This document summarizes a study on intercropping tomatoes with lettuce and basil within high tunnels. Tomatoes were planted with either lettuce grown concurrently in rows or lettuce relay cropped one month earlier. Tomatoes were also intercropped with basil relay planted after the lettuce harvest. Intercropping tomatoes had no significant effect on tomato yields compared to monoculture tomatoes. Lettuce yields were reduced when grown with tomatoes but not as a relay crop. The total yield of the intercropping systems was 40-83% higher than separate monoculture plots, showing intercropping increases land productivity within high tunnels.
This document discusses a new type of plant called pomato, which is developed through grafting tomato scions onto potato rootstocks. Pomato plants produce both tomatoes and potatoes, taking advantage of the close genetic relationship between the two plants as members of the Solanaceae family. Pomato has significant impacts for developing countries by allowing farmers to save on space, time and labor without compromising quality of produce. Each pomato plant can yield 500 cherry tomatoes and 2kg of potatoes through standard harvesting processes.
The document discusses different types of interactions that can occur between crops grown in close proximity in cropping systems:
1. Competitive interactions occur when one crop uses limiting resources like water, nutrients, or light at the expense of the other crop.
2. Complementary interactions occur when one crop helps supply resources to the other crop, such as nitrogen fixation by legumes.
3. Allelopathic interactions can occur when one crop releases chemical toxins that inhibit the growth of the other crop. Successful intercropping requires minimizing competitive interactions and maximizing complementary effects between crop species.
This study evaluated 11 rootstocks for controlling root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in cucumber. Cucumber scions were grafted onto the rootstocks using tongue grafting. All rootstocks showed compatibility with cucumber scion. Horned cucumber was the most resistant rootstock but yielded less than others. Interspecific hybrid rootstocks like Super Shintosa and Ercole Nun 6001 performed best with increased growth, yield and fruit quality compared to control. Fig leaf gourd rootstock also significantly improved plant characteristics over non-grafted control. Grafting is an effective technique for managing root-knot nematodes in cucumber.
The document is a research proposal from Opoku Eric David of the Agribusiness Department at Valley View University-Techiman Campus. The proposal is on a cost benefit analysis of sweet pepper production under different fertilizer regimes. It outlines the introduction, background and justification, literature review, problem statement, aims and objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and conclusion for the research. It provides background information on sweet peppers and discusses inorganic and organic fertilizers.
Urban Landscape Guide Manual - San Antonio, TexasFrida85y
This document provides an introduction to the Urban Landscape Guide Manual, which is designed to assist municipal water utilities in implementing best management practices for water-wise landscaping. It discusses the purpose of the manual and how it can be used along with the accompanying Urban Landscape Guide website. The manual then covers various topics related to water-wise landscaping, including the soil-plant-atmosphere relationship, the seven principles of water-wise landscaping (planning and design, soil analysis and improvement, plant selection, irrigation, turfgrass, mulches, and maintenance), and how programs and ordinances can support these principles.
This document presents a research proposal that will analyze the cost benefit of producing lettuce with organic versus inorganic fertilizers in Techiman Municipality, Ghana. The study will evaluate the costs of production per acre and yields under different fertilizer treatments. Specifically, the research will compare the effects of poultry manure, NPK fertilizer, and combinations on lettuce growth and yields. Data on plant characteristics and economic costs will be collected and analyzed to determine which fertilizer method provides the highest benefit.
This document discusses a new type of plant called pomato, which is developed through grafting tomato scions onto potato rootstocks. Pomato plants produce both tomatoes and potatoes, taking advantage of the close genetic relationship between the two plants as members of the Solanaceae family. Pomato has significant impacts for developing countries by allowing farmers to save on space, time and labor without compromising quality of produce. Each pomato plant can yield 500 cherry tomatoes and 2kg of potatoes through standard harvesting processes.
The document discusses different types of interactions that can occur between crops grown in close proximity in cropping systems:
1. Competitive interactions occur when one crop uses limiting resources like water, nutrients, or light at the expense of the other crop.
2. Complementary interactions occur when one crop helps supply resources to the other crop, such as nitrogen fixation by legumes.
3. Allelopathic interactions can occur when one crop releases chemical toxins that inhibit the growth of the other crop. Successful intercropping requires minimizing competitive interactions and maximizing complementary effects between crop species.
This study evaluated 11 rootstocks for controlling root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in cucumber. Cucumber scions were grafted onto the rootstocks using tongue grafting. All rootstocks showed compatibility with cucumber scion. Horned cucumber was the most resistant rootstock but yielded less than others. Interspecific hybrid rootstocks like Super Shintosa and Ercole Nun 6001 performed best with increased growth, yield and fruit quality compared to control. Fig leaf gourd rootstock also significantly improved plant characteristics over non-grafted control. Grafting is an effective technique for managing root-knot nematodes in cucumber.
The document is a research proposal from Opoku Eric David of the Agribusiness Department at Valley View University-Techiman Campus. The proposal is on a cost benefit analysis of sweet pepper production under different fertilizer regimes. It outlines the introduction, background and justification, literature review, problem statement, aims and objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and conclusion for the research. It provides background information on sweet peppers and discusses inorganic and organic fertilizers.
Urban Landscape Guide Manual - San Antonio, TexasFrida85y
This document provides an introduction to the Urban Landscape Guide Manual, which is designed to assist municipal water utilities in implementing best management practices for water-wise landscaping. It discusses the purpose of the manual and how it can be used along with the accompanying Urban Landscape Guide website. The manual then covers various topics related to water-wise landscaping, including the soil-plant-atmosphere relationship, the seven principles of water-wise landscaping (planning and design, soil analysis and improvement, plant selection, irrigation, turfgrass, mulches, and maintenance), and how programs and ordinances can support these principles.
This document presents a research proposal that will analyze the cost benefit of producing lettuce with organic versus inorganic fertilizers in Techiman Municipality, Ghana. The study will evaluate the costs of production per acre and yields under different fertilizer treatments. Specifically, the research will compare the effects of poultry manure, NPK fertilizer, and combinations on lettuce growth and yields. Data on plant characteristics and economic costs will be collected and analyzed to determine which fertilizer method provides the highest benefit.
