The document proposes an energy-efficient user association mechanism enabling fully hybrid spectrum sharing among multiple 5G cellular operators. It presents a network model with four independent operators, where each operator owns a set of mmWave base stations. The spectrum is divided into licensed, semi-shared, and fully-shared portions to serve users belonging to the different operators. The proposed QoE-based energy-efficient user association and fully hybrid spectrum sharing approach aims to maximize the energy efficiency of the four operators while maintaining a high quality of experience for users. Numerical results show that the approach can significantly improve energy efficiency for the operators compared to a maximum SINR-based approach, while still providing high quality of service to users.
Spectrum sharing paradigm (SSP) has recently emerged as an attractive solution to provide capital expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenditure (OpEx) savings and to enhance spectrum utilization (SU). However, practical issues concerning the implementation of such paradigm are rarely addressed (e.g., mutual interference, fairness, and mmWave base station density). Therefore, in this paper, we proposed ultra-reliable and proportionally fair hybrid spectrum sharing access strategy that aims to address the aforementioned aspects as a function of coverage probability (CP), average rate distributions (ARD), and the number of mmWave base stations (mBSs). In this strategy, the spectrum is sliced into three parts (exclusive, semi-pooled, and fully pooled). A typical user that belongs to certain operator has the right to occupy a part of the spectrum available in the high and low frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) based on an adaptive multi-state mmWave cell selection scheme (AMMC-S) which associates the user with the tagged mBS that offers a highest SINR to maintain more reliable connection and enrich the user experience. Numerical results show that significant improvement in terms of ARD, CP, fairness among operators, and maintain an acceptable level of mBSs density.
1. The document proposes an energy efficiency optimization power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems to improve energy efficiency.
2. In existing TDD MU-MIMO systems, high bit error rates result from imperfect channel state information. The proposed EEOPA algorithm aims to address this by optimizing power allocation.
3. The algorithm involves using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and adapting the modulation scheme based on channel quality measurements to improve energy efficiency while maintaining low bit error rates. Simulation results show the algorithm can calculate SNR and BER to validate the energy efficiency gains.
Review on Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology. Massive MIMO involves using a large number (tens to hundreds) of antennas at base stations to serve multiple single-antenna users simultaneously. It can dramatically increase network capacity and spectral efficiency while improving energy efficiency. Challenges include developing accurate channel models, addressing issues like pilot contamination, and designing low-cost hardware to implement massive MIMO on a large scale. Overall, massive MIMO is seen as a promising technology to meet future wireless communication needs but requires further research to realize its full potential benefits.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improving of Energy Efficiency in LTE based MIMO-OFDM systems with Multiuser ...IRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a traffic-based resource and energy allocation algorithm to improve energy efficiency in LTE networks using MIMO and OFDMA technologies.
2) It analyzes existing resource allocation schemes that focus on energy efficiency but do not guarantee quality of service (QoS) for users, especially in high traffic load scenarios.
3) The proposed algorithm aims to minimize energy consumption at base stations while satisfying certain QoS requirements for users, even with high traffic loads, by allocating resources across multiple carrier components.
Green technology is the development of products and systems that minimize environmental impact and conserve resources. It aims to reduce degradation of the environment, greenhouse gas emissions, and efficient use of energy and natural resources. Spectral efficiency refers to the information rate transmitted over a given bandwidth, while energy efficiency is the number of bits transmitted per joule of energy. Techniques like orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, multiple-input multiple-output, and relay transmission can improve the spectral efficiency of wireless networks. Adaptively allocating resources and turning off redundant systems when not in use can enhance both the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency-energy efficiency tradeoff.
Adaptive Antenna Selection and Power Allocation in Downlink Massive MIMO Syst...IJECEIAES
Massive multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) systems are an exciting area of study and an important technique for fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks that support high data rate traffic. An increased number of antenna arrays at the base station (BS) consumes more power due to a higher number of radio frequency (RF) chains, which cannot be neglected and becomes a technical challenge. In this paper, we investigated how to obtain the maximal data rate by deriving the optimal number of RF chains from a large number of available antenna arrays at the BS when there is equal power allocation among users. Meanwhile, to mitigate inter-user-interference and to compute transmit power allocation, we used the precoding scheme zero forcing beamforming (ZFBF). The achievable data rate is increased because the algorithm of ZFBF enables the choosing of the maximum power in relation to the optimal antenna selection. We conclude that the transmit power allocation allows the use of less number of RF chains which provides the maximum achievable data rate depending on the optimal RF chain at the BS.
This document analyzes the capacity of MIMO wireless channels when accounting for impairments from physical transceiver hardware limitations. It is shown that when including the effects of transceiver impairments like non-linearities, phase noise, and quantization noise, the capacity of MIMO channels reaches a finite limit as SNR increases, rather than increasing without bound. This results in a zero multiplexing gain, unlike the ideal case without impairments. However, the relative capacity increase from MIMO over single-antenna channels remains at least as large when including impairments. Various figures are presented showing the capacity and multiplexing gain for different channel models and transceiver configurations. The document concludes by stating the analysis provides insights into understanding
Spectrum sharing paradigm (SSP) has recently emerged as an attractive solution to provide capital expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenditure (OpEx) savings and to enhance spectrum utilization (SU). However, practical issues concerning the implementation of such paradigm are rarely addressed (e.g., mutual interference, fairness, and mmWave base station density). Therefore, in this paper, we proposed ultra-reliable and proportionally fair hybrid spectrum sharing access strategy that aims to address the aforementioned aspects as a function of coverage probability (CP), average rate distributions (ARD), and the number of mmWave base stations (mBSs). In this strategy, the spectrum is sliced into three parts (exclusive, semi-pooled, and fully pooled). A typical user that belongs to certain operator has the right to occupy a part of the spectrum available in the high and low frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) based on an adaptive multi-state mmWave cell selection scheme (AMMC-S) which associates the user with the tagged mBS that offers a highest SINR to maintain more reliable connection and enrich the user experience. Numerical results show that significant improvement in terms of ARD, CP, fairness among operators, and maintain an acceptable level of mBSs density.
1. The document proposes an energy efficiency optimization power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems to improve energy efficiency.
2. In existing TDD MU-MIMO systems, high bit error rates result from imperfect channel state information. The proposed EEOPA algorithm aims to address this by optimizing power allocation.
3. The algorithm involves using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and adapting the modulation scheme based on channel quality measurements to improve energy efficiency while maintaining low bit error rates. Simulation results show the algorithm can calculate SNR and BER to validate the energy efficiency gains.
Review on Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology. Massive MIMO involves using a large number (tens to hundreds) of antennas at base stations to serve multiple single-antenna users simultaneously. It can dramatically increase network capacity and spectral efficiency while improving energy efficiency. Challenges include developing accurate channel models, addressing issues like pilot contamination, and designing low-cost hardware to implement massive MIMO on a large scale. Overall, massive MIMO is seen as a promising technology to meet future wireless communication needs but requires further research to realize its full potential benefits.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improving of Energy Efficiency in LTE based MIMO-OFDM systems with Multiuser ...IRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a traffic-based resource and energy allocation algorithm to improve energy efficiency in LTE networks using MIMO and OFDMA technologies.
2) It analyzes existing resource allocation schemes that focus on energy efficiency but do not guarantee quality of service (QoS) for users, especially in high traffic load scenarios.
