John Keats
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The document provides biographical information about the English Romantic poet John Keats and analyzes some of his major works. It notes that Keats had a difficult life due to poor health and financial instability but was deeply in love with Fanny Brawne. It examines his distinctive use of sensuous language and mythology in poems like "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode to a Nightingale." These works contemplate themes of mortality versus artistic immortality through symbolic figures like the nightingale and urn. The document also provides context and summaries for his narrative poem "The Eve of St. Agnes," which contrasts religious ritual with earthly passion through the story of star-crossed lovers
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John Keats Powerpoint
John Keats was an English Romantic poet born in 1795 in London. He had a difficult childhood that included losing both parents at a young age. He worked as an apothecary's apprentice before studying medicine. Keats began writing poetry in 1814 and published his first collection in 1817. He fell in love with Fanny Brawne in 1818 but could not marry due to financial difficulties. Keats died of tuberculosis in 1821 at age 26. He is considered one of the most influential English poets of the 19th century.
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John keats
John Keats was an English Romantic poet born in 1795 in London. He had a difficult childhood, losing both his parents to tuberculosis by age 15 and caring for his brother Thomas who also died of tuberculosis in 1818. Despite working as a surgeon, Keats dedicated himself to poetry and published his first collection in 1817. His most productive period was 1819 when he wrote his famous odes. Keats was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1820 and died later that year at age 25. He emphasized beauty, the senses, and the concept of "negative capability" in his poetry.
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This document provides a summary of John Keats's life and work. It notes that Keats was an English Romantic poet born in 1795 who died young in 1821. The document outlines some key details of Keats's early life, including the deaths of his parents. It also summarizes several of Keats's major poems and themes in his work, such as beauty, love, nature, pain, and death. The document provides an overview of Keats's writing style and includes sources for further information.
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This document provides background information on the English poet John Keats and analyzes his famous ode "Ode to a Nightingale". It outlines details of Keats' life and career, defines what an ode is, summarizes the themes of the poem like mortality and man's relationship with nature, and asserts that the nightingale symbolizes joy, nature, or Keats himself. It concludes that the moral of the poem is the acceptance of human mortality despite finding temporary escape through appreciating beauty.
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This document discusses John Keats' odes composed in 1819, including Ode to a Grecian Urn, Ode to Autumn, Ode to a Nightingale, and Ode to Psyche. It provides background on Keats and defines an ode as a poem expressing noble feelings and emotions. It analyzes themes within each ode, such as beauty, nature, mortality, and mythology. The odes use symbolic imagery and explore ideas around art, reality, imagination, and the relationship between past, present and future.
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John Keats Powerpoint
John Keats was an English Romantic poet born in 1795 in London. He had a difficult childhood that included losing both parents at a young age. He worked as an apothecary's apprentice before studying medicine. Keats began writing poetry in 1814 and published his first collection in 1817. He fell in love with Fanny Brawne in 1818 but could not marry due to financial difficulties. Keats died of tuberculosis in 1821 at age 26. He is considered one of the most influential English poets of the 19th century.
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This document discusses John Keats' odes composed in 1819, including Ode to a Grecian Urn, Ode to Autumn, Ode to a Nightingale, and Ode to Psyche. It provides background on Keats and defines an ode as a poem expressing noble feelings and emotions. It analyzes themes within each ode, such as beauty, nature, mortality, and mythology. The odes use symbolic imagery and explore ideas around art, reality, imagination, and the relationship between past, present and future.
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John Keats was a prominent English Romantic poet influenced by Greek art, culture, and mythology. As a "Young Romantic," he believed in "art for art's sake" and wrote poetry focused on beauty, sensuousness, and nature rather than propaganda. Keats' poetry is characterized by vivid imagery experienced through all five senses and calm, concrete descriptions of nature without ideological overtones. His works also reflected Hellenism through their emphasis on Greek themes of beauty, tragedy, and fatalism.