Growth Response of Passion Fruit (Passifloracea edulis var flavicapa DEG) See...Tammy Solomon
This study examined the effect of different soil moisture levels on the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, which has high rainfall, humidity, and temperatures. Seedlings were subjected to four watering treatments: daily watering at field capacity, watering every 3 days at field capacity, watering every week at field capacity, and watering every 3 weeks at field capacity. Watering every 3 days resulted in greater leaf width, leaf area, stem moisture content, and leaf moisture content compared to the other treatments. Withholding water for 1 week or more led to declines in these growth measures of up to 45% compared to watering every 3 days. Thus, for passion fruit seedlings in this environment
The document discusses the role and function of weed seed banks in crop production. It defines weed seed banks as viable weed seeds and vegetative structures present in soil. Weed seeds can persist dormant in the soil for years, contributing to future weed pressures. Management practices that prevent weeds from setting seeds are most effective for reducing the weed seed bank over time and limiting potential weed populations during crop production. The weed seed bank is an important component of overall weed control strategies.
This document provides information about cultural requirements for crops. It includes scrambled letters that can be rearranged to spell words related to crop cultivation. It then defines a crop and cultural requirements, listing examples like selecting varieties, planting times and densities, and irrigation. It discusses the ecological requirements of soil, rainfall, and temperature. It focuses on fertilizer application, describing organic and inorganic fertilizers and how the amount and type used depends on crop needs and soil nutrients. It outlines methods of fertilizer application and major nutrient elements needed by plants.
The document outlines a research proposal that will examine the effects of different fertilizer regimes (inorganic NPK fertilizer and organic poultry manure) on yield and cost of sweet pepper production. The study will use a split plot design to test four treatments (no fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, poultry manure, mixture of manure and quarry dust) on two pepper varieties. Data on plant growth, flowering, fruit yield and costs will be collected monthly and analyzed to determine which treatment maximizes sweet pepper yields in a cost effective manner. The expected outcome is that the mixture of organic fertilizers and quarry dust will yield more than organic or inorganic fertilizers alone by making nutrients more available to plants
There are two main types of cropping patterns: mixed cropping and intercropping. Mixed cropping involves growing multiple crops simultaneously on the same land, which improves soil fertility and increases crop yields as the crops support each other. Intercropping specifically refers to growing two or more crops in close proximity, selecting crops that make use of different soil resources to maximize land productivity without competing with each other. Careful planning is required to avoid competition over space, nutrients, water, or sunlight. Examples show how intercropping can provide structural support between crops or utilize different crop heights.
This document provides a research proposal on evaluating the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers on sweet pepper production in terms of yields and costs. The study will be conducted at VVU Techiman Campus in Ghana. It outlines the introduction, problem statement, objectives, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, and conclusion. The methodology describes growing two pepper varieties with four fertilizer treatments in a split plot design with three replications to analyze yields and costs. It is expected that a mixture of organic fertilizers will yield more than inorganic or organic-only treatments. The results could help improve pepper production in Ghana.
The document discusses breeding potato varieties for high temperature tolerance to address climate change impacts. It provides background on potato taxonomy and production. Climate change is expected to increase global temperatures by 1.8-4°C by 2100. This will negatively impact potato growth and yields, as potato is a cool season crop sensitive to heat. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with traits like early bulking and tuberization, reduced leaf area, and improved physiological and biochemical responses to cope with increasing heat stress.
Growth and yield adaptability of selected varieties of strawberry (Fragaria x...Innspub Net
This study aims to evaluate the growth adaptability, yield performance and Pest infestation on three introduced strawberry varieties at Bataan namely; Sweet Charlie, Festival and Summer Princess. Evaluation test was based on the Plant height, Number of Runners, Days to flower, Number of fruit bears, Weight of fruit per pot, Computed Yield and Pest degree infestation. This was conducted at the Greenhouse Nursery of BPSU, Abucay Campus. In terms of growth adaptability, Sweet Charlie obtained the most prominent character followed by Festival variety and Summer Princess. On the yield performance, all varietal tested are comparable to each other, However, Summer princess revealed as least in growth adaptability, study shows that, summer princess yielded better than the two remaining varieties tested under greenhouse condition. Thus, summer princess variety is a more noticeable and promising variety that can tribe in Bataan condition. On Insect and Disease assessment, most prevalent insects found are Cutworm and Aphids while on diseases, Anthracnose fruit rot and Angular leaf spot were observed these are caused by fungi. Further studies may focus on the cultural management practices, field test to find out more promising cultivars that will thrive best to Bataan, Sensory evaluation is also recommended.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Rockwool and coco coir performed the best as growing substrates for lettuce in a hydroponic system. Plants grown in coco coir had the tallest height and longest roots, while rockwool produced the most leaves and heaviest fresh biomass. All substrates maintained a similar alkaline pH in the water. While rockwool performed best, coco coir is a suitable alternative growing substrate that does not significantly differ from rockwool for hydroponically grown lettuce.
Cultivation of Potato - Use of Plastic Mulch and Row Covers on Soil Temperature, Growth, Nutrient Status and Yield; Gardening Guidebook for Mexico www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Trap Crops, Intercropping and Companion Planting - University of Tennesseesodj49v
→ Trap crops and intercropping can benefit crop production by reducing pest damage, attracting beneficial organisms, decreasing the need for external inputs like pesticides, and increasing biodiversity and productivity.
→ Trap crops lure pests away from cash crops using plant volatiles, while intercropping involves growing two or more crops together to occupy different ecological niches.
→ Companion planting establishes different plant species in close proximity to achieve cultural benefits like pest control or increased yields through repellency, attraction of beneficial insects, and habitat provision.
Vegetable Production & Nutritional Content in Season-Extension Systems; Gardening Guidebook for Wyoming ~ University of Wyoming ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This research proposal aims to evaluate the cost benefit analysis of sweet pepper production under different fertilizer regimes. The specific objectives are to improve soil conditions, increase production, and assess costs and benefits of different fertilizer regimes. The methodology will involve growing two sweet pepper varieties under four treatments: no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and a mixture. Data on plant growth, yield, and costs will be collected and analyzed to determine the most effective and profitable fertilizer regime. The expected outcome is that the mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizers will yield the highest production. The results could help improve sweet pepper farming in Ghana.
This document provides information about the VSC 611 Breeding of Vegetable Crops course, including its objectives, theory, units, practical schedule, and reference books. The course aims to impart knowledge on principles and practices of breeding vegetable crops. It covers topics like origin, botany, taxonomy, genetics, breeding objectives and methods, varieties, and molecular breeding for crops like solanaceous vegetables, cucurbits, cool season vegetables, bulb crops, and greens. The practical schedule includes modes of pollination, hybridization techniques, assessment of variability, and visits to breeding centers.
