardware impairments, relay selection policies
and outage performance comparison,” Computer Communications, vol. 146, pp. 144-154, 2019.
[16] T.-L. Nguyen and Dinh-Thuan Do, ”Power allocation schemes for wireless powered NOMA systems with imperfect
CSI: An application in multiple antenna–based relay,” International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 31, no.
15, e3789, 2018.
[17] D.-T. Do, M. Vaezi and T.-L. Nguyen, “Wireless Powered Cooperative Relaying using NOMA with Imperfect CSI,”
in Proc. of IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 1-6, 2018.
[18] Dinh-Thuan Do and M.-S. Van Nguyen, ”Device-to-device transmission modes in NOMA network with and without
Wireless Power Transfer,” Computer Communications, Vol. 139, pp. 67-77, May 2019.
[19] T.-L. Nguyen and Dinh-Thuan Do, ”Exploiting Impacts of Intercell Interference on SWIPT-assisted Non-orthogonal
Multiple Access,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, pp. 12, 2018.
[20] E. Khorov, A. Kureev, and I. Levitsky, ”NOMA testbed on Wi-Fi,” in Proc. IEEE 29th Annu. Int. Symp. Pers., Indoor
Mobile Radio Commun.(PIMRC), Sep. 2018, pp. 1153–1154.
[21] J. Zeng, T. Lv, R. P. Liu, X. Su, M. Peng, C. Wang, and J. Mei, ”Investigation on evolving single-carrier NOMA into
multi-carrier NOMA in 5G,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 48268–48288, 2018.
[22] F. Kara and H. Kaya, “On the error performance of cooperative-NOMA with statistical CSIT,” IEEE Commun. Lett.,
Bulletin of Electr Eng Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 811 – 819
9. Bulletin of Electr Eng Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 r 819
vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 128–131, Jan. 2019.
[23] O. Abbasi, A. Ebrahimi, and N. Mokari, ”NOMA inspired cooperative relaying system using an AF relay,” IEEE
Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 261–264, Feb. 2019.
[24] S. K. Zaidi, S. F. Hasan, and X. Gui, “Evaluating the ergodic rate in SWIPT-aided hybrid NOMA,” IEEE Commun.
Lett., vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1870–1873, Jun. 2018.
[25] J. W. Kim, S. Y. Shin, and V. C. M. Leung, ”Performance enhancement of downlink NOMA by combination with
GSSK,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 860–863, Oct. 2018.
[26] J. W. Kim, S. Y. Shin, and V. C. M. Leung, ”Performance enhancement of downlink NOMA by combination with
GSSK,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 860–863, Oct. 2018.
[27] M. Ashraf, J. Jang, J. Han and K. G. Lee, ”Capacity Maximizing Adaptive Power Splitting Protocol for Cooperative
Energy Harvesting Communication Systems,” IEEE Commun. Letters, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 902-905, May 2018.
Joint impacts of relaying scheme and wireless power... (Anh-Tu Le)