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The document discusses the history and characteristics of Romanticism. It began in the 1770s as a reaction against classicism and extended through the 19th century as an international movement that influenced literature, music, painting and philosophy. Some key points:
- Romanticism focused on nature, individual expression, imagination and feelings rather than reason.
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2. According to Arnold's method, a work is considered a true classic if it moves the reader in the same way as passages from great masters like Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton.
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John Keats was a prominent Romantic poet born in 1795 in London. He wrote prolifically in his short life and is now considered one of the most studied British poets. The document discusses Keats as a Romantic poet, outlining his foremost themes of love, nature, fancy, and pain. It provides an analysis of his famous ode "Ode on a Grecian Urn", contrasting the urn with the nightingale and highlighting the poem's exploration of themes like human attempts versus nature.
John keats
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- Keats believed that beauty was truth and sought beauty in nature, mythology, and every art form. He found that change and the interplay between different worlds brought beauty.
- The document examines themes of conflict in Keats' odes between transient passion and enduring art, dream and reality, joy and melancholy, and other dualities. It explores Keats' theory of negative capability and how it influenced his poetic style and philosophy.
2. poetry as criticism of life
Matthew Arnold defines poetry as a "criticism of life" that addresses life's problems under conditions of poetic truth and beauty. Poetry must have a noble and profound application of ideas to real life. It is a superior form of knowledge to philosophy, science, and religion because it provides a sound representation of life and ideas without falsifying facts. To Arnold, the greatest poetry, like that of Homer, Dante, and Milton, has high seriousness that gives their criticism of life profound power through absolute sincerity.
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Heaney: a Follower of Romanticism
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The Trilogy
Several Connotative Meanings to Digging
Heaney’s Poetic Theory
Post-colonial Theory
Psychoanalytical Approach
Eco-critical Theory
The Pen/Spade Analogy
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Frost
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Language
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“Digging”
“Follower”
“Gravities”
“Personal Helicon”
“Midnight”
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Matthew Arnold was a 19th century British poet and cultural critic. He worked as a school inspector after marrying in 1851. Arnold published several volumes of poetry and was appointed Professor of Poetry at Oxford University in 1857. He is considered one of the major Victorian poets along with Tennyson and Browning. Arnold used his poetry to philosophize about finding meaning and happiness in life. He also wrote extensively about education and culture.
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- He was born in 1608 in London to a middle-class family and was well educated as a young man.
- He held Puritan views and wrote many pamphlets on religious and political topics defending things like freedom of the press.
- His most influential work, the epic poem Paradise Lost, was written after he lost his eyesight while serving as Secretary of State.
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John Keats was a key figure of the second generation of English Romantic poets. He lived from 1795 to 1821. Keats' poetry is characterized by sensual imagery and a focus on themes of beauty, love, nature, and fancy. As a Romantic poet, Keats emphasized appreciation of life, love, and beauty despite his own depression and impending death. He was heavily influenced by ancient Greek and Roman texts as well as Shakespeare, and focused on themes of death, sorrow, love, and nature that were common to Romanticism. Some of Keats' most famous works include "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode to a Nightingale."
myth in ode to nightingale
This document provides an analysis of the myths referenced in John Keats's poem "Ode to a Nightingale". It discusses the Greek myths of Philomela, Dryads, Hippocrene, and Bacchus that influenced the poem. The myth of Philomela tells the story of a woman who was raped and transformed into a nightingale. Keats draws comparisons between the immortal world of the nightingale and the mortal world in the poem. The nightingale also represents the free spirit of wood-nymphs from the Dryad myth.
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This document provides information about Victorian literature and the poet Robert Browning. It summarizes Browning's life, influences, styles of poetry including dramatic monologues, and analyzes some of his most famous poems like "My Last Duchess" and "Porpheyria's Lover." The document also discusses key characteristics of Victorian literature such as its emphasis on order, morality, and influence of science.
Robert browning
This was once my video presentation during my sophomore years when we touched the topic on English-American Literature. See it!!!