3) The proposed algorithm aims to minimize energy consumption at base stations while satisfying certain QoS requirements for users, even with high traffic loads, by allocating resources across multiple carrier components.
Green technology is the development of products and systems that minimize environmental impact and conserve resources. It aims to reduce degradation of the environment, greenhouse gas emissions, and efficient use of energy and natural resources. Spectral efficiency refers to the information rate transmitted over a given bandwidth, while energy efficiency is the number of bits transmitted per joule of energy. Techniques like orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, multiple-input multiple-output, and relay transmission can improve the spectral efficiency of wireless networks. Adaptively allocating resources and turning off redundant systems when not in use can enhance both the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency-energy efficiency tradeoff.
Adaptive Antenna Selection and Power Allocation in Downlink Massive MIMO Syst...IJECEIAES
Massive multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) systems are an exciting area of study and an important technique for fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks that support high data rate traffic. An increased number of antenna arrays at the base station (BS) consumes more power due to a higher number of radio frequency (RF) chains, which cannot be neglected and becomes a technical challenge. In this paper, we investigated how to obtain the maximal data rate by deriving the optimal number of RF chains from a large number of available antenna arrays at the BS when there is equal power allocation among users. Meanwhile, to mitigate inter-user-interference and to compute transmit power allocation, we used the precoding scheme zero forcing beamforming (ZFBF). The achievable data rate is increased because the algorithm of ZFBF enables the choosing of the maximum power in relation to the optimal antenna selection. We conclude that the transmit power allocation allows the use of less number of RF chains which provides the maximum achievable data rate depending on the optimal RF chain at the BS.
This document analyzes the capacity of MIMO wireless channels when accounting for impairments from physical transceiver hardware limitations. It is shown that when including the effects of transceiver impairments like non-linearities, phase noise, and quantization noise, the capacity of MIMO channels reaches a finite limit as SNR increases, rather than increasing without bound. This results in a zero multiplexing gain, unlike the ideal case without impairments. However, the relative capacity increase from MIMO over single-antenna channels remains at least as large when including impairments. Various figures are presented showing the capacity and multiplexing gain for different channel models and transceiver configurations. The document concludes by stating the analysis provides insights into understanding
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance of symmetric and asymmetric links in wireless networks IJECEIAES
Wireless networks are designed to provide the enabling infrastructure for emerging technological advancements. The main characteristics of wireless networks are: Mobility, power constraints, high packet loss, and lower bandwidth. Nodes’ mobility is a crucial consideration for wireless networks, as nodes are moving all the time, and this may result in loss of connectivity in the network. The goal of this work is to explore the effect of replacing the generally held assumption of symmetric radii for wireless networks with asymmetric radii. This replacement may have a direct impact on the connectivity, throughput, and collision avoidance mechanism of mobile networks. The proposed replacement may also impact other mobile protocol’s functionality. In this work, we are mainly concerned with building and maintaining fully connected wireless network with the asymmetric assumption. For this extent, we propose to study the effect of the asymmetric links assumption on the network performance using extensive simulation experiments. Extensive simulation experiments were performed to measure the impact of these parameters. Finally, a resource allocation scheme for wireless networks is proposed for the dual rate scenario. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated using simulation.
Paper Review: ENERGY-EFFICIENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS TUTORIAL, SURVEY, AND ...Kaivalya Shah
This paper reviews energy-efficient wireless communications, providing an introduction to basic concepts, summarizing existing fundamental works and advanced techniques, and discussing open issues. Some techniques discussed include OFDMA networks, MIMO techniques, relay transmission, and resource allocation between signaling and data symbols. The paper concludes that while techniques like OFDMA, MIMO, and relaying can improve energy efficiency, joint optimization across techniques and consideration of practical factors is still needed, particularly for multi-user and multi-cell scenarios.
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are considered a promising solution to minimize multiuser interference (MUI) based on simple precoding techniques with a massive antenna array at a base station (BS). This paper presents a novel approach of beam division multiple access (BDMA) which BS transmit signals to multiusers at the same time via different beams based on hybrid beamforming and user-beam schedule. With the selection of users whose steering vectors are orthogonal to each other, interference between users is significantly improved. While, the efficiency spectrum of proposed scheme reaches to the performance of fully digital solutions, the multiuser interference is considerably reduced.
Energy Efficient Wireless CommunicationsJingon Joung
The tutorial begins with a brief introduction of spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) in communications. Various definitions of EE will also be covered briefly. One typically used EE, i.e., bits-per-Joule, is theoretically derived and the ideal SE-EE tradeoff is introduced. It is recognized that a power amplifier (PA) is one of the most critical components in wireless communication systems and consumes a significant fraction of the total energy. The fundamental properties of PA, such as linearity and efficiency, are introduced. With the practical characteristics of PA, the detrimental effects of the signal non-linearity and power inefficiency of the PA on the SE, EE, and their tradeoff, are quantified.
Next, various existing EE-improving techniques are categorized from three perspectives: PA design, signal design and network design. This broad understanding based on the three categories will help motivate holistic design approaches to mitigate the non-ideal effects in real-life PA devices, and accelerate cross-domain research to further enhance the available techniques for high EE or good SE-EE tradeoff.
Last, the remaining challenges and future work for EE issue will be discussed.
Enabling full-duplex in multiple access technique for 5G wireless networks ov...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document analyzes the performance of a two-user non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network where one user is served directly by the base station and the other is served via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay operating in full-duplex mode. It derives the exact outage probabilities of the two users under Rician fading channels. The analysis provides guidelines for designing UAV-enabled wireless networks using NOMA techniques. Key results include the outage probabilities accounting for interference at both the UAV relay and users under different self-interference conditions at the relay.
Beamforming with per antenna power constraint and transmit antenna selection ...sipij
This document presents techniques for beamforming and antenna selection in cooperative distributed antenna systems using convex optimization. It formulates beamforming as a convex optimization problem to minimize total weighted transmit power while satisfying per-antenna power constraints and SINR thresholds. Antenna selection is also formulated as a convex problem to maximize channel capacity by selecting an optimal subset of antennas from available remote antenna units. Simulation results show that integrating beamforming into distributed antenna systems enhances performance and achieves a lower transmit power compared to non-beamforming techniques. The per-antenna power constraint also yields better performance than a sum power constraint.
This document summarizes a presentation on analyzing massive MIMO systems under different wireless scenarios. It begins with background on mobile communication generations and challenges with exponentially growing data demand. It then discusses massive MIMO as a promising technology for 5G, noting it can support large numbers of users simultaneously and increase spectrum efficiency. However, challenges include hardware mismatch in TDD systems and highly correlated spatial gains. The presentation outlines analyzing the impact of these issues, as well as the feasibility of massive MIMO in cooperative networks. It proposes modeling hardware mismatch and deriving the probability distribution functions of amplitude and phase mismatches. It also discusses using different precoding techniques like zero-forcing to calculate signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio in the down
1) The document proposes an efficient carrier Ethernet overbooking solution for mobile backhaul networks. It develops a statistical method to derive a safe overbooking factor at the user-network-interface (UNI) based on peak utilization data.
2) It then presents two transport architectures to support bandwidth sharing across a cellular cluster using a single Ethernet virtual connection (EVC) pipe with an overbooked bandwidth.