C:\Documents And Settings\User\Desktop\Prospects And 6challenges Of Poly Cult...Srinivasasn Korappath
Mixed species forest plantations can provide both economic and ecological benefits over monoculture plantations. Mixing tree species that utilize resources in complementary ways through differences in canopy structure, rooting depths, or phenology can increase overall stand productivity. Facilitative interactions between species that improve environmental conditions or resource availability can also boost yields. However, mixed plantations require matching species combinations to site conditions and managing complex inter-species interactions to realize potential benefits over simpler monoculture systems. More research is still needed to better understand mixed plantation dynamics and help optimize species selections and layouts for different goals and locations.
Botanical Classification – based on the morphological characteristics of plants as well as on their anatomy, physiology and DNA sequences. • Descriptive Classification – based on the environmental adaptation, growth habit and other observable features. • Agricultural Classification – plants can be broadly classified as either useful or unuseful. Those which are useful are called crops while those which are not useful are called weeds.
Catalog produse microaspersoare naandanjain, date tehnice si tehnologiGherghescu Gabriel
This document provides information on NaanDanJain's line of micro-sprinklers. It summarizes their modular micro-sprinkler range which offers a variety of flow rates, distribution patterns, and droplet sizes. It then describes several specific micro-sprinkler models like the Hadar 7110 and AquaMaster 2005. These micro-sprinklers can be used for applications like orchard irrigation, greenhouse irrigation, landscape irrigation, frost protection, and climate control. NaanDanJain offers a wide selection of micro-sprinklers to provide customized irrigation solutions.
High tunnels can extend the growing season for warm-season and cold-season crops. They capture heat from the sun and protect plants from frost. The document provides details on constructing a high tunnel, including materials needed and costs. It describes preparing the field, making end walls, installing anchors and PVC pipes, attaching plastic to cover the frame, and finishing details. Construction costs are about $0.75 per square foot for materials and supplies.
Growth Response of Passion Fruit (Passifloracea edulis var flavicapa DEG) See...Tammy Solomon
This study examined the effect of different soil moisture levels on the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, which has high rainfall, humidity, and temperatures. Seedlings were subjected to four watering treatments: daily watering at field capacity, watering every 3 days at field capacity, watering every week at field capacity, and watering every 3 weeks at field capacity. Watering every 3 days resulted in greater leaf width, leaf area, stem moisture content, and leaf moisture content compared to the other treatments. Withholding water for 1 week or more led to declines in these growth measures of up to 45% compared to watering every 3 days. Thus, for passion fruit seedlings in this environment
The document discusses the role and function of weed seed banks in crop production. It defines weed seed banks as viable weed seeds and vegetative structures present in soil. Weed seeds can persist dormant in the soil for years, contributing to future weed pressures. Management practices that prevent weeds from setting seeds are most effective for reducing the weed seed bank over time and limiting potential weed populations during crop production. The weed seed bank is an important component of overall weed control strategies.
This document provides information about cultural requirements for crops. It includes scrambled letters that can be rearranged to spell words related to crop cultivation. It then defines a crop and cultural requirements, listing examples like selecting varieties, planting times and densities, and irrigation. It discusses the ecological requirements of soil, rainfall, and temperature. It focuses on fertilizer application, describing organic and inorganic fertilizers and how the amount and type used depends on crop needs and soil nutrients. It outlines methods of fertilizer application and major nutrient elements needed by plants.
The document outlines a research proposal that will examine the effects of different fertilizer regimes (inorganic NPK fertilizer and organic poultry manure) on yield and cost of sweet pepper production. The study will use a split plot design to test four treatments (no fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, poultry manure, mixture of manure and quarry dust) on two pepper varieties. Data on plant growth, flowering, fruit yield and costs will be collected monthly and analyzed to determine which treatment maximizes sweet pepper yields in a cost effective manner. The expected outcome is that the mixture of organic fertilizers and quarry dust will yield more than organic or inorganic fertilizers alone by making nutrients more available to plants
There are two main types of cropping patterns: mixed cropping and intercropping. Mixed cropping involves growing multiple crops simultaneously on the same land, which improves soil fertility and increases crop yields as the crops support each other. Intercropping specifically refers to growing two or more crops in close proximity, selecting crops that make use of different soil resources to maximize land productivity without competing with each other. Careful planning is required to avoid competition over space, nutrients, water, or sunlight. Examples show how intercropping can provide structural support between crops or utilize different crop heights.
This document provides a research proposal on evaluating the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers on sweet pepper production in terms of yields and costs. The study will be conducted at VVU Techiman Campus in Ghana. It outlines the introduction, problem statement, objectives, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, and conclusion. The methodology describes growing two pepper varieties with four fertilizer treatments in a split plot design with three replications to analyze yields and costs. It is expected that a mixture of organic fertilizers will yield more than inorganic or organic-only treatments. The results could help improve pepper production in Ghana.
The document discusses breeding potato varieties for high temperature tolerance to address climate change impacts. It provides background on potato taxonomy and production. Climate change is expected to increase global temperatures by 1.8-4°C by 2100. This will negatively impact potato growth and yields, as potato is a cool season crop sensitive to heat. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with traits like early bulking and tuberization, reduced leaf area, and improved physiological and biochemical responses to cope with increasing heat stress.
Growth and yield adaptability of selected varieties of strawberry (Fragaria x...Innspub Net
This study aims to evaluate the growth adaptability, yield performance and Pest infestation on three introduced strawberry varieties at Bataan namely; Sweet Charlie, Festival and Summer Princess. Evaluation test was based on the Plant height, Number of Runners, Days to flower, Number of fruit bears, Weight of fruit per pot, Computed Yield and Pest degree infestation. This was conducted at the Greenhouse Nursery of BPSU, Abucay Campus. In terms of growth adaptability, Sweet Charlie obtained the most prominent character followed by Festival variety and Summer Princess. On the yield performance, all varietal tested are comparable to each other, However, Summer princess revealed as least in growth adaptability, study shows that, summer princess yielded better than the two remaining varieties tested under greenhouse condition. Thus, summer princess variety is a more noticeable and promising variety that can tribe in Bataan condition. On Insect and Disease assessment, most prevalent insects found are Cutworm and Aphids while on diseases, Anthracnose fruit rot and Angular leaf spot were observed these are caused by fungi. Further studies may focus on the cultural management practices, field test to find out more promising cultivars that will thrive best to Bataan, Sensory evaluation is also recommended.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Rockwool and coco coir performed the best as growing substrates for lettuce in a hydroponic system. Plants grown in coco coir had the tallest height and longest roots, while rockwool produced the most leaves and heaviest fresh biomass. All substrates maintained a similar alkaline pH in the water. While rockwool performed best, coco coir is a suitable alternative growing substrate that does not significantly differ from rockwool for hydroponically grown lettuce.