Philip Sidney : An Apology for Poetry
Sidney's "Apology for Poetry" argues that poetry is a divine and socially useful art form. It summarizes Sidney's main points that poetry: (1) is the first form of education and instruction for humanity; (2) acts as a channel for divine inspiration; and (3) can teach virtue while delighting readers more effectively than history or philosophy. The work refutes claims that poetry is a lie, unprofitable, or leads to sin by asserting poetry's noble aim to inspire readers rather than corrupt them.
Salient features of keats' poetry
John Keats was a prominent English Romantic poet influenced by Greek art, culture, and mythology. As a "Young Romantic," he believed in "art for art's sake" and wrote poetry focused on beauty, sensuousness, and nature rather than propaganda. Keats' poetry is characterized by vivid imagery experienced through all five senses and calm, concrete descriptions of nature without ideological overtones. His works also reflected Hellenism through their emphasis on Greek themes of beauty, tragedy, and fatalism.
John keats and his poems
John Keats was an English Romantic Poet. He was one amongst the main figures of the second generation of Romantic Poets. He died young at the age 25. He was the pioneer of the Romantic Movement
John Keats as a romantic poet
This is my presentation on John Keats as a romantic poet where I have described his characteristics of poetry.
Romantic poetry
The document discusses the history and characteristics of Romanticism. It began in the 1770s as a reaction against classicism and extended through the 19th century as an international movement that influenced literature, music, painting and philosophy. Some key points:
- Romanticism focused on nature, individual expression, imagination and feelings rather than reason.
- Major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, P.B. Shelley, and John Keats.
- Central ideas in Romantic poetry included nature as a living thing and teacher of man, as well as freedom of expression and importance of the individual over society.
4. touchstone method
1. Matthew Arnold introduced the touchstone method of literary criticism to evaluate poetry. He proposed using passages from known classics as "touchstones" to test the quality of contemporary works.
2. According to Arnold's method, a work is considered a true classic if it moves the reader in the same way as passages from great masters like Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton.
3. The touchstone method provides an objective standard for evaluation that avoids the subjectivity of personal taste or overemphasis on a work's historical importance rather than poetic merit.
John Keats as a Romantic Poet
John Keats was a prominent Romantic poet born in 1795 in London. He wrote prolifically in his short life and is now considered one of the most studied British poets. The document discusses Keats as a Romantic poet, outlining his foremost themes of love, nature, fancy, and pain. It provides an analysis of his famous ode "Ode on a Grecian Urn", contrasting the urn with the nightingale and highlighting the poem's exploration of themes like human attempts versus nature.
John keats
John Keats' life, poetry, and his major themes. Also this presentation covers the characteristics of this second generation's Romantic poet. Also we discuss Keats from his birth till death, under the light of his works in English Literature,
John keats
- The document discusses John Keats and his concept of beauty and negative capability. It analyzes several of Keats' odes, including "Ode on a Grecian Urn", "Ode to a Nightingale", and "Ode to Psyche".
- Keats believed that beauty was truth and sought beauty in nature, mythology, and every art form. He found that change and the interplay between different worlds brought beauty.
- The document examines themes of conflict in Keats' odes between transient passion and enduring art, dream and reality, joy and melancholy, and other dualities. It explores Keats' theory of negative capability and how it influenced his poetic style and philosophy.
2. poetry as criticism of life
Matthew Arnold defines poetry as a "criticism of life" that addresses life's problems under conditions of poetic truth and beauty. Poetry must have a noble and profound application of ideas to real life. It is a superior form of knowledge to philosophy, science, and religion because it provides a sound representation of life and ideas without falsifying facts. To Arnold, the greatest poetry, like that of Homer, Dante, and Milton, has high seriousness that gives their criticism of life profound power through absolute sincerity.