3) A novel bandwidth control algorithm is also introduced to provide quality of service for multimedia traffic over the overbooked UNI, with service level agreement policing and protection for high priority services. Experimental and simulation results show that the new schemes can improve resource utilization, reduce costs, and maintain backhaul performance
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
- The document analyzes the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and Nakagami-m fading.
- It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability of two users in such NOMA systems considering the joint impact of imperfect CSI and Nakagami-m fading.
- Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical outage probability expressions derived for the two users under the system and channel models considered.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY EFFICIENT COOPERATIVE MIMO AND COOPERATIVE RELAY IN...jantjournal
Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for
prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO
scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different
cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.
Downlink massive full dimension-multiple input multiple output downlink beam...IJECEIAES
The long-term evolution and advancement (LTE-A) of the 5G wireless network depends critically on energy consumption. Many existing solutions focus on limiting power constraints and consequently system coverage. So, improving the antenna array elements of the base station (BS) can solve this issue. In this paper, introduce a coordinated ON-OFF switching method in the massive full dimensional multiple input multiple output (massive-FD-MIMO) system. It enhances the radiation pattern of the antenna array element by adjusting the angular power spectra at the BS. By the way, it allows to select the minimum number of antennas for effective beamforming toward specific user equipment’s (UEs). In this context, part of antenna element should be active mode and remining should be sleep mode at the time of signal beamforming. The multipath spatial profiles are decided the beamforming frequency band with minimize energy consumption. As part of the method, we used a conjugated beamforming with power optimization scheme to determine the individual antenna potential and fading channel condition, power optimization is performed. This method quality of service, reliability, energy consumption and data rate can all be evaluated by experimenting with different-sized antenna arrays such as 16×16, 32×32, 64×64 and 128×128.
Magnetic resonance coupling for 5G WPT applicationsjournalBEEI
Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (IWPT) is the most popular and common technology for the resonance coupling power transfer. However, in 2007 it has experimentally demonstrated by a research group from Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT) that WPT can be improved by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Power Transfer (MRC WPT) in terms of the coupling distance and efficiency. Furthermore, by exploiting the unused, high-frequency mm-wave band which are ranging from 3~300 GHz frequency band, the next 5G generations of wireless networks will be able to support a higher number of devices with the increasing data rate, higher energy efficiency and also compatible with the previous technology. In this work, a square planar inductor with the dimension of 6.1 x 6.1 mm is designed, and the resonators have the same self-resonance frequency at 14 GHz. The coil resonators have been laid on Silicon and Oxide substrate to reduce the loss in the design. From the CST software simulation and the analytical model in MATLAB software, it has been shown that the MRC WPT design has improved the performance of IWPT design by 40% power transfer efficiency. MRC WPT design also has larger H-Field value which is 705.5 A/m, as compared to the IWPT design which has only 285.6 A/m when both Transmitter(Tx) and Reciever(RX) is at 0.3 mm coupling distance.
Adaptive Multi-state Millimeter Wave Cell Selection Scheme for 5G communicati...IJECEIAES
Millimeter wave bands have been introduced as one of the most promising solutions to alleviate the spectrum secrecy in the upcoming future cellular technology (5G) due the enormous amount of raw bandwidth available in these bands. However, the inherent propagation characteristics of mmWave frequencies could impose new challenges i.e. higher path loss, atmospheric absorption, and rain attenuation which in turn increase the outage probability and hence, degrading the overall system performance. Therefore, in this paper, a novel flexible scheme is proposed namely Adaptive Multi-State MmWave Cell Selection (AMSMCS) through adopting three classes of mmWave base stations, able to operate at various mmWave carrier frequencies (73, 38 and 28 GHz). Two mmWave cellular Grid-Based cell deployment scenarios have been implemented with two inter-site-distances 200 m and 300 m, corresponding to target area of (2.1 km2) and (2.2 km2). The maximum SINR value at the user equipment (UE) is taken in to consideration to enrich the mobile user experience. Numerical results show an improvement of overall system performance, where the outage probability reduced significantly to zero while maintaining an acceptable performance of the 5G systems with approximately more than 50% of the mobile stations with more than 1Gbps data rate.
Secure and Energy Savings Communication of Flying Ad Hoc Network for Rescue O...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article about developing a secure and energy-efficient routing protocol for Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs) used in rescue operations. The protocol aims to address issues like lack of congestion control, reliability, and high energy consumption in FANETs. It proposes forming clusters of flying nodes based on distance and energy levels. It then calculates remaining energy of nodes to save resources. Finally, it establishes communication between clusters and a ground operation center using node velocity and location data. The goal is to enable secure and energy-efficient communication for coordinating rescue efforts using a rapidly deployable FANET.
Integrating millimeter wave with hybrid precoding multiuser massive MIMO for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, there has been growing interest in the Massive MIMO as a result of improving throughput by leveraging spatial freedom and array gain. It is equipped with millimeter wave (mm Wave) bands to resolve the high path-loss. It is known from the literature that iterated algorithms are usually used to attain the hybrid precoders to accomplish a specific optimization objective. Thus, the complexity remains high because each iteration may include singular value decomposition, the matrix inversion, and so on that motivates us to split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into sub-problems. The proposed solution is a multi-user Massive MIMO hybrid beamforming based on a convex optimization problem that is applied and solved for estimating the digital precoding to eliminate inter-user interference while using codebooks to select analog beamformers. It is apparent in the majority of cases; the proposed beamforming performance is higher than only-analog beamforming, single-user (no interference), the ZF precoding, the MMSE precoding, and the Kalman precoding where the full digital solution is a considerable as the benchmark point with different scenarios due to the reduction of user interference. Thus, there is no consideration for complicated operations such as SVD or inversion matrices as well as no need for data estimation. Our proposed solution can serve a large number of users simultaneously due to more directive gain by using numerous antennas at BS. Based on its less complexity and keeping performance, our solution can be recommended.
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes improving the performance of 5G systems using maximum ratio transmission (MRT) with multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) by incorporating weighted overlap-add (WOLA) precoding. It compares the proposed WOLA-MRT system to a standard MRT system with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Simulation results show the proposed system achieves approximately 60% higher throughput and a 2% lower bit error rate than the standard system, demonstrating significant performance enhancements for 5G massive MIMO networks.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
SINR Analysis and Interference Management of Macrocell Cellular Networks in D...umere15
This document analyzes signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and interference management in 5G macrocell cellular networks operating at 30 GHz in dense urban environments. It first investigates appropriate interference models for predicting outage events. It then creates a network simulation with 19 sites based on real geospatial data from NIT Srinagar, with each site having multiple cells. SINR maps are generated and compared for single antennas versus antenna arrays. The interference ball model is used to simplify interference calculation by only considering nearby interferers. Configuration parameters from ITU-R reports are used to simulate the network according to dense urban specifications.
Enhancing Survivability, Lifetime, and Energy Efficiency of Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
In this paper, we focus on improving wireless networks survivability in terms of increasing network lifetime and its energy efficiency via clustering the network in an efficient way. Clustering the network is the procedure of partitioning it into groups, where each of them is known as a cluster. Each cluster elects the station with the highest power to be a cluster head. The remaining stations follow the nearest cluster head. Instead of having each station sends its packets to a remote receiver, the cluster head receives packets from all stations within its cluster, aggregates them, and forwards the resulting packets to the remote receiver. The most significant benefit of clustering the network that we focus on is to decrease distances between sending and receiving stations, which in turn reduces the transmission energy. This reduction in the energy yields an increase in the network lifetime and its survivability.