Cultivation of Potato - Use of Plastic Mulch and Row Covers on Soil Temperature, Growth, Nutrient Status and Yield; Gardening Guidebook for Mexico www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Trap Crops, Intercropping and Companion Planting - University of Tennesseesodj49v
→ Trap crops and intercropping can benefit crop production by reducing pest damage, attracting beneficial organisms, decreasing the need for external inputs like pesticides, and increasing biodiversity and productivity.
→ Trap crops lure pests away from cash crops using plant volatiles, while intercropping involves growing two or more crops together to occupy different ecological niches.
→ Companion planting establishes different plant species in close proximity to achieve cultural benefits like pest control or increased yields through repellency, attraction of beneficial insects, and habitat provision.
Vegetable Production & Nutritional Content in Season-Extension Systems; Gardening Guidebook for Wyoming ~ University of Wyoming ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This research proposal aims to evaluate the cost benefit analysis of sweet pepper production under different fertilizer regimes. The specific objectives are to improve soil conditions, increase production, and assess costs and benefits of different fertilizer regimes. The methodology will involve growing two sweet pepper varieties under four treatments: no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and a mixture. Data on plant growth, yield, and costs will be collected and analyzed to determine the most effective and profitable fertilizer regime. The expected outcome is that the mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizers will yield the highest production. The results could help improve sweet pepper farming in Ghana.
This document provides information about the VSC 611 Breeding of Vegetable Crops course, including its objectives, theory, units, practical schedule, and reference books. The course aims to impart knowledge on principles and practices of breeding vegetable crops. It covers topics like origin, botany, taxonomy, genetics, breeding objectives and methods, varieties, and molecular breeding for crops like solanaceous vegetables, cucurbits, cool season vegetables, bulb crops, and greens. The practical schedule includes modes of pollination, hybridization techniques, assessment of variability, and visits to breeding centers.
C:\Documents And Settings\User\Desktop\Prospects And 6challenges Of Poly Cult...Srinivasasn Korappath
Mixed species forest plantations can provide both economic and ecological benefits over monoculture plantations. Mixing tree species that utilize resources in complementary ways through differences in canopy structure, rooting depths, or phenology can increase overall stand productivity. Facilitative interactions between species that improve environmental conditions or resource availability can also boost yields. However, mixed plantations require matching species combinations to site conditions and managing complex inter-species interactions to realize potential benefits over simpler monoculture systems. More research is still needed to better understand mixed plantation dynamics and help optimize species selections and layouts for different goals and locations.
Botanical Classification – based on the morphological characteristics of plants as well as on their anatomy, physiology and DNA sequences. • Descriptive Classification – based on the environmental adaptation, growth habit and other observable features. • Agricultural Classification – plants can be broadly classified as either useful or unuseful. Those which are useful are called crops while those which are not useful are called weeds.
Catalog produse microaspersoare naandanjain, date tehnice si tehnologiGherghescu Gabriel
This document provides information on NaanDanJain's line of micro-sprinklers. It summarizes their modular micro-sprinkler range which offers a variety of flow rates, distribution patterns, and droplet sizes. It then describes several specific micro-sprinkler models like the Hadar 7110 and AquaMaster 2005. These micro-sprinklers can be used for applications like orchard irrigation, greenhouse irrigation, landscape irrigation, frost protection, and climate control. NaanDanJain offers a wide selection of micro-sprinklers to provide customized irrigation solutions.
High tunnels can extend the growing season for warm-season and cold-season crops. They capture heat from the sun and protect plants from frost. The document provides details on constructing a high tunnel, including materials needed and costs. It describes preparing the field, making end walls, installing anchors and PVC pipes, attaching plastic to cover the frame, and finishing details. Construction costs are about $0.75 per square foot for materials and supplies.
This document provides information about high tunnel production of raspberries and blackberries. It discusses the benefits of high tunnels, which include extending the growing season and protecting plants from environmental stresses. It covers site selection, tunnel structure and materials, plant selection, establishment and management of plantings, season extension techniques, and harvesting. High tunnels allow for an intermediate form of production that is more protected than field production but with lower input costs than greenhouse production. Plants are generally grown directly in the ground within the high tunnel.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá la mayoría de las importaciones de petróleo ruso a la UE a partir de finales de año. Algunos países como Hungría aún dependen en gran medida del petróleo ruso y podrían obtener una exención temporal al embargo.
This study evaluated seven cantaloupe and specialty melon cultivars grown in three high tunnels at a university research center. Galia 152, Crescent Moon, and Passport produced the highest marketable yields, with Galia 152 showing excellent quality traits. High tunnels protected the melons from temperature extremes and pests while lengthening the growing season. Special attention to pollination was needed. Overall, the study found that high tunnels can successfully produce early season Galia melons and other cantaloupes for local markets.
Onion Production from Transplants Grown in a Low Tunnel Cold Frame & in a Greenhouse; Gardening Guidebook for Malheur County, Oregon ~ Oregon State University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
“Performance of Tomato As Affected By Organic Mulching .pdfShynneGabinete
The document summarizes a study on the performance of tomato plants using different organic mulches. Specifically, it examines the effects of dried papaya leaves and dried banana leaves on tomato plant height and caudex diameter. Key findings include:
- Tomato plants mulched with dried papaya leaves grew taller on average than those mulched with dried banana leaves or the control group without mulch.
- While there were no statistically significant differences, tomato plants mulched with dried papaya leaves also had the widest average final caudex diameter.
- The study suggests dried papaya leaves may be a more effective organic mulch for tomato plants compared to dried banana leaves or no mulch.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. It discusses using the Chandler variety of strawberry planted in September in high tunnels, and managing irrigation, fertilization, spacing, and row covers. The high tunnels allow for significantly earlier and higher strawberry yields compared to open field production in Missouri, with the first harvests in early April. Proper establishment and care of the plants in the fall is important for maximizing branch crowns and subsequent fruit production the following spring.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. Key points:
- High tunnels allow for earlier and extended strawberry production compared to open field, protecting from environmental extremes.
- 'Chandler' variety performed well in trials, planted in September in high tunnels. Honeybees and bumblebees were effective pollinators.
- Harvest began in early April, 4 weeks earlier than open field and yielded over 1 lb of marketable berries per plant on average.
- Pests like gray mold and mites required control. Shade cloth improved fruit quality as temperatures increased later in season.