File on Seamus Heaney
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Seamus Heaney
Heaney: a Follower of Romanticism
The Personal and the General
The Trilogy
Several Connotative Meanings to Digging
Heaney’s Poetic Theory
Post-colonial Theory
Psychoanalytical Approach
Eco-critical Theory
The Pen/Spade Analogy
Techniques
Frost
Bogland
Words
Language
The Sense of Place
“Digging”
“Follower”
“Gravities”
“Personal Helicon”
“Midnight”
Gerard Manley Hopkins
Gerard Manley Hopkins was an English poet and Jesuit priest in the 19th century. He came from a artistic family and showed talent for music, drawing, and poetry from a young age. In 1866, he converted to Catholicism and later joined the Jesuit order, trying to suppress his creative talents. However, he still felt compelled to write and his first major poem, "The Wreck of the Deutschland", was published in 1875. His poetry is characterized by innovative rhythms and unusual word combinations. Hopkins struggled with bouts of depression and despair over reconciling his faith with his poetic talents. Two of his most famous poems, "God's Grandeur" and "Carrion Comfort", explore themes of God
Tradition and individual talent.ppt
Tradition refers to the English literary canon from ancient Greek and Roman works through Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton and others. Individual talent refers to new poems and poets. Eliot argues that for a new poem to be successful, it must conform to literary tradition by demonstrating a historical understanding of poetic forms and a poetic sensibility shaped by great works, yet still reflect the contemporary era. The new poet must act as a catalyst, combining tradition and individual experiences into a new work without changing themselves. In this way, great poetry is created by both conforming to tradition and expressing individual talent.
Mathew arnold
Matthew Arnold was a 19th century British poet and cultural critic. He worked as a school inspector after marrying in 1851. Arnold published several volumes of poetry and was appointed Professor of Poetry at Oxford University in 1857. He is considered one of the major Victorian poets along with Tennyson and Browning. Arnold used his poetry to philosophize about finding meaning and happiness in life. He also wrote extensively about education and culture.
John milton 1608 1674
John Milton was a 17th century English poet, author, and civil servant. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. Some key facts:
- He was born in 1608 in London to a middle-class family and was well educated as a young man.
- He held Puritan views and wrote many pamphlets on religious and political topics defending things like freedom of the press.
- His most influential work, the epic poem Paradise Lost, was written after he lost his eyesight while serving as Secretary of State.
- The poem uses a grand style and elevated language to retell the Biblical story of Adam and Eve's fall from Eden.
ode on the Grecian urn
John Keats' 1819 poem "Ode on a Grecian Urn" describes various scenes depicted on an ancient Greek urn, including a lover chasing a maiden, people preparing for a ritual sacrifice, and trees that will never lose their leaves. The poem conveys that while human experiences are fleeting, the beauty captured in art through these scenes on the urn is eternal. It ends by stating "Beauty is truth, truth beauty," suggesting that art provides lasting truth and beauty that transcends the imperfect human world.
Aristotle's Concept regarding Plot
Tragic Plot-Its constituent parts, Importance of plot, Poet as a maker of plot not story, The construction of plot, the magnitude of plot, organic unity of plot, Fatal and fortunate plots, peripety and anagnorisis, complication and denouement, Freytag pyramid, Aristortle's concern, Dramatic unities
RENAISSANCE DRAMA (England)
During Elizabethan England, drama flourished under playwrights like Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Marlowe helped advance dramatic structure and perfected using iambic pentameter in plays. Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon, wrote acclaimed tragedies, comedies, and histories and was considered a master of language, plot, and character development. Plays were performed in public theaters that held over 1,500 people with minimal scenery, costumes, and lighting effects. Theatrical productions involved acting companies organized into shareholders and hirelings. After Elizabeth's reign, playwrights like Ben Johnson and John Webster continued to develop English drama.
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John Keats was a key figure of the second generation of English Romantic poets. He lived from 1795 to 1821. Keats' poetry is characterized by sensual imagery and a focus on themes of beauty, love, nature, and fancy. As a Romantic poet, Keats emphasized appreciation of life, love, and beauty despite his own depression and impending death. He was heavily influenced by ancient Greek and Roman texts as well as Shakespeare, and focused on themes of death, sorrow, love, and nature that were common to Romanticism. Some of Keats' most famous works include "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode to a Nightingale."
myth in ode to nightingale
This document provides an analysis of the myths referenced in John Keats's poem "Ode to a Nightingale". It discusses the Greek myths of Philomela, Dryads, Hippocrene, and Bacchus that influenced the poem. The myth of Philomela tells the story of a woman who was raped and transformed into a nightingale. Keats draws comparisons between the immortal world of the nightingale and the mortal world in the poem. The nightingale also represents the free spirit of wood-nymphs from the Dryad myth.