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance of symmetric and asymmetric links in wireless networks IJECEIAES
Wireless networks are designed to provide the enabling infrastructure for emerging technological advancements. The main characteristics of wireless networks are: Mobility, power constraints, high packet loss, and lower bandwidth. Nodes’ mobility is a crucial consideration for wireless networks, as nodes are moving all the time, and this may result in loss of connectivity in the network. The goal of this work is to explore the effect of replacing the generally held assumption of symmetric radii for wireless networks with asymmetric radii. This replacement may have a direct impact on the connectivity, throughput, and collision avoidance mechanism of mobile networks. The proposed replacement may also impact other mobile protocol’s functionality. In this work, we are mainly concerned with building and maintaining fully connected wireless network with the asymmetric assumption. For this extent, we propose to study the effect of the asymmetric links assumption on the network performance using extensive simulation experiments. Extensive simulation experiments were performed to measure the impact of these parameters. Finally, a resource allocation scheme for wireless networks is proposed for the dual rate scenario. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated using simulation.
Paper Review: ENERGY-EFFICIENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS TUTORIAL, SURVEY, AND ...Kaivalya Shah
This paper reviews energy-efficient wireless communications, providing an introduction to basic concepts, summarizing existing fundamental works and advanced techniques, and discussing open issues. Some techniques discussed include OFDMA networks, MIMO techniques, relay transmission, and resource allocation between signaling and data symbols. The paper concludes that while techniques like OFDMA, MIMO, and relaying can improve energy efficiency, joint optimization across techniques and consideration of practical factors is still needed, particularly for multi-user and multi-cell scenarios.
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are considered a promising solution to minimize multiuser interference (MUI) based on simple precoding techniques with a massive antenna array at a base station (BS). This paper presents a novel approach of beam division multiple access (BDMA) which BS transmit signals to multiusers at the same time via different beams based on hybrid beamforming and user-beam schedule. With the selection of users whose steering vectors are orthogonal to each other, interference between users is significantly improved. While, the efficiency spectrum of proposed scheme reaches to the performance of fully digital solutions, the multiuser interference is considerably reduced.
Energy Efficient Wireless CommunicationsJingon Joung
The tutorial begins with a brief introduction of spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) in communications. Various definitions of EE will also be covered briefly. One typically used EE, i.e., bits-per-Joule, is theoretically derived and the ideal SE-EE tradeoff is introduced. It is recognized that a power amplifier (PA) is one of the most critical components in wireless communication systems and consumes a significant fraction of the total energy. The fundamental properties of PA, such as linearity and efficiency, are introduced. With the practical characteristics of PA, the detrimental effects of the signal non-linearity and power inefficiency of the PA on the SE, EE, and their tradeoff, are quantified.
Next, various existing EE-improving techniques are categorized from three perspectives: PA design, signal design and network design. This broad understanding based on the three categories will help motivate holistic design approaches to mitigate the non-ideal effects in real-life PA devices, and accelerate cross-domain research to further enhance the available techniques for high EE or good SE-EE tradeoff.
Last, the remaining challenges and future work for EE issue will be discussed.
Enabling full-duplex in multiple access technique for 5G wireless networks ov...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document analyzes the performance of a two-user non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network where one user is served directly by the base station and the other is served via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay operating in full-duplex mode. It derives the exact outage probabilities of the two users under Rician fading channels. The analysis provides guidelines for designing UAV-enabled wireless networks using NOMA techniques. Key results include the outage probabilities accounting for interference at both the UAV relay and users under different self-interference conditions at the relay.
Beamforming with per antenna power constraint and transmit antenna selection ...sipij
This document presents techniques for beamforming and antenna selection in cooperative distributed antenna systems using convex optimization. It formulates beamforming as a convex optimization problem to minimize total weighted transmit power while satisfying per-antenna power constraints and SINR thresholds. Antenna selection is also formulated as a convex problem to maximize channel capacity by selecting an optimal subset of antennas from available remote antenna units. Simulation results show that integrating beamforming into distributed antenna systems enhances performance and achieves a lower transmit power compared to non-beamforming techniques. The per-antenna power constraint also yields better performance than a sum power constraint.
This document summarizes a presentation on analyzing massive MIMO systems under different wireless scenarios. It begins with background on mobile communication generations and challenges with exponentially growing data demand. It then discusses massive MIMO as a promising technology for 5G, noting it can support large numbers of users simultaneously and increase spectrum efficiency. However, challenges include hardware mismatch in TDD systems and highly correlated spatial gains. The presentation outlines analyzing the impact of these issues, as well as the feasibility of massive MIMO in cooperative networks. It proposes modeling hardware mismatch and deriving the probability distribution functions of amplitude and phase mismatches. It also discusses using different precoding techniques like zero-forcing to calculate signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio in the down
1) The document proposes an efficient carrier Ethernet overbooking solution for mobile backhaul networks. It develops a statistical method to derive a safe overbooking factor at the user-network-interface (UNI) based on peak utilization data.
2) It then presents two transport architectures to support bandwidth sharing across a cellular cluster using a single Ethernet virtual connection (EVC) pipe with an overbooked bandwidth.
3) A novel bandwidth control algorithm is also introduced to provide quality of service for multimedia traffic over the overbooked UNI, with service level agreement policing and protection for high priority services. Experimental and simulation results show that the new schemes can improve resource utilization, reduce costs, and maintain backhaul performance
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
- The document analyzes the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and Nakagami-m fading.
- It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability of two users in such NOMA systems considering the joint impact of imperfect CSI and Nakagami-m fading.
- Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical outage probability expressions derived for the two users under the system and channel models considered.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY EFFICIENT COOPERATIVE MIMO AND COOPERATIVE RELAY IN...jantjournal
Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for
prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO
scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different
cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.
Downlink massive full dimension-multiple input multiple output downlink beam...IJECEIAES
The long-term evolution and advancement (LTE-A) of the 5G wireless network depends critically on energy consumption. Many existing solutions focus on limiting power constraints and consequently system coverage. So, improving the antenna array elements of the base station (BS) can solve this issue. In this paper, introduce a coordinated ON-OFF switching method in the massive full dimensional multiple input multiple output (massive-FD-MIMO) system. It enhances the radiation pattern of the antenna array element by adjusting the angular power spectra at the BS. By the way, it allows to select the minimum number of antennas for effective beamforming toward specific user equipment’s (UEs). In this context, part of antenna element should be active mode and remining should be sleep mode at the time of signal beamforming. The multipath spatial profiles are decided the beamforming frequency band with minimize energy consumption. As part of the method, we used a conjugated beamforming with power optimization scheme to determine the individual antenna potential and fading channel condition, power optimization is performed. This method quality of service, reliability, energy consumption and data rate can all be evaluated by experimenting with different-sized antenna arrays such as 16×16, 32×32, 64×64 and 128×128.