High tunnel apricot_production_in_frost-prone_nortBoonyong Chira
Late frost is a major challenge for fruit production in northern New Mexico, where apricot trees in open fields produced no harvest from 2001-2014. The study tested growing apricots in high tunnels, which provide frost protection. In 2015, relatively high yields were obtained from all cultivars grown in high tunnels, while no fruit was harvested from open field plantings. However, supplemental heating was needed to protect blossoms, as temperatures below 10°F in late February/early March killed flower buds in 2017-2018, preventing crops those years. High tunnel apricot production provides yields, but reliable crops depend on weather and require heating, making it risky in northern New Mexico.
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Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
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This document discusses production of tomatoes within a high tunnel. Key points include:
1) High tunnels extend the growing season by increasing temperatures and protecting crops from weather. Tomatoes grow well in high tunnels since they can be trellised vertically.
2) Soil preparation includes raising beds, applying fertilizer and plastic mulch, and installing drip irrigation. Row covers further increase temperatures for seedling growth.
3) Proper variety selection, transplant production, staking, pruning, and temperature management are important for successful tomato production in high tunnels. Several recommended tomato varieties are listed.
High tunnels are unheated structures covered with plastic that extend the growing season for crops like tomatoes; they benefit from raised beds, plastic mulches, drip irrigation, and row covers to increase soil and air temperatures. Proper soil preparation, fertilization through drip lines, and managing irrigation are important for successful tomato production within high tunnels. High tunnels allow growers to harvest premium-priced tomatoes earlier in the season before field tomatoes are ready.
This document discusses production of tomatoes within a high tunnel. Key points include:
1) High tunnels extend the growing season by increasing temperatures and protecting crops from weather. Tomatoes grow well in high tunnels since they can be trellised vertically.
2) Soil preparation includes raising beds, applying fertilizer and plastic mulch, and installing drip irrigation. Row covers further increase temperatures for seedling growth.
3) Proper variety selection, transplant production, staking, pruning, and temperature management are important for successful tomato production in high tunnels. Several recommended tomato varieties are listed.
This document discusses production of tomatoes within a high tunnel. Key points include:
1) High tunnels extend the growing season by increasing temperatures and protecting crops from weather. Tomatoes grow well in high tunnels since they can be trellised vertically.
2) Soil preparation includes raising beds, applying fertilizer and plastic mulch, and installing drip irrigation. Row covers further increase temperatures for transplanting tomatoes.
3) Varieties suited for high tunnel production include 'BHN 543', 'Carolina Gold', 'Florida 47', and 'Florida 91' which mature in 72-75 days and have disease resistance. Proper pruning and staking improves air flow and early yields.
This document provides instructions for constructing a high tunnel, including:
1) Selecting a level, well-drained site with deep soil, oriented perpendicular to prevailing winds.
2) Squaring and setting corner posts, then installing intermediate side posts using string lines.
3) Adding purlins between the side posts to support the plastic covering.
4) Installing baseboards and hip boards to strengthen the structure.
This document provides frequently asked questions about high tunnels. It discusses what a high tunnel is, costs, dimensions, site selection, orientation, cropping systems, and growing tomatoes within a high tunnel. It also addresses questions around permits, materials, crops, and marketing.
This document provides information about tomato cultivation. It discusses the introduction of tomato including its scientific name, most common varieties, and uses. It also outlines the climate and soil requirements, cultivation practices like land preparation, manure application, irrigation, and harvesting. Some physiological disorders and pests that affect tomato are also mentioned. The document is technical in nature and provides detailed information and guidelines related to growing tomatoes as a crop.
This study aims to determine the effect of different organic mulching materials on the growth and yield of tomatoes. Tomato is an important crop in the Philippines. The study will evaluate rice straw, grass cuttings, shredded leaves, and newspaper as mulch and compare the effects on tomato plant height, leaves, fruit number, marketable fruit weight, and total fruit weight. The experiment will use a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, conducted from February to May 2023 in Sultan Kudatar, Maguindanao, Philippines. Data on plant growth, flowering time, maturity, fruit number, and weight will be collected.
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Jett et al intercropping systems for tomatoes within a hig…
1. Intercropping Systems for Tomatoes within a High Tunnel
Lewis W. Jett1 , Jay S. Chism1 and Shawn P. Conley2
Additional Index Words: Lettuce, basil, companion crops, relay intercropping,
polyculture, monoculture, relative yield total,
Summary: High tunnels are low-cost, plastic-covered, solar heated
greenhouses that are used to protect and extend the traditional growing season
of many horticulture crops. Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) produced
within a high tunnel are 4-5 weeks earlier than field tomatoes in the central
Midwest. However, many other warm and cool season crops can be produced
successfully using high tunnels. Tomatoes were intercropped with lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L.), and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) within a high tunnel during a
nine-month season in 2002 and 2003. In addition to being planted concurrently
with tomatoes, lettuce was relay intercropped with tomatoes one month after
seeding the lettuce. The effects of intercropping on fruit size, quality, and total
marketable yield was compared to monoculture systems of the same crops.
Intercropped tomatoes showed no significant reduction in yield when compared
to monoculture tomatoes. Lettuce yields were reduced when concurrently
intercropped, but not when relay intercropped. The Relative Yield Total (RYT), a
measure of intercropping productivity, was 1.40 – 1.83 indicating that it would
require 40 to 83% more land for separate monoculture plantings of tomatoes,
lettuce and basil to produce a yield equivalent to the intercropping planting within
the high tunnel. Intercropping tomatoes with other vegetables in high tunnels
increases output per unit area and enables growers to take full advantage of the
high tunnel environment.
1
Department of Horticulture, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7140.
2
Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7140.
1
2. There is increasing interest in the use of high tunnels for producing high-
value, locally grown fruits and vegetables. High tunnels are solar-heated,
polyethylene-covered greenhouses that are used to protect crops from the
environment while lengthening the traditional growing season. Many
horticultural crops can be grown successfully within a high tunnel, and early yield
and quality usually exceeds field-grown crops of the same cultivars (Jett and
Read, 2003). In the central Midwest, tomatoes are often perceived to be the
highest value warm season vegetable that can be produced within a high tunnel.
Intercropping, growing of more than one crop in the same area either in a
row or as a mixture of plants, is not widely practiced in field production of
vegetables in the Midwest. Abundant land has never required growers to
maximize land use in the central Great Plains. High tunnels, however, are
amenable to intercropping. The relatively small area of a high tunnel (a
commercial high tunnel is ≈ 2500-3000 ft2) permits intensive culture of the
protected crops. Furthermore, it may be more productive to grow a mixture of
several crops simultaneously within a stationary high tunnel rather than construct
a mobile high tunnel and move it over different crops during the growing season.