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John Keats was a major English Romantic poet known for his sensuous poetry. His poems, especially the odes, are characterized by rich sensory imagery that appeal to sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Keats sought to gratify all five human senses through his descriptions of natural beauty and experiences. His poetry presents vivid pictures through language rather than philosophical ideas. Keats had a great love of beauty in the concrete world that he observed through his senses.
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My Presentation on the Theme of odes written by John Keats. He was a second generation Romantic poet.
Explanation of-ode-to-nightingale
The speaker feels numb and woozy, as if he has taken poison or a powerful drug. He envies the nightingale, which sings happily in the forest without cares or worries. The speaker longs to forget his weariness with the world by drinking wine that would allow him to fade into the forest with the nightingale and escape humanity's troubles.
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This document provides background information and analysis of John Keats's poem "Ode to a Nightingale". It begins with biographical details of Keats and contextualizes his work within the Romantic period. It then discusses the themes, structure, and inspiration for "Ode to a Nightingale", including Keats's exploration of nature, transience, mortality, and the contrast between the immortal nightingale and mortal man. The document analyzes the nightingale's song as a complex image representing human experience and notes how the poem depicts conflicts between reality and romantic ideals of uniting with nature.
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http://youtu.be/PiCfrt8Sr3I ,JOHN KEATS,AS A THINKER IN RELATION TO CRITICAL...
http://youtu.be/PiCfrt8Sr3I ,JOHN KEATS,AS A THINKER IN RELATION TO CRITICAL...Rituparna Ray Chaudhuri
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This document discusses John Keats and his concept of negative capability. It provides biographical details of Keats and defines negative capability as a writer's ability to be comfortable with uncertainties and doubts. It analyzes several of Keats' odes written in 1819, focusing on themes of transience versus permanence. It also discusses conflicts explored in the odes and describes Keats' "Ode to Autumn" as progressing like a short story through the seasons. Negative capability is highlighted as opening doors to imagination for poetic expression.
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William Wordsworth (1770-1850) was a central figure of the Romantic period in English literature. He experimented with poetry and helped drive a literary revolution that incorporated democratic principles. In works like Lyrical Ballads, he featured scenes of common life and the language of ordinary people. He believed that nature, imagination, and emotion influenced human life and spiritual well-being. Two of his most famous poems, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and "Tintern Abbey," showcase how nature can transform one's mood and be recalled through vivid memories.
William Butler Yeats
William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet and playwright known for his use of symbolism and exploration of Irish nationalism. This document provides biographical details on Yeats and summarizes some of his major poems and themes. It discusses how Yeats adopted different personas and addressed nationalism, colonialism, and the construction of Irish identity. His poems "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" and "Easter 1916" imagine an idealized Ireland and reflect on the 1916 Easter Rising. "The Second Coming" presents a vision of the end of one historical epoch and the chaotic birth of another, represented by a frightening beast-like figure.
Victorianism
The Victorian Era saw major social, economic, and technological changes in England. Industrialization moved many women into paid work and expanded the voting rights for males. Intellectually, Darwin's theory of evolution was influential and education was seen as a path out of poverty. However, living conditions were difficult, with long work days, child labor, unsafe housing, and lack of sanitation in cities. Women had limited roles and rights, though access to education was growing. Debates addressed women's place in society and politics.
Virginia Woolf
Virginia Woolf was a pioneering modernist author born in 1882 who experimented with stream-of-consciousness techniques in her novels and essays. In her influential 1929 essay A Room of One's Own, Woolf argues that women writers throughout history lacked the financial means and independence afforded to male writers, hindering their ability to develop and realize their full artistic potential. She speculates about how a hypothetical extremely gifted sister of Shakespeare named Judith may have been prevented from writing due to societal constraints facing women. The essay also examines how factors like poverty can impact an author's work and the relationship between anger over one's situation and the creative process.