Magnetic resonance coupling for 5G WPT applicationsjournalBEEI
Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (IWPT) is the most popular and common technology for the resonance coupling power transfer. However, in 2007 it has experimentally demonstrated by a research group from Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT) that WPT can be improved by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Power Transfer (MRC WPT) in terms of the coupling distance and efficiency. Furthermore, by exploiting the unused, high-frequency mm-wave band which are ranging from 3~300 GHz frequency band, the next 5G generations of wireless networks will be able to support a higher number of devices with the increasing data rate, higher energy efficiency and also compatible with the previous technology. In this work, a square planar inductor with the dimension of 6.1 x 6.1 mm is designed, and the resonators have the same self-resonance frequency at 14 GHz. The coil resonators have been laid on Silicon and Oxide substrate to reduce the loss in the design. From the CST software simulation and the analytical model in MATLAB software, it has been shown that the MRC WPT design has improved the performance of IWPT design by 40% power transfer efficiency. MRC WPT design also has larger H-Field value which is 705.5 A/m, as compared to the IWPT design which has only 285.6 A/m when both Transmitter(Tx) and Reciever(RX) is at 0.3 mm coupling distance.
Adaptive Multi-state Millimeter Wave Cell Selection Scheme for 5G communicati...IJECEIAES
Millimeter wave bands have been introduced as one of the most promising solutions to alleviate the spectrum secrecy in the upcoming future cellular technology (5G) due the enormous amount of raw bandwidth available in these bands. However, the inherent propagation characteristics of mmWave frequencies could impose new challenges i.e. higher path loss, atmospheric absorption, and rain attenuation which in turn increase the outage probability and hence, degrading the overall system performance. Therefore, in this paper, a novel flexible scheme is proposed namely Adaptive Multi-State MmWave Cell Selection (AMSMCS) through adopting three classes of mmWave base stations, able to operate at various mmWave carrier frequencies (73, 38 and 28 GHz). Two mmWave cellular Grid-Based cell deployment scenarios have been implemented with two inter-site-distances 200 m and 300 m, corresponding to target area of (2.1 km2) and (2.2 km2). The maximum SINR value at the user equipment (UE) is taken in to consideration to enrich the mobile user experience. Numerical results show an improvement of overall system performance, where the outage probability reduced significantly to zero while maintaining an acceptable performance of the 5G systems with approximately more than 50% of the mobile stations with more than 1Gbps data rate.
Secure and Energy Savings Communication of Flying Ad Hoc Network for Rescue O...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article about developing a secure and energy-efficient routing protocol for Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs) used in rescue operations. The protocol aims to address issues like lack of congestion control, reliability, and high energy consumption in FANETs. It proposes forming clusters of flying nodes based on distance and energy levels. It then calculates remaining energy of nodes to save resources. Finally, it establishes communication between clusters and a ground operation center using node velocity and location data. The goal is to enable secure and energy-efficient communication for coordinating rescue efforts using a rapidly deployable FANET.
Integrating millimeter wave with hybrid precoding multiuser massive MIMO for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, there has been growing interest in the Massive MIMO as a result of improving throughput by leveraging spatial freedom and array gain. It is equipped with millimeter wave (mm Wave) bands to resolve the high path-loss. It is known from the literature that iterated algorithms are usually used to attain the hybrid precoders to accomplish a specific optimization objective. Thus, the complexity remains high because each iteration may include singular value decomposition, the matrix inversion, and so on that motivates us to split the hybrid precoding and combining problem into sub-problems. The proposed solution is a multi-user Massive MIMO hybrid beamforming based on a convex optimization problem that is applied and solved for estimating the digital precoding to eliminate inter-user interference while using codebooks to select analog beamformers. It is apparent in the majority of cases; the proposed beamforming performance is higher than only-analog beamforming, single-user (no interference), the ZF precoding, the MMSE precoding, and the Kalman precoding where the full digital solution is a considerable as the benchmark point with different scenarios due to the reduction of user interference. Thus, there is no consideration for complicated operations such as SVD or inversion matrices as well as no need for data estimation. Our proposed solution can serve a large number of users simultaneously due to more directive gain by using numerous antennas at BS. Based on its less complexity and keeping performance, our solution can be recommended.
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes improving the performance of 5G systems using maximum ratio transmission (MRT) with multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) by incorporating weighted overlap-add (WOLA) precoding. It compares the proposed WOLA-MRT system to a standard MRT system with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Simulation results show the proposed system achieves approximately 60% higher throughput and a 2% lower bit error rate than the standard system, demonstrating significant performance enhancements for 5G massive MIMO networks.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
SINR Analysis and Interference Management of Macrocell Cellular Networks in D...umere15
This document analyzes signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and interference management in 5G macrocell cellular networks operating at 30 GHz in dense urban environments. It first investigates appropriate interference models for predicting outage events. It then creates a network simulation with 19 sites based on real geospatial data from NIT Srinagar, with each site having multiple cells. SINR maps are generated and compared for single antennas versus antenna arrays. The interference ball model is used to simplify interference calculation by only considering nearby interferers. Configuration parameters from ITU-R reports are used to simulate the network according to dense urban specifications.
Enhancing Survivability, Lifetime, and Energy Efficiency of Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
In this paper, we focus on improving wireless networks survivability in terms of increasing network lifetime and its energy efficiency via clustering the network in an efficient way. Clustering the network is the procedure of partitioning it into groups, where each of them is known as a cluster. Each cluster elects the station with the highest power to be a cluster head. The remaining stations follow the nearest cluster head. Instead of having each station sends its packets to a remote receiver, the cluster head receives packets from all stations within its cluster, aggregates them, and forwards the resulting packets to the remote receiver. The most significant benefit of clustering the network that we focus on is to decrease distances between sending and receiving stations, which in turn reduces the transmission energy. This reduction in the energy yields an increase in the network lifetime and its survivability.
Power saving and optimal hybrid precoding in millimeter wave massive MIMO sys...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The proliferation of wireless services emerging from use cases offifth-generation(5G) technology is posing many challenges on cellular communicationinfrastructure. They demand to connect a massive number of devices withenhanced data rates. The massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)technology at millimeter-wave (mmWave) in combination with hybrid precodingemerges as a concrete tool to address the requirements of 5G networkdevelopments. But Massive MIMO systems consume significant power fornetwork operations. Hence the prior role is to improve the energy efficiency byreducing the power consumption. This paper presents the power optimizationmodels for massive MIMO systems considering perfect channel state information(CSI) and imperfect CSI. Further, this work proposes an optimal hybrid precodingsolution named extended simultaneous orthogonal matchingpursuit (ESOMP).Simulation results reveal that a constant sum-rate can be achieved in massiveMIMO systems while significantly reducing the power consumption. Theproposed extended SOMPhybrid precoder performsclose to the conventionaldigital beamforming method. Further, modulation schemes compatible withmassive MIMO systems are outlined and their bit error rate (BER) performance isinvestigated
Enhancement algorithm for reverse loop technique on planar reverse loop antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a method to stabilize wireless transfer efficiency (WTE) between two planar loop antennas using a reverse loop technique. The method involves introducing a reverse loop to the transmitting planar loop antenna to form a planar reverse loop antenna (PRLA). This helps control the mutual inductance between the antennas in the over-coupled region where they are closer than the optimal operating distance. Mathematical modeling and electromagnetic simulations show that the PRLA maintains a more constant mutual inductance with distance changes compared to conventional planar loop antennas. Fabricated prototypes validate that the reverse loop technique results in greater stability of WTE at closer distances without additional system adjustments.
This document proposes a joint power allocation and relay selection strategy to improve energy efficiency in 5G networks. It presents a three-layer system model using amplify-and-forward relays in a heterogeneous network of low and high power nodes. The strategy uses a Hidden Markov Model for probabilistic power allocation to client nodes based on factors like node type, distance, SNR and application, with the aim of optimizing total network power consumption. It also employs adaptive modulation schemes to lower power usage based on user distance from the source. The proposed algorithm and relay selection strategy for green communications aims to take a step towards more energy efficient 5G networks.
