This document discusses production of tomatoes within a high tunnel. Key points include:
1) High tunnels extend the growing season by increasing temperatures and protecting crops from weather. Tomatoes grow well in high tunnels since they can be trellised vertically.
2) Soil preparation includes raising beds, applying fertilizer and plastic mulch, and installing drip irrigation. Row covers further increase temperatures for transplanting tomatoes.
3) Varieties suited for high tunnel production include 'BHN 543', 'Carolina Gold', 'Florida 47', and 'Florida 91' which mature in 72-75 days and have disease resistance. Proper pruning and staking improves air flow and early yields.
Growing Everbearing Strawberries as Annuals in Alaska; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 - Tanana District Master Gardeners, University of Alaska, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Raised Bed Gardening; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska ~ University of Alaska ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Off Season Cultivation of Cucurbits under Low Tunnel - A Cost Effective Technology for Farmers of Peri-Urban Areas of Northern India ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
polyhouse,hot bed and humidifier in horticulture under protected cultivationEzhilmathi S
1. A hot bed is a method for raising vegetable seedlings in cold weather by providing extra heat to the soil from decomposing manure or other organic matter covered by plastic sheeting. This allows seedlings to be started well before the last frost date.
2. The document provides instructions for constructing a hot bed including digging a trench, layering it with straw, manure, more straw and soil before covering with plastic to trap heat and protect seedlings from frost.
3. A polytunnel is a similar structure made of polyethylene sheeting over a frame that stays warmer than outside air, allowing off-season crop growth through solar heating and retention of heat inside the plastic covering.
Tunnel technology for Off season Vegetables by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tunnel farming involves constructing plastic-covered structures called tunnels or greenhouses to grow crops out of season. In Pakistan, tunnel farming is used to grow summer vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers during the winter months from December to February when temperatures are too low outdoors. The tunnels provide a controlled environment that shields crops from cold temperatures and allows year-round production. Tunnel farming provides higher yields than open-field farming due to the protective environment. It allows farmers to sell their produce earlier in the season when prices are higher, increasing their profits. There are different types of tunnels - low, walk-in, and high - depending on the height and size needed for the target crops.
I have tried to describe what is tunnel and what is tunnel farming and its types according to both via height and via structure.
And it also includes Substrates we use in preparation of seedlings and different structural features like buffer zone, trellising, coolers etc.
This document discusses polyhouse farming and its advantages over traditional open field cultivation. Some key points:
1) Polyhouses allow for precise control of environmental factors like temperature, light, and humidity, enabling optimal growth conditions for crops.
2) They provide protected environments that allow plants to reach their full potential, improving yields.
3) Polyhouse farming has lower costs than traditional methods and higher returns due to increased production volumes.
Off-season vegetable production involves growing vegetables outside of their normal season to supply the market during periods of low availability. This is done by adjusting planting times, selecting improved varieties suited to different conditions, and creating controlled environments using structures like plastic tunnels and greenhouses. Off-season production benefits farmers through better land use, higher profits from higher prices during lean seasons, and year-round employment and income. It also ensures consumers have access to fresh vegetables year-round and increases overall vegetable production and supply.
Growing Everbearing Strawberries as Annuals in Alaska; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 - Tanana District Master Gardeners, University of Alaska, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Raised Bed Gardening; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska ~ University of Alaska ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Off Season Cultivation of Cucurbits under Low Tunnel - A Cost Effective Technology for Farmers of Peri-Urban Areas of Northern India ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
polyhouse,hot bed and humidifier in horticulture under protected cultivationEzhilmathi S
1. A hot bed is a method for raising vegetable seedlings in cold weather by providing extra heat to the soil from decomposing manure or other organic matter covered by plastic sheeting. This allows seedlings to be started well before the last frost date.
2. The document provides instructions for constructing a hot bed including digging a trench, layering it with straw, manure, more straw and soil before covering with plastic to trap heat and protect seedlings from frost.
3. A polytunnel is a similar structure made of polyethylene sheeting over a frame that stays warmer than outside air, allowing off-season crop growth through solar heating and retention of heat inside the plastic covering.