Victorian Literature
During the Victorian Era, reading became a widespread leisure activity in middle and working class homes. Families would often read novels and magazines aloud together in the evenings. Literacy rates increased dramatically, reaching 97% by 1900, fueling a boom in printed materials. Novels were often initially published through serialization in magazines, allowing authors to alter their stories based on reader feedback. The novel became the most popular literary genre during this time, with major authors including Dickens, the Brontës, Eliot, and Hardy. Poetry and plays were also popular, though seen as more high-brow forms. Literature began exploring social issues and reform during this era of sustained peace and domestic focus.
Ts Eliot
T.S. Eliot was an American-born poet, playwright, and literary critic. He was born in 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended Harvard University where he received both undergraduate and graduate degrees. After college, he spent time touring Europe before moving to London in 1915. Some of his most famous works include The Waste Land and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Eliot was heavily influenced by myths and used fragmentation in his works to reflect the modern experience. The Waste Land addresses themes of cultural fragmentation in the post-WWI period through its use of allusion and symbols.
Thomas Carlyle
Thomas Carlyle was a 19th century Scottish writer known for criticizing the materialism of the Victorian era. He feared that industrialization and laissez-faire economic policies would destroy individuality. While sympathetic to the plight of the working class, he believed they lacked leadership and advocated a return to paternalistic systems like feudalism. Carlyle felt industrial workers were isolated and oppressed by an unjust economic system that prioritized profit over welfare.
The Victorian Era2
The document outlines the major periods of the Victorian Era in England:
- Early period (1830-1848) was a time of dramatic economic and political change including reforms to expand voting rights and representation in Parliament. The Chartists movement advocated for further reforms.
- Middle period (1848-1870) was an age of improvement, prosperity, and innovation where industry, technology, and science flourished as seen at the Great Exhibition. Religious beliefs also diversified.
- Late period (1871-1901) saw changing attitudes as colonialism faced rebellions and the costs of empire mounted. Industrialization and scientific advances continued amid new global challenges to Britain's world power. Socialist movements
The Victorian Era
The Victorian Era was a time of immense social, economic, and technological change in Britain between 1837 and 1901. It was characterized by rapid industrialization, which led to huge gains in wealth but also poverty and social upheaval. Queen Victoria came to represent stability and tradition for the British people during this turbulent period of reform movements, fears of revolution, and shifting social structures. The era saw unprecedented improvements in technology like railways and printing presses that both united and divided society through new forms of communication and mass media.
Ted Hughes
This biography summarizes the life and career of the British poet Ted Hughes. It notes that he was born in 1930 in Yorkshire, England and attended Cambridge University where he studied archaeology and anthropology. Hughes published his first book of poems in 1957 and went on to publish over 90 books in his career. He was married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her death by suicide in 1963. Hughes spent his life exploring themes of nature, violence, and the primitive forces within humanity through his poetry, gaining recognition as an acclaimed poet.
Tennyson
Alfred Tennyson was a 19th century English poet who served as Poet Laureate of Great Britain for over 40 years. He was born in 1809 in Lincolnshire and came from a family with a history of mental illness. He befriended Arthur Henry Hallam at Cambridge, but Hallam's early death had a profound impact on Tennyson and inspired some of his best known works like In Memoriam. Tennyson struggled with periods of mental breakdown but found success with his poetry. He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1850 and lived a long life, passing away in 1892.
Seamus Heaney
Seamus Heaney was a Roman Catholic poet born in Northern Ireland in 1939. He published his first book of poems in 1966 and went on to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1995. Many of his poems explore his cultural identity and relationship to Ireland during times of conflict and political turmoil. His poem "Punishment" was inspired by the discovery of a bog body in Ireland and references ritualized violence both in Iron Age cultures and 20th century Northern Ireland. The poem generates complex questions about collective violence, guilt, and the poet's own stance.