Evaluation of massive multiple-input multiple-output communication performanc...IAESIJAI
The fundamental of a downlink massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) energy-issue efficiency strategy is known as minimum mean squared error (MMSE) implementation degrades the performance of a downlink massive MIMO energy-efficiency scheme, so some improvements are adding for this precoding scheme to improve its workthat is called our proposal solution as a proposed improved MMSE precoder (PIMP). The energy efficiency (EE) study has also taken into mind drastically lowering radiated power while maintaining high throughput and minimizing interference issues. We further find the tradeoff between spectral efficiency (SE) and EE although they coincide at the beginning but later their interests become conflicting and divergent then leading EE to decrease so gradually while SE continues increasing logarithmically. The results achieved that for a single-cellular massive MU-MIMO downlink model, our PIMP scheme is the appropriate scenario to achieve higher precoding performance system. Furthermore, both maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and PIMP are suitable for performance improvement in massive MIMO results of EE and SE. So, the main contribution comes with this work that highest EE and SE are belong to use a PIMP which performs better appreciably than MRT at bigger ratio of number of antennas to the number of the users.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
Block diagonalization for Multi-user MIMO Beamforming Performance over Rician...IRJET Journal
This document discusses block diagonalization (BD) precoding performance in multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) beamforming systems over Rician fading channels. It begins with an abstract that introduces BD precoding as a linear precoding method for MU-MIMO broadcast channels that transmits interference-free data streams to multiple users by designing beamforming vectors. The document then evaluates BD precoding performance over both Rayleigh and Rician fading channels through simulation. The results show that the Rician fading channel provides better error rate performance than the Rayleigh channel, especially at low Rician factors.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
Enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach for interference mitigation in f...journalBEEI
Small cell networks are expected to heavily be deployed in wireless communication networks due to it ability to enhance signals quality and spectrum utilisation. However, interference is posing a major threat to wireless communication especially cellular femtocell networks whereby its performance is degraded in dense deployment areas. For this reason, an enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach is proposed in this paper to mitigate the interference in femtocell networks. This is achieved by dividing the service area and frequency into three regions and three sets whereby each set is allocated different frequency set. The femtocell location is later obtained and assigned frequency in accordance to the region. The proposed approach helps in reducing the interference, boost the signal to interference plus noise (SINR), and enhance the throughput.
Joint impacts of relaying scheme and wireless power transfer in multiple acce...journalBEEI
This paper considers ergodic capacity of energy harvesting (EH) based cellular networks. Such a network employs non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) together with relaying scheme to serve two far users. In this system model, relay is facilitated power splitting (PS) protocol to implement energy harvesting (EH). To examine capacity, expressions of signal to noise ratio (SNR) need be computed to achieve capacity. Power allocation factors are different for two users in such system and hence performance gap happens to distinguish requirements for separated users. It can be confirmed that the proposed paradigm exhibits maximal achievable capacity in some scenarios of setting parameters. To confirm exactness of the analytical expressions and show advantages of the proposed EH-NOMA, simulation results are performed in terms of ergodic capacity.
Performance Enhancement in SU and MU MIMO-OFDM Technique for Wireless Communi...IJECEIAES
The consistent demand for higher data rates and need to send giant volumes of data while not compromising the quality of communication has led the development of a new generations of wireless systems. But range and data rate limitations are there in wireless devices. In an attempt to beat these limitations, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems will be used which also increase diversity and improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of wireless systems. They additionally increase the channel capacity, increase the transmitted data rate through spatial multiplexing, and/or reduce interference from other users. MIMO systems therefore create a promising communication system because of their high transmission rates without additional bandwidth or transmit power and robustness against multipath fading. This paper provides the overview of Multiuser MIMO system. A detailed review on how to increase performance of system and reduce the bit error rate (BER) in different fading environment e.g. Rayleigh fading, Rician fading, Nakagami fading, composite fading.
Similar to Energy-efficient user association mechanism enabling fully hybrid spectrum sharing among multiple 5G cellular operators (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
ResNet-n/DR: Automated diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using a residual neu...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a progressive eye disease associated with diabetes, resulting in blindness or blurred vision. The risk of vision loss was dramatically decreased with early diagnosis and treatment. Doctors diagnose DR by examining the fundus retinal images to develop lesions associated with the disease. However, this diagnosis is a tedious and challenging task due to growing undiagnosed and untreated DR cases and the variability of retinal changes across disease stages. Manually analyzing the images has become an expensive and time-consuming task, not to mention that training new specialists takes time and requires daily practice. Our work investigates deep learning methods, particularly convolutional neural network (CNN), for DR diagnosis in the disease’s five stages. A pre-trained residual neural network (ResNet-34) was trained and tested for DR. Then, we develop computationally efficient and scalable methods after modifying a ResNet-34 with three additional residual units as a novel ResNet-n/DR. The Asia Pacific Tele-Ophthalmology Society (APTOS) 2019 dataset was used to evaluate the performance of models after applying multiple pre-processing steps to eliminate image noise and improve color contrast, thereby increasing efficiency. Our findings achieved state-of-the-art results compared to previous studies that used the same dataset. It had 90.7% sensitivity, 93.5% accuracy, 98.2% specificity, 89.5% precision, and 90.1% F1 score.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
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efficiency (EE) of the cellular systems that support S-RATs to those with multi-RATs
capabilities, especially with the presence of resource sharing approach. For instance, joint
spectrum and energy efficient mmWave transmission scheme was presented in [12] that
combines the notion of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with beam space multiple-input
multiple output (MIMO). Power control and allocation are targeted by many researches
to improve EE by means of utilising different transmission power value in an adaptive way.
The idea of jointly optimising cell-association and power-control was proposed in [13] taking
the fast vehicle mobility and the traffic load conditions into consideration. In [14], a new adaptive
spectrum sharing schemes account for the channel estimation errors to improve EE considering
both half-duplex (HD) and full-duplex (FD) transmission. However, this scheme gave the priority
to the primary users (PUs).
Most of the existing works on multi-independent 5G mmWave cellular operators have
focused on coverage and rate probability optmisation [3, 5, 15–21]. There are limited works
on energy-efficient UA that support spectrum sharing among multiple cellular operators, which
is more complicated owing to the multi-carrier and multi-independent-RAT nature. Therefore,
in this paper, energy efficient UA mechanism enabling FHSS approach underlying
multi-independent 5G mmWave cellular operators is proposed while satisfying the QoE
(i.e., rate provisioning) constraints to the UEs to gain more insights about the possibility of jointly
maximising energy efficiency for all the participating operators taking into account maintaining
an acceptable level of 5G constraints.
2. Research Method
In this section, we first elaborate on the network model, followed by a set of
mathematical models related to the transmission model. Finally, some detailed description of
the proposed EE-FHSS approach is presented.
2.1. Network Model
Two tiers of multi-independent 5G mmWave cellular operators given by 𝒩.
Four operators are considered in this work underlying spectrum sharing approach in which each
operator 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
constituted of a set of mmWave base stations (mBSs) distinguished by 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
.