Tunnel technology for Off season Vegetables by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tunnel farming involves constructing plastic-covered structures called tunnels or greenhouses to grow crops out of season. In Pakistan, tunnel farming is used to grow summer vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers during the winter months from December to February when temperatures are too low outdoors. The tunnels provide a controlled environment that shields crops from cold temperatures and allows year-round production. Tunnel farming provides higher yields than open-field farming due to the protective environment. It allows farmers to sell their produce earlier in the season when prices are higher, increasing their profits. There are different types of tunnels - low, walk-in, and high - depending on the height and size needed for the target crops.
I have tried to describe what is tunnel and what is tunnel farming and its types according to both via height and via structure.
And it also includes Substrates we use in preparation of seedlings and different structural features like buffer zone, trellising, coolers etc.
This document discusses polyhouse farming and its advantages over traditional open field cultivation. Some key points:
1) Polyhouses allow for precise control of environmental factors like temperature, light, and humidity, enabling optimal growth conditions for crops.
2) They provide protected environments that allow plants to reach their full potential, improving yields.
3) Polyhouse farming has lower costs than traditional methods and higher returns due to increased production volumes.
Off-season vegetable production involves growing vegetables outside of their normal season to supply the market during periods of low availability. This is done by adjusting planting times, selecting improved varieties suited to different conditions, and creating controlled environments using structures like plastic tunnels and greenhouses. Off-season production benefits farmers through better land use, higher profits from higher prices during lean seasons, and year-round employment and income. It also ensures consumers have access to fresh vegetables year-round and increases overall vegetable production and supply.
This document summarizes a University of Minnesota project studying the use of low tunnels for day-neutral strawberry production. The project found that low tunnels nearly doubled strawberry yields compared to non-low tunnel beds, and maintained temperatures around 10 degrees Fahrenheit warmer on average. This temperature increase allows day-neutral strawberries grown under low tunnels to extend the harvest season into October. The top performing cultivars identified were Albion and Seascape. Diseases were less of an issue in the low tunnel system, which maintained lower humidity levels.
by Steve Bogash, Horticulture Extension Educator/Researcher | Penn State University
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference
Feb. 17-18, 2015
Raising Vegetable Plants from Seed for the School Gardenxx5v1
1) Raising vegetable plants from seed has several advantages over purchasing plants, such as being cheaper and avoiding the introduction of diseases into the garden soil.
2) Seeds of vegetables like lettuce, cabbage, and tomatoes can be sown from mid-January to early February in flats or containers kept in a warm room.
3) As the plants grow, they will need to be transplanted into larger containers and eventually into a plant frame by early March to harden off before being planted in the garden.
Dr. Nikhil Ambish discusses protected cultivation of vegetable crops, which involves manipulating growing conditions to yield higher quality produce year-round, even in marginal environments. This includes infrastructure like frames, cladding, irrigation, as well as controlling temperature, humidity, and light. Low tunnels, walk-in tunnels, insect net houses, and shade net houses are inexpensive options, while naturally ventilated and fan/pad cooled greenhouses provide more precise climate control. The document outlines specific protected cultivation projects underway, including different vegetable varieties grown and production levels across various structure types.
This document provides tips for backyard gardening using little space. It recommends planting vegetables like lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, and calaloo in an 8' by 5' plot with 10-12 inches of soil, which is enough to grow a variety of crops. It emphasizes the importance of composting organic materials to enrich the soil and explains how to build a compost pile. The document encourages readers to be responsible consumers and preserve natural resources through small-scale backyard gardening.
Steve Bogash, Horticulture Extension Educator/Researcher | Penn State University
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference
Feb. 17-18, 2015
This document provides information on potential crops suitable for protected cultivation or greenhouse production in Himachal Pradesh, India. It discusses crops like tomato, cucumber, capsicum, and recommends varieties for each. It covers aspects of greenhouse structure, growing media, seedling production, transplanting, training, fertigation, integrated pest management and harvesting procedures to optimize yield for each crop under protected conditions. The key crops highlighted are tomato, cucumber and capsicum with focus on varieties, spacing, pruning, training, fertility and pest management.