Romanticism
The Romantic Period in British literature was characterized by:
1) Nature-inspired poetry that portrayed nature as capable of altering human perception. Settings were often picturesque and exotic.
2) Literature that questioned authority and valued individualism and emotion over rationalism. Iconoclastic figures like Lord Byron's "Byronic Heroes" were popularized.
3) The ability to find extraordinary meaning in ordinary events and experiences through heightened emotion. Simple and direct language was often used to achieve this.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, philosopher, and critic born in 1772. He attended Cambridge University but left without a degree. He befriended Robert Southey and together they planned to start a commune in Pennsylvania. In 1797 he met William Wordsworth and produced much of his best poetic work. He struggled with opium addiction for many years, which affected both his health and productivity. Though he wrote most of his major works early in his career, Coleridge had a significant influence on English literature as a poet, essayist, and literary theorist.
Salman Rushdie
Salman Rushdie is an Indian-British author known for magical realism and addressing controversial topics. He was educated in India and England and has had four marriages. Rushdie's 1981 novel Midnight's Children won the Booker Prize. However, his 1988 novel The Satanic Verses led to protests and a fatwa calling for his death being issued by Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini. Rushdie's writings often explore the conflicts between religions and cultures.
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde was an Irish writer born in Dublin in 1854. He excelled at Trinity College and Oxford University before moving to London, where he mocked Victorian notions of morality in art. Wilde was famous for his witty conversation and flamboyant style. In 1895, he had a famous trial and was imprisoned for homosexual acts after losing a libel case against the father of his lover. He lived his remaining years in France and died in 1900. His play The Importance of Being Earnest is a farce that uses humor to undermine Victorian social conventions through characters who live in a world of false appearances defined by their names and social identities.
Matthew Arnold
Matthew Arnold was a Victorian poet who explored themes of doubt, displacement, and melancholy in the modern world. In his poem "Dover Beach", he contrasts the present with the past through the image of the retreating sea. In the past, the "Sea of Faith" surrounded the world, but it has now retreated, leaving the world feeling exposed and uncertain. While the poem offers the possibility of finding meaning through human relationships, it ends by questioning whether even love can withstand the turbulence of modern life. In just a few lines, the poem conveys Arnold's bleak view of the loss of certainty in the modern age.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft was an 18th century British writer and advocate for women's rights. She led a troubled life but was self-taught and worked in various jobs. She is most known for her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in which she argued for women's education and liberation. She observed the French Revolution firsthand and supported the overthrow of a bad king. Though her ideas were radical at the time, she is now considered one of the earliest feminist thinkers and her work helped advance women's rights.
James Joyce
James Joyce was an Irish novelist born in 1882 who is known for revolutionizing modernist literature. Some key points about his work include:
- His fiction disrupted conventional expectations about narrative certainty, heroism, and religious faith by offering a look at human consciousness in a world where grand beliefs were breaking down.
- Influences on his work included World War I, Ezra Pound's call to "make it new," and thinkers like Marx, Nietzsche, Darwin, and Freud who questioned traditional beliefs.
- His collection Dubliners, written between 1903-1907, contained 15 short stories meant to capture different aspects of Dublin life and portray "a chapter of the moral history of my country."
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill had a difficult childhood, as his father used him as a subject to test his theories of education, which caused Mill to have a nervous breakdown. As an adult, Mill fought against various forms of tyranny, including advocating for women's rights. He argued that women's subordination to men through practices like coerced marriage was a barbaric holdover that should be abolished. Mill believed that individuals require freedom to develop themselves on all sides according to their inner nature, rather than being shaped like machines to some external model.