Each 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
operates optionally at both carrier frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) depends on the value
of 𝒞 𝓂 ∈ {0,1} such that if 𝒞 𝓂=0 then the carrier is 28 GHz and if 𝒞 𝓂=1 then the carrier is
73 GHz. More precisely, each 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
operates in a particular mode (licensed, semi-pooled,
fully-pooled) based on the index 𝓂. Let 𝒲 𝒩,𝒞 stands for the allocated spectrum to each
operator 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
. Let 𝒦 𝒩 be a set of mBSs belong to operator 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
and 𝒦 = 𝒦1 ∪ 𝒦1 … ∪ 𝒦𝑡ℎ refers
to a set of all mmWave base stations in the proposed architecture. Motivated by 5G small cells
can be easily attached to the street light poles, all mBSs are densely deployed following
grid-based layout in a hot spot area ℝ2. Let 𝒰 denotes a set of outdoor user equipments
(UEs) and 𝒰 = 𝒰1 ∪ 𝒰1 … ∪ 𝒰 𝒩, where, 𝒰 𝒩 represents a set of UEs that subscribes to
an operator 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
. 𝒦 𝒩 can serve 𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
which are subscribing to its own or to different
operator via licensed, semi-shared or fully-shared spectrum access strategy and the quality of
the link between the 𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
and the tagged 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
. Furthermore, all UEs are equipped with
multi-antenna systems.
2.2. Transmission Model
In this work, the log-normal shadowing path-loss model given by (1) is utilized to
compute the received signal power at the receiving side (RX) with path-loss exponent γ and
wavelength (3.4, 3.3 dB and 10.71, 4.106 mm) for both 28 GHz and 73 GHz carrier frequency
respectively [22]:
𝑃𝐿𝑑 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
= 𝑃𝐿𝑓𝑠(𝑑 𝑜) + 10 × 𝛾 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (
𝑑 𝒰𝒦
𝑑 𝑜
) + 𝑥 𝜎, (1)
where 𝑃𝐿𝑑 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
, 𝑑 𝒰𝒦, 𝑃𝐿 𝑓𝑠(𝑑 𝑜) stand for the path loss in dB for a typical UE
𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
associated with mBS 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
utilising carrier frequency 𝒞 and owned by operator 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
,
the separation distance in meters, and the close-interference free space path loss in dB
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Energy-efficient user association mechanism enabling fully hybrid... (Mothana L. Attiah)
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as identified in (2) respectively. Considering the close-in free space reference distance 𝑑 𝑜
is equal to 1 meter; 𝑥 𝜎 denotes zero-mean Gaussian random variable with 𝜎 as a standard
deviation in (dB).
𝑃𝐿𝑓𝑠(𝑑 𝑜) = 20 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (
4×𝜋×𝑑 𝑜
𝜆
), (2)
Typically, one of the most important factors in the calculation of the average received
signal power at the receiver side is the path loss attenuation. Therefore, we first apply (1)
to calculate the path loss attenuation and then execute (3) as follows:
Pr 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
= Pt
(𝒩,𝒞)
+ 𝐺𝑡
(𝒩,𝒞)
+ 𝐺𝑟
(𝒩,𝒞)
− 𝑃𝐿 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
(3)
where Pt
(𝒩,𝒞)
and Pr 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
are the transmitted and received power of mBS 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
respectively
which are controlled by operator 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
and operated at mmWave carrier frequency 𝒞; 𝐺𝑟
(𝒩,𝒞)
and
𝐺𝑡
(𝒩,𝒞)
are the directivity gains of the receiver and transmitter antennas in dBi, respectively.
To characterise the performance of each participating operator, we consider the 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅
as an indication to assess the outage probability as given in (4) [23]. We assume that any user
𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
be in outage if the 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 value is below than (𝑇ℎ𝑑 ≤ 0).
Ґ 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
=
Pr 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
∑ I 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)N
n=1 + η(𝒩,𝒞)
(4)
desired signal received by the receiver 𝒰 𝑡ℎ,𝒩
; η(𝒩,𝒞)
stands for the additive white noise power of
𝒩 𝑡ℎ
with respect to carrier frequency 𝒞.
Ґ 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
calculation opens the way for further user channel capacity calculation utilising
Shannon capacity theory as expressed in (5) [24]:
𝔇 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
= Ϥ 𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
× (
𝒲(𝒩,𝒞)
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝒰 𝒦
𝑡ℎ ) × 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
(1 + Ґ 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
) , (5)
where Ϥ 𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
stands for the minimum number of antennas in the transmitter/receiver side;
𝒲 𝒩,𝒞 stands for the predefined amount of spectrum bandwidth allocated to 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
; 𝔇 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
stands
for the channel capacity of 𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
; 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝒰 𝒦
𝑡ℎ
stands for the number of UEs associated with
the serving 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
.
2.3. Energy Efficiency (EE) Model
In the literature, the definition of EE varies according to the measured objects. In
a communication system, the generic energy efficiency calculation is modeled as the total sum
rate of the whole system divided by the total power consumption. However, as the objective of
this work is to maximize the EE for each individual UE-mBS link while maintaining a certain level
of QoE to the UEs, an efficient UA is involved to associate the user with the mBSs that provides
the best trade-off between rate provisioning and power consumption. Therefore, the EE is
defined in (6) as the number of achievable bits divided by the consumed energy (bits/Joule) for
the associated UE-mBS link represented by (𝒰𝒦) [25]:
𝐸𝐸 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
=
𝔇 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
𝑃 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞), (6)
where 𝑃𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
is the total power consumption that consumed by the mBS which is equal to
(
Pt
(𝒩,𝒞)
µ
+ 𝑃𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝒦
); µ and 𝑃𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝒦
(0.25 and 0.1 mW) stands for amplifier efficiency and the circuit
power consumed by each mBS respectively.
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2.4. QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS Model
In this subsection, the most important QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS considerations are
meticulously addressed underlying four multi-independent 5G mmWave cellular operators that
share a chunk of its own spectrum bandwidth amongst each other based on a set of predefined
roles (i.e., FHSS). Each operator adopts the same roles to associate a typical UE belong to its
own operator (based on licensed spectrum access strategy) or to another operator (based on
semi-fully shared spectrum access strategy) with the tagged mBSs that provides the best
𝔇 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
− 𝐸𝐸 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
trade-off to enhance the energy efficiency while retain a certain QoE to
the UEs. More precisely, each operator 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
grants a licensed access to 250 MHz at 28 GHz
carrier frequency (when 𝒞 𝓂 = 0) to 𝒰(𝑡ℎ𝑠,𝒩)
which are subscribing to its own operator in order to
evade inter-operator interference. Meanwhile, in the high carrier frequency 73 GHz,
the spectrum (when 𝒞 𝓂 = 1) is divided into two portions, each with 500 MHz. The first portion
(500 MHz) is shared among all operators. The second one (500 MHz) is sliced into two chunks
each is assigned as semi-shared to only two operators. The first chunk (250 GHz) is granted to
OP1 and OP4, and the second to OP2 and OP3. Based on that, there are three options for
the UE (i.e., Raihana) to be associated with a particular 𝒦𝑡ℎ,𝒩 as illustrated in Figure 1. Such
association is performed based on the proposed QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS which makes
a decision to associate (Raihana) with mBS1-OP2 as it offers the best 𝔇 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
− 𝐸𝐸 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
trade-off.
The baseline (max-SINR UA-FHSS) is similar to the proposed QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS.