Vegetables tunnel technology A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agricu...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tunnel farming involves constructing greenhouse-like structures covered in plastic to grow crops out of season. In Pakistan, tunnel farming is used to grow summer vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers during winter. Tunnels protect plants from low temperatures and frost and provide a controlled environment allowing for higher yields and earlier harvests. There are different types of tunnels - low tunnels are simplest but provide lower yields; walk-in tunnels provide higher yields than low tunnels; and high tunnels allow for best crop management and maximum yields. Tunnel farming benefits farmers by extending the growing season and increasing profits.
by Steve Bogash, Horticulture Extension Educator/Researcher | Penn State University
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference
Feb. 17-18, 2015
Greenhouse cultivation involves growing plants in a structured covered with transparent material to control the environment. It allows controlling factors like temperature, precipitation, and pests to produce crops year-round and at higher yields than outdoor farming. Greenhouse technology creates optimal conditions for plant growth. Globally, thousands of hectares of greenhouses in Spain produce crops 30km outside of Almeria. In India, the government subsidizes polyhouse construction, and about 20,000 hectares have been set up growing vegetables, fruits, and flowers like tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries, gerbera, and carnations. Auxin Crop Consultants provides solutions for greenhouse construction, operations, and marketing.
This document discusses different types of protected cultivation structures used in agriculture including polyhouses, plastic tunnels, shade net houses, walk-in tunnels, and mist chambers. Polyhouses are framed structures covered with plastic film that allow partial environmental control. Shade net houses are covered with polyethylene thread in varying densities to control light intensity. Walk-in tunnels are covered with UV film and can withstand strong winds. Plastic tunnels and mist chambers are used to propagate nursery plants by maintaining humidity. These protected structures offer benefits like improved crop quality, higher yields, and protection from pests and weather.
Hotbeds & Cold Frames - for Winter Gardening in Montana ~ Montana State University
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Factors to consider when selecting an outdoor food production site include sunlight, shelter from wind, access, and suitable soil conditions. Shelter protects plants from wind damage and creates a warmer microclimate. Natural windbreaks like hedges provide shelter but compete for resources, while artificial options like fencing or netting are cheaper and easier to install but less permanent.
Soil cultivation techniques for outdoor food production include digging, no-dig methods, and bed systems. Digging incorporates organic matter but risks weeds and damage, while no-dig builds beds and plants directly into added organic matter with less disruption. The bed system allows dense planting and protection of crops but may lead to soil compaction.
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and AbroadParshant Bakshi
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India and abroad. It discusses how protected structures like greenhouses, net houses, and plastic tunnels allow crops to be grown under controlled climatic conditions, leading to early production, higher quality, and protection from pests and diseases. In India, protected cultivation is a relatively new technology introduced around 30 years ago, while countries like China, Israel, the US, and several European nations have practiced it for over a century. The document also outlines the various types of protected structures used for different fruit crops and describes the environmental parameters that can be controlled inside structures like polyhouses to optimize plant growth.
Role of protected cultivation in fruit cropsPraveen Mishra
This document discusses the role of protected cultivation in fruit crops. It defines protected cultivation as intensive agricultural systems that use structures like greenhouses, tunnels, shade nets, and mulches to control the environment and minimize pesticide use. These structures allow year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less impact from weather events. The document provides examples of different protected cultivation technologies and their benefits for various fruit crops like strawberries, bananas, cherries, peaches, and blueberries. It summarizes research showing increased yields, reduced pest problems, and improved quality and harvest times with protected cultivation systems.
This document provides information about a presentation on greenhouses. It lists the presenters and then discusses what a greenhouse is, factors to consider in choosing a location, structural components, types of greenhouses, glazing materials, crops grown, ventilation needs, advantages of greenhouses, and the greenhouse effect. The main points are that a greenhouse is a framed structure that controls the environment for growing plants, important considerations include location factors and infrastructure needs, and greenhouses offer benefits like environmental control and uniform crop production.
This document provides construction tips and recommendations for building a high tunnel structure. It begins by listing recommended tools needed for construction. It then discusses the importance of setting up batter boards to accurately lay out the structure. It describes driving ground posts into the soil and cementing them in place to support the tunnel frame. It provides tips on safely raising and attaching the bows and purlins to complete the frame assembly. The overall recommendations are aimed at completing the high tunnel construction with less stress and ensuring the structure is accurately built.
El documento describe estrategias para la enseñanza del tema de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Propone cuatro estrategias: anticipar términos clave, dividir información en grupos de expertos, formular preguntas exploratorias y redactar composiciones breves. El objetivo es estimular la comprensión activa, estudiar el material por partes y consolidar conocimientos a través del debate y la discusión.