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John Keats
- 2. Brief Biography Son of a stable-owner Small of stature (barely 5ft when grown), but still athletic. Had poor health most of his life Felt he would have an early death Parents died when he was young Apprenticed to an apothecary Started writing when he was 18 Had a ill-fated engagement with Fanny Brawne 1821 Dies in Rome
- 3. Fanny Brawne Met her in September of 1818 Keats was 23 she was 18 We know very little about her, her letters were buried with Keats All we see is his side of the story His letters were intense and passionate Love was a disease only she could cure He loves her but death imagery is often mentioned in the letters Refers to her as “the Minx” in letters to friends Relationship was apparently never consummated He was never financially secure enough to marry her
- 4. Literary…continued Sensuous Distinctive description Engages all of the senses Mythic imagery Borrows from Greek Mythology Frustrated Sexuality Pleasure vs. pain Lethal women – almost “vampiric” imagery “Christabel” “Lamia” Was the least political of the 2nd generation Romantics Some say he was reacting to the social horrors by being intentionally “escapist”
- 5. Literary Traits Most of his poetry is written between 1818-1821 Constantly experimented with poetic forms Ie: Spenserian Sonnet Sub-form of the English sonnet Ababbabccdcdee rhyme scheme Eventually writes in blank-verse
- 6. The Odes Probably his most distinctive achievement Most of them written in the spring of 1819 Composed very quickly Very self-aware Examines the creative process Poems of “sensation” rather than thought Written during a tumultuous time in his life: Death of brother His own ill health Pining for Fanny Browne
- 7. The Odes…continued "Beauty is truth, truth beauty.“ reconcile the frankly human experience : of touch, taste, hearing, and sight moral and philosophical aspirations of timeless art rich, evocative language luscious sounds, sensual symbols of beauty Keats focuses on the images of the nightingale and the urn a symbolic debate of the sensual pleasures and pains of mortal existence versus the ecstatic dissolution of self in art. identification between the speaker and the symbol and the knowledge of its (the nightingale’s or the urn’s) limitations “emblem for the tragedy of human experience”.
- 8. Odes…continued Keats strives for an aesthetic objectivity in his poems: "negative capability,“ Poet’s personality does not intrude into the poem engages some of the same Romantic preoccupations: failure of the imagination, heightened observation of nature innovation of lyrical forms
- 9. Nightingale - Summary the poet becomes numb to the world escapes to the dark realm of the nightingale’s song hopes he can die at that moment of joy; considers the consequences of death, the eternal life of the nightingale he is called back to his self and the fleeting experience of artistic pleasure.
- 10. Grecian Urn - Summary poet praises the urn considers its features with inquisitive joy he imagines the idealized and permanent state of each unconsummated passion represented there ecstatic sympathetic identification with the passion considers the sacrifice, the mysterious motives of the pagan ritual poet contemplates the urn objective coldness eternal mentor speaking to the mortal clay.
- 11. Themes Beauty is the inspiration of the human spirit it is the inevitable nature of things to destroy beauty art is the permanent expression of transient beauty. The nightingale’s song becomes the vehicle for the poet’s imagination, expression, ecstasy; the urn is the timeless historian of human passion, the preserver of idealized song, love, and faith.
- 12. Journal Question How would you explain the poet’s relationship to the nightingale in the ode? How does it change from the beginning to the end? Evaluate the ending of "Ode to a Nightingale." What is the difference between a vision and a dream? Why theambiguity?
- 13. “The Eve of St. Agnes” Keats: Part II
- 14. “Eve…” Background Saint Agnes Patron saint of virgins Feast is on January 21st The “eve” is on the 20th Ritual women could perform to discover their future husband
- 15. “Eve…” the story Heroine is going to perform this ritual meanwhile., great party is going on in her castle Her love interest, Porphyro endangers himself in an attempt to see her Star-crossed lovers – families are at odds He gets past her family, sees her They consumate their love and escape
- 16. Themes Religious imagery vs. earthly pleasures Madeline character forsakes immediate pleasure to dream of the future Does this make her vulnerable? What is the basis for this belief? Who is she deceived by? Imagery of heat vs. cold Merlin and the Demon (Vivien perhaps?) Dream and enchantment – waking to a different reality Dreams vs. nightmares Why does the narrator stress how long ago this was?