Unlike, the UE (i.e., Raihana) is associated with mBS that provides the highest SINR. Based
on the above-mentioned FHSS roles, we adopt both max-SINR UA-FHSS and QoE-Based
EE UA-FHSS schemes as illustrated in Algorithm 1 to associate the UEs with 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
that offers
minimum energy consumption compared with the baseline max-SINR UA-FHSS which
associates the UEs with 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
that offers max-SINR.
Figure 1. An illustration of EE UA FHSS scheme
Algorithm 1 Pseudocode of the implementation based on max-SINR and max-EE
mUA-FHSS schemes
Input: Set the initial parameters of ∀ 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
∊ 𝒩, ∀𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
∊ 𝒦, ∀𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
∊ 𝒰, ∀ 𝒲 𝒩,𝒞, Pt
ℳ,𝑆κ, η(𝒩,𝒞)
,
𝐺𝑡
(𝒩,𝒞)
, 𝐺𝑟
ℳ,𝑆κ
.
1 Deployment of ∀𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
, ∀𝒰 𝑡ℎ,𝒩
all over the predetermined area (1.2 Km x 1.2 Km);
2 for ∀𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
∊ 𝒰 & ∀ 𝒩 𝑡ℎ
∊ 𝒩 do
3 Calculate 𝑑 𝒰𝒦 of ∀𝒰 𝑡ℎ,𝒩
in terms of ∀𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
that belong to the same or to the shared
operator;
4 Calculate 𝑃𝐿𝑓𝑠(𝑑 𝑜), 𝑃𝐿𝑑 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
, and Pr 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
of ∀𝒰 𝑡ℎ,𝒩
by means (1), (2), a (3);
5 Calculate Ґ 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
of ∀𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
in terms of ∀𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
that belong to the same or the shared
operator (4);
max-SINR mUA-FHSS scheme max-EE mUA-FHSS scheme
6 Associates ∀𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
to the serving 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
Compute 𝔇 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
of ∀𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
according
to (5);
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Energy-efficient user association mechanism enabling fully hybrid... (Mothana L. Attiah)
3207
that offers the highest Ґ 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
;
7 Calculate 𝔇 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
of ∀𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
according
to (5);
8
9 end for
Calculate 𝐸𝐸 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
of ∀𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
according
to (6);
Associates ∀𝒰(𝑡ℎ,𝒩)
to the tagged 𝒦 𝒩
𝑡ℎ
that
offers the highest 𝐸𝐸 𝒰𝒦
(𝒩,𝒞)
;
end for
10 Calculate the average rate (𝐴𝑣𝑔𝔇𝒩), where 𝒩= {1,2,3… 𝑁};
11 Calculate the average EE (𝐴𝑣𝑔𝐸𝐸𝒩), where 𝒩= {1,2,3… 𝑁};
Output: average rate, average of EE, and CDFs of EE;
3. Results and Analysis
In this section, the performance of the proposed QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS is
numerically evaluated considering both dissimilar spectrum allocation and hybrid mBSs
deployment. Two main performance measures (average rate and energy efficiency) are adopted
in the evaluation process to compare the proposed QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS with the baseline
well-known max-SINR UA-FHSS. The related configurations and simulation parameter settings
are listed in Table 1.
3.1. Average Rate Assessment
Some numerical results are described in this subsection which brings a confirmation
that QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS achieves a good QoE to the UEs in terms of average rate via
optimally choosing of the best EE and rate provisioning trade-off. The average rate of the UEs
that are served by the four mmWave cellular operators based on the proposed QoE-Based EE
UA-FHSS and the baseline max-SINR UA-FHSS is depicted on Figure 2. It is shown that
a certain level of QoE (i.e., the average rate more than one gigabit per second) was achieved to
satisfy the needs of the future 5G applications, while gaining more enhancement in the overall
EE as will be discussed in the next subsection. Figure 2 also shows the superior performance of
the proposed QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS over the baseline mechanism in terms of achieving
higher data rate (more than two folds).
Multiple Operators
OP1 OP2 OP3 OP4
AverageRate(Gbps)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Average rate utilising max-SINR-Based UA-FHSS
Average rate utilising QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS
Figure 2. Average rate of the four participating
cellular operators using QoE-Based EE and
max-SINR-Based UA FHSS schemes
Table 1. Simulation Parameter Settings
Parameters Description/value
MmWave Base
Station Layout
Grid-based Cell
Deployment
MmWave Base
Station Density
16
Number of Operator 4
UE Density 160 Users
Area of Simulation 1.2 Km2
Inter-Site-Distance
(ISD)
300 m
mBS Carrier
Frequency
28GHz and 73GHz
mBS Transmit Power 30 dBm
Noise Figure (US) 6 dB
Variant of White
Gaussian Noise
-174 dBm/Hz
mBS Bandwidth 1GHz for 28GHz and
73GHz
3.2. Energy Efficiency Distribution
In this subsection, the focus of attention is to analyse the system performance in terms
of EE for all participating operators. Figures 3 (a-d) show the energy efficiency distribution of
OP1, OP2, OP3, and OP4 respectively. Notably, the proposed QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS
outperforms the most conventional max-SINR UA-FHSS mechanism in terms of EE distribution
where on average more than (90%) of the UEs that belong to the four operators
experience more than (100 Mb/Joule) compared to (45%) with the adoption of the baseline UA
(max-SINR UA-FHSS). Furthermore, as depicted in Figure 4, the average of EE of the four
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3208
multi-independent 5G mmWave cellular operators utilizing QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS
significantly outweighs the baseline max-SINR UA-FHSS. More precisely, it was realized that
the average of EE of each participating operator is more than (350 Mb/Joule), achieving
an improvement more than two-fold over the baseline UA. This resulted from the enhancement
of the experienced rate.
Figure 3. A comparison of the CDFs of EE of the four mmWave cellular operators
utilising both our proposed QoE-Based EE-FHSS and the baseline max-SINR UA-FHSS
(a) OP1, (B) OP2, (c) OP3, (d) OP4
Multiple Operators
OP1 OP2 OP3 OP4
AverageofEE(Mb/Joule)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Max-SINR-Based UA-FHSS
QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS
Figure 4. Average of energy efficiency of the four operators utilizing
QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS and max-SINR UA FHSS
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3209
4. Conclusion
In this article, green and QoE-Based UA involving spectrum sharing approach is
presented considering multi-independent 5G mmWave cellular operators. Three spectrum
access strategies (licensed, semi-shared and fully-shared) are integrated in a hybrid manner to
provide an order of magnitude enhancement in both spectrum utilisation and individual UE-mBS
energy consumption. The numerical results show that such hybrid integration with its own
nature (i.e., diversity) can effectively enhance the data rate by means of reducing the mutual
interference issues amongst the participating operators. Furthermore, the utilization of
the proposed QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS attains considerable improvement in EE compared with
the max-SINR-Based UA-FHSS. The EE of the four mmWave cellular operators with
the adoption of QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS are improved with more than two folds over
the baseline max-SINR-Based UA-FHSS. Moreover, it enables a rapid creation of new wireless
applications or merging more than one operator (i.e. MergedCo) in a cost-effective manner due
to the reduction of operation expenditure (OpEx). In future work, we will expand this analysis by
means of involving more complex UA mechanism such as multi criteria decision-making
approach considering diverse services and applications requirements.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge UTeM Zamalah Scheme, Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), and the Center for Research and Innovation Management (CRIM),
Center of Excellence, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM).
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