In addition to mixed or row intercropping, relay intercropping may be used within
the high tunnel. Specifically, relay intercropping is the growing of two or more
crops simultaneously during part of the life cycle of each crop (Vandermeer,
1989). This intensive crop system is highly productive when land resources are
limited and the production season of several high value crops overlap (Harwood
and Plucknett, 1981). The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy
2
3. of intercropping tomatoes with specific cool and warm season vegetables within
a high tunnel.
Materials and methods
Tomato transplants were grown in the University of Missouri Horticulture
Greenhouses six weeks prior to being transplanted into high tunnels during 2002
and 2003. The tomatoes (cv. ‘Merced’) were seeded in 1020 germination flats
(20”x 10” x 2”) (8.10 cm x 4.01 cm x 0.94 cm), and upon development of the first
true leaves, were transplanted into 606 deep insert containers (2.71 cm x 2.07
cm x 1.28 cm deep) (Hummert Intl., St. Louis, MO). The tomato plants received a
weekly application of 20N-20P-20K water-soluble fertilizer (200 ppm N), after
being transplanted into the 606 containers. The tomatoes were also top dressed
with a 14N-14P-14K Osmocote slow release fertilizer (3-4 month analysis) prior
to being transplanted in the tunnels.
Four high tunnels were constructed in March, 2002 at the University of
Missouri Bradford Research and Extension Center in Columbia, MO. Each high
tunnel was covered with a single layer of greenhouse grade, 6 mL plastic
polyethylene (K-50, Klerk’s Plastic Manufactures, Inc., Richburg, South Carolina).
The dimensions of each high tunnel are 20 ft wide x 36 ft long x 12 ft high (6m x
11m x 3.6m) with bows spaced 4 ft (1.2m) apart. Temperature and humidity
were managed by rolling-up the 5 ft-high (1.5m) sidewalls or removing the
endwalls. Sidewall vents were rolled-up if ambient temperatures were ≥ 60°F
(22°C). Soil at the University of Missouri Bradford Research and Extension
Center is a fine Mexico silt loam, montmorillonitic, mesic Mollic Endoaqualf
previously under fescue sod. Additional topsoil classified as Haynie course silt
3
4. loam was also used to amend the existing soil. Using a tiller mounted to a small
tractor, the two soils were mixed and incorporated to a depth of approximately 8
in. (25 cm), resulting in a final pH of the mixed soil of 6.9. After the raised beds
were shaped and prepared for planting, a pre-plant application of 13N-13P-13K
granular fertilizer was applied at the rate of 9 lbs/1000ft2 (4.1kg) as a top dress.
A weekly application of calcium nitrate (CaNO3), (15.5% N; 19% Ca), was applied
via the drip irrigation system at the rate of 1.l lbs/1000ft2 (0.5 kg) for all crops.
The tomatoes were fertigated commencing 2 weeks after transplanting through
harvest.
Intercropping Tomatoes: To evaluate intercropping a vegetative, shallow-
rooted vegetable with a fruiting, deep-rooted vegetable, tomatoes were
intercropped with leaf lettuce. ‘Merced’ an early-season, determinate tomato
cultivar and ‘Red Salad Bowl’ leaf lettuce, were chosen as companion crops.
Tomato transplants were planted into raised beds with each plant spaced 24”
(0.6 m) apart and beds spaced 4 ft. (0.9 m) apart. The tomatoes were staked
and trellised using the modified Florida Weave System with 3-4 supporting
strings, approximately 6 in (15 cm) apart.
All plantings were on a 10 in. (25 cm) high raised bed, and each plot was
30 in wide x 96 in long (76 cm wide x 2.2 m long) without plastic mulch. Each
row was irrigated with one ¾ in. (0.6 cm) diameter plastic drip tube and drippers
spaced on-center 12 in (30 cm) apart (T Systems Inc., San Diego, CA). Irrigation
was scheduled based on a tensiometer placed 12” (30 cm) deep in each bed. All
treatments received the same volume of water and fertilizer regardless of the
planting treatment. Preplant and drip fertilization was applied based on
recommended fertilization practices for monoculture tomatoes.
4
5. Intercropping Lettuce: Lettuce (cv. ‘Red Salad Bowl’) was direct seeded
by hand in 2 rows per bed on April 6, 2002 and March 15, 2003. Each row was
12 in. (30 cm) apart, and the lettuce was thinned to approximately 1 in. (2.5 cm)
between plants 2 weeks after emergence. Tomatoes were transplanted
immediately after the lettuce emerged between the two parallel rows of lettuce.
For the relay intercropping treatment, lettuce was direct seeded one month
earlier (February 15) than the tomatoes were transplanted (March 15).
Monoculture plots of both tomatoes and lettuce were planted to compare with the
intercropping treatment. Two layers of a light-weight row cover (AG-19; Agribon
Inc., Mooresville, NC) was applied to each bed from seeding and remained on
the plants through mid-April of each year. To increase fruit size and accelerate
harvest, each tomato plant was pruned at anthesis by removing the axillary
shoots, leaving one shoot just below the first flower cluster resulting in two
fruiting stems per plant.
Tomatoes were harvested at full red color and graded according to USDA
grade standards (USDA, 1991). Dry weights of the tomato plants in each
treatment were also taken to compare the effects of the intercrop on overall plant
growth. ‘Merced’ tomatoes were removed by cutting the plants off at the soil line
on August 20, 2002 and on July 21, 2003.
Lettuce was multiple-harvested as a loose-leaf approximately 5 in. (12.7
cm) long. Harvest was terminated as the lettuce plants began to bolt in mid
June. Nitrate levels were monitored for each lettuce treatment using a hand-held
Cardy Nitrate Meter (Spectrum Technologies, Plainfield, IL). On May 1, 2003,
fresh sap was extracted from 30 lettuce petioles per treatment and nitrate levels
recorded.
5
6. Tomatoes Intercropped with Basil: Basil (cv. ‘Lettuce leaf’) was seeded in 72
cell Pro-Trays on June 7, 2002 and June 2, 2003, and the basil transplants were
relay planted July 1st 2002 and 2003 with existing ‘Merced’ tomatoes after the
lettuce harvest was finished. Two rows of basil, spaced 12 in. (30 cm) between
rows and 15 in. (38 cm) between plants were intercropped with the tomatoes in
the center. Each plot comprised an area of 20 ft2.
The basil was allowed to grow from 6-12 in. (15-30 cm) before harvest
commenced. Basil was harvested by cutting approximately ¼ in. (0.64 cm)
above a lower internode on the stem of the each plant (Youger-Comaty, 1994).
As the season progressed, care was taken not to include any lignified tissue that
may have developed at the base of the basil stem. Harvest of basil ended in mid-
October each year, and the plants were removed from the plots.
The ‘Merced’ tomatoes were replaced with ‘Sunchief’, an early-season,
determinate slicing tomato in 2002 and ‘Sweet Olive’, a determinate grape
tomato in 2003. Prior to planting, soil tests were taen in the intercropping
planting area. Following the results of the soil tests, 1.1 lbs/1000 ft2 (0.5 kg) of
13N-13P-13K granular fertilizer was applied each year.
The ‘SunChief’ tomato transplants were relay intercropped with ‘Lettuce
Leaf’ basil July 29, 2002 and the ‘Sweet Olive’ tomato was planted August 3,
2003 within established basil beds. A double layer of rowcover (AG-19, Agribon,
Mooresville, North Carolina; 0.55 oz/yd2) was applied on the first frost date of
each year (October 11, 2002 and October 20, 2003). The rowcover remained
over the tomatoes (or basil) until final harvest on November 20, 2002 and
November 22, 2003.
6
7. When measuring the production potential of intercropping, the area
required to produce a monoculture crop and its yield potential are compared to
production of the intercropped planting. Relative yield totals (RYT) were used to
evaluate production gain when using an intercropping system (Schultz et al.,
1982).
(1) RYT = P1/M1 + P2/M2 = RY1 + RY2
P1 and P2 are the yields of two crops in polyculture, and M1 and M2 are the
yields of each crop in a monoculture system. Schultz et al. (1982/83) recognized
the importance of the economic value of the crops grown when comparison of
the two cropping systems was evaluated.
Each of four high tunnels served as a replication for all experiments. Treatments
were randomized within each replication, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
performed on the data.
Results and discussion
High tunnels increased the average daily temperatures by 10-14°F (Figure 1).
From late March through mid April, ambient daily temperatures average 50°F
(9.8°C), while high tunnels maintain temperatures ≈ 63°F (17°C).
Intercropping: Tomatoes/Lettuce. Previous evaluation of ‘Merced’ tomato
had indicated it to be a high yielding, early-season cultivar that performs well
within a high tunnel (Jett and Read, 2003). Tomato harvest began on June 22,
2002 and June 19, 2003. Harvest continued until July 19, 2002 and July 16,
2003. Flowering of tomatoes was observed on April 24, 2002 and April 21, 2003.
Intercropping tomatoes with lettuce did not delay the date of first harvest of
tomatoes in either year (Figure 2).
7
8. AMBIEN T HIGH TUN N EL
25
20
Temp (C)
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Days
Figure 1. Average daily temperature within a high tunnel compared with ambient temperature
(3/30/02-4/12/02). °F= 1.8 (°C) + 32.
Intercropped tomatoes exhibited no significant reduction in yield or
average fruit size when intercropped with lettuce relative to monoculture
tomatoes (Table 1). Relay intercropping also did not significantly lower
marketable yield or average fruit size of tomatoes within a high tunnel in 2003
(Table 1). Yield of relay planted tomatoes was ≈ 15% higher than monoculture
tomatoes (Table 1). Over 70% of all marketable fruit was graded as US No. 1
with both monoculture and intercropped treatments (Table 2). Thus,
intercropping did not significantly lower fruit quality.
Four weeks after transplanting tomatoes, harvest of the February-seeded
lettuce commenced (Figure 3). Relay intercropping did not delay time to first
harvest or reduce marketable lettuce yields relative to monoculture lettuce.
February-seeded lettuce was harvested 57 days after seeding while March-
seeded lettuce was harvested 43 days after seeding. However, seeding lettuce
in mid-February resulted in a harvest 14 days earlier than March-seeded lettuce
(Figure 3). Marketable yields of February-seeded/relay intercropped lettuce were
8
9. not significantly lower than March-seeded/monoculture lettuce (Table 3).
However lettuce seeded immediately before the tomatoes were transplanted (i.e.,
intercropped) had a significantly lower marketable yield (Table 3). Relay
cropping tomatoes into an existing lettuce crop is a superior choice because it
results in a cropping system with a longer harvest window for lettuce.
Peak tomato harvest was not affected by intercropping or relay cropping
(Figure 2). By the third harvest (early July) tomatoes had the highest yields
regardless of planting treatment. Generally tomatoes require 40-60 days from
flowering to vine-ripe harvest (Jett, 2004). Tomatoes harvested in early July were
fruit produced from flowers initiated and pollinated in mid to late May. Both
monoculture and intercropped lettuce exhibited a peak harvest level at
approximately the same time (61 days after tomato transplanting) (Figure 2).
The tomatoes began flowering approximately 40 days after transplanting. As the
tomatoes began to initiate and develop fruit, lettuce yields were declining.
Tomatoes were able to initiate reproductive growth without significant competition
by lettuce since lettuce yields were declining after May 15.
9
10. 3000
2500
2000 Monoculture
grams
Tomato 2002
1500
Polyculture
1000 Tomato 2002
500
0
Week Week Week Week Week
1 2 3 4 5
A
3500
3000 Monoculture
Tomato 2003
2500
grams
2000 Intercropping
Tomato with
1500 Lettuce 2003
1000 Relay Cropping
Tomato with
500 Lettuce 2003
0
Week Week Week Week Week
1 2 3 4 5
B
Figure 2. Tomato harvest as affected by planting treatment in 2002 (A) and 2003 (B).
10
11. M arke table yie ld (oz/ft2)
4
3 R e la y -c ro p p e d
2 M o n o c u lt u re
(F e b .)
1 M o n o c u lt u re
(M a rc h )
0 In t e rc ro p p in g
4/13 4/21 4/27 4
1 2 3 5/3 5/15 6
5 5/23 76/1 6/11
8
H a rv e s t da te
Figure 3. Lettuce harvest as affected by planting treatment (2003).
Table 1. Effects of intercropping tomatoes with lettuce on marketable tomato yield.
Planting treatment Total Average Total yieldz Average
yieldz fruit wt. (lbs/plant) fruit wt.
(lbs/plant) (oz.) (oz.)
2002 2002 2003 2003
Monoculture Tomato 11.9a 7.6a 16.6ab 7.3a
Intercropping Tomato 10.4a 7.5a
with Lettuce 17.0ab 6.8b
Relay Cropping Tomato NAy NA 19.2a 7.0b
with Lettuce
z
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Means within a column followed by the same letter are not
significantly different (P≤0.05). yNA=not available. xLbs/ft2
Lettuce did not accumulate high levels of NO3 nitrogen regardless of the planting
treatment (Figure 4). Monoculture lettuce did have significantly higher levels of
nitrates relative to the intercropped planting. Since all treatments received
nitrogen based on requirements for tomatoes, this was expected. However the
levels were not excessive.
11
12. Table 2. Effects of intercropping tomatoes with lettuce on tomato qualityz.
Planting treatment US No. 1 US No. 2 US No. 3
(lbs/plant) (lbs/plant) (lbs/plant)
2002
Monoculture Tomato 8.9a 2.5b 0.9c
Intercropping Tomato with 8.1a 2.1b 0.7c
Lettuce
2003
Monoculture Tomato 11.4a 1.2b 1.7b
Intercropping Tomato with 13.3a 2.2b 1.5b
Lettuce
Relay Cropping Tomato 15.1a 1.6b 2.5b
with Lettuce
z
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Means within each grade class followed by the same letter are
not significantly different (P≤0.05).
Table 3. Effects of intercropping lettuce with tomatoes on lettuce yieldsz.
Planting treatment Lettuce yield
(oz/ft2)
2002 2003
NA
Monoculture Lettuce 11a
(February-seeded)
Relay Cropping Tomato with 10a 6bc
Lettuce
Monoculture Lettuce 11a 10ab
(March-seeded)
Intercropping Tomato with 6b 4c
Lettuce
z
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Means within a column followed by the same letter are not
significantly different (P≤0.05).
12
13. 600
March
500 Feb. a
a
400
Nitrate N (ppm)
b
300
b
200
100
0
1
Monoculture 2
Relay Intercropped 3
Monoculture 4
Intercropped
Planting treatment
Figure 4. Monoculture lettuce had significantly higher NO3 nitrogen levels relative to
intercropped lettuce.
Relay Intercropping Tomatoes/Basil. ‘Lettuce Leaf’ basil followed the ‘Red
Salad Bowl’ lettuce crop within each high tunnel. Basil harvest began on August
28, 2002 and August 16, 2003 and was harvested four times with harvest
terminating on October 23, 2002 and October 26, 2003.
The spring-planted ‘Merced’ tomato crop was replaced with either ‘SunChief’
tomatoes in 2002 or ‘Sweet Olive’ grape tomatoes in 2003 for fall harvest. The
tomatoes were relay planted into existing beds of basil or planted without a
companion crop.
The grape tomato cultivar chosen was a short-season, determinate cultivar that
did not compete significantly with the basil. Intercropping with a determinate,
slicing tomato significantly lowered basil yield in 2002, but intercropping did not
reduce marketable yields of basil in 2003 (Figure 5). As observed with spring-
13
14. planted slicing tomatoes, intercropping did not significantly reduce marketable
tomato yields relative to monoculture plantings (Figure 5). Intercropping did not
delay the date of first tomato harvest or average fruit weight per plant.
18
2002 2003
16 a
a
14
12
a a
10 M onoculture
oz /ft2
a
8 Inte rcroppe d
6 b a
4
2 b
0
1 2 3
Basil Tomatoes Basil (Grape) 4
tomatoes
P la nting tre a tm e nt
Figure 5. Effects of intercropping tomatoes with basil. Grouped bars with the same letter within
each year are not significantly different according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P≤0.05).
Relative Yield Total: The suitability of intercropping ‘Merced’ tomato with ‘Red
Salad Bowl’ lettuce can also be determined by calculating the Relative Yield
Total (RYT). A RYT that exceeds 1 is a suitable intercropping choice.
2002: The average weight of intercropped lettuce is 7 oz/ft2 (2478 g/m2) (Table
3). The intercrop value can then be divided by the average yield of a lettuce crop
grown in a monoculture system. The average yield value for monoculture lettuce
was 11 oz/ft2 (3441 g/m2). Thus, the relative yield for lettuce is 0.52. The same
procedure can be applied to the average yield of tomatoes resulting in a relative
yield of 0.88 (Table 2). The result is a Land Equivalency Ratio or Relative Yield
Total of 1.40 for the intercropping combination. Intercropping lettuce with
tomatoes is 40% more efficient than growing the two crops individually in the
14
15. same area within the high tunnel (Figure 6).
Critical Value
1.4 1.00
1.2 RY Tomato
Monoculture
1
RY Lettuce
0.8 Monoculture
0.6 RYT Tomato/Lettuce
0.4 Intercropping
0.2 RVT Tomato/Lettuce
Intercropping
0
Figure 6. Relative Yield and Relative Yield Total of tomato and lettuce intercropping within a high
tunnel (2002).
2003. If the same procedures are applied to the 2003 season using the relay
cropping system (Tables 1 and 3) the result is a RYT of 1.61, largely due to the
relay cropping system out yielding the monoculture tomatoes (Table 1)
Although several planting and harvest dates are included within this study,
including four different crops, one can calculate the RYT for all crops to evaluate
the output of the intercropping system. The average yield of the two tomato
cultivars was added together for each treatment providing an overall average
yield for the season. Likewise, average yields of ‘Red Salad Bowl’ leaf lettuce
and ‘Lettuce Leaf’ basil were combined. The following calculation was used to
determine the RYT for this intercropping study:
RYT = (P lettuce & basil/M lettuce & basil) + (P tomato1 & tomato2/M tomato1 & tomato2)
When the relative yield of each crop was totaled, the RYT was equal to
1.40, or the intercropping treatment was 40% more efficient use of the high
tunnel environment when compared to a monoculture system of all crops
individually in 2002 (Figure 6). In 2003, the combined RYT of both tomato crops
and the lettuce/basil was 1.83, indicating that intercropping was ≈ 80% more
15
16. efficient within a high tunnel relative to monoculture production of each crop
(Figure 7).
RYT(2002)RYT (2003)
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Relative yield total
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 7. Combined Relative Yield Total (RYT) for all crops produced within a high tunnel.
Conclusions
High tunnels enable growers the opportunity to produce many high-value
crops within a calendar year. Intercropping further enhances the benefits of the
high tunnel by producing diverse vegetable crops that have overlapping
production and marketing cycles within a given year. Thus a producer who
wishes to establish and market lettuce from February through mid-June can
successfully relay intercrop with tomatoes without a significant reduction in
marketable yield of either crop. Later, warm season vegetables or herbs such as
basil can be relay intercropped with tomatoes with success
The protected environment within the high tunnel avoids or prevents many
pest outbreaks that would normally occur within the field environment in the
Central Midwest. Intercropping increases biodiversity, and by combining high
16
17. tunnel production with intercropping may provide growers with even greater
protection from pests.
Not all intercropping systems will be successful within a high tunnel.
Although tomatoes are highly profitable within a high tunnel, it is critical to choose
an intercropping combination that maximizes relative yield of each companion
crop.
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