The document provides a summary of Syed Jaffer Ali's profile as a Network Administrator. It includes his contact information, 8 years of experience in computer networks management, expertise in networking techniques and engineering. It also lists his areas of expertise including various operating systems, servers, software languages, and GIS systems. His career profile describes his current role as Manager SSN at PSG Pisigma Group since June 2008.
The document provides a summary of Syed Jaffer Ali's profile as a computer networks manager. It outlines his 8 years of experience in senior management roles, networking techniques, engineering management, and analyzing complex problems. It also lists his areas of expertise, including various Microsoft servers, Linux servers, and network administration skills. Finally, it provides details of his current role as Manager SSN at PSG Pisigma Group since June 2008, where he provides technical support and optimizes operations at multiple customer sites.
This document summarizes a University of Minnesota project studying the use of low tunnels for day-neutral strawberry production. The project found that low tunnels nearly doubled strawberry yields compared to non-low tunnel beds, and maintained temperatures around 10 degrees Fahrenheit warmer on average. This temperature increase allows day-neutral strawberries grown under low tunnels to extend the harvest season into October. The top performing cultivars identified were Albion and Seascape. Diseases were less of an issue in the low tunnel system, which maintained lower humidity levels.
by Steve Bogash, Horticulture Extension Educator/Researcher | Penn State University
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference
Feb. 17-18, 2015
Raising Vegetable Plants from Seed for the School Gardenxx5v1
1) Raising vegetable plants from seed has several advantages over purchasing plants, such as being cheaper and avoiding the introduction of diseases into the garden soil.
2) Seeds of vegetables like lettuce, cabbage, and tomatoes can be sown from mid-January to early February in flats or containers kept in a warm room.
3) As the plants grow, they will need to be transplanted into larger containers and eventually into a plant frame by early March to harden off before being planted in the garden.
Dr. Nikhil Ambish discusses protected cultivation of vegetable crops, which involves manipulating growing conditions to yield higher quality produce year-round, even in marginal environments. This includes infrastructure like frames, cladding, irrigation, as well as controlling temperature, humidity, and light. Low tunnels, walk-in tunnels, insect net houses, and shade net houses are inexpensive options, while naturally ventilated and fan/pad cooled greenhouses provide more precise climate control. The document outlines specific protected cultivation projects underway, including different vegetable varieties grown and production levels across various structure types.
This document provides tips for backyard gardening using little space. It recommends planting vegetables like lettuce, tomatoes, peppers, and calaloo in an 8' by 5' plot with 10-12 inches of soil, which is enough to grow a variety of crops. It emphasizes the importance of composting organic materials to enrich the soil and explains how to build a compost pile. The document encourages readers to be responsible consumers and preserve natural resources through small-scale backyard gardening.
Steve Bogash, Horticulture Extension Educator/Researcher | Penn State University
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference
Feb. 17-18, 2015
This document provides information on potential crops suitable for protected cultivation or greenhouse production in Himachal Pradesh, India. It discusses crops like tomato, cucumber, capsicum, and recommends varieties for each. It covers aspects of greenhouse structure, growing media, seedling production, transplanting, training, fertigation, integrated pest management and harvesting procedures to optimize yield for each crop under protected conditions. The key crops highlighted are tomato, cucumber and capsicum with focus on varieties, spacing, pruning, training, fertility and pest management.
Vegetables tunnel technology A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agricu...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tunnel farming involves constructing greenhouse-like structures covered in plastic to grow crops out of season. In Pakistan, tunnel farming is used to grow summer vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers during winter. Tunnels protect plants from low temperatures and frost and provide a controlled environment allowing for higher yields and earlier harvests. There are different types of tunnels - low tunnels are simplest but provide lower yields; walk-in tunnels provide higher yields than low tunnels; and high tunnels allow for best crop management and maximum yields. Tunnel farming benefits farmers by extending the growing season and increasing profits.
by Steve Bogash, Horticulture Extension Educator/Researcher | Penn State University
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference
Feb. 17-18, 2015
Greenhouse cultivation involves growing plants in a structured covered with transparent material to control the environment. It allows controlling factors like temperature, precipitation, and pests to produce crops year-round and at higher yields than outdoor farming. Greenhouse technology creates optimal conditions for plant growth. Globally, thousands of hectares of greenhouses in Spain produce crops 30km outside of Almeria. In India, the government subsidizes polyhouse construction, and about 20,000 hectares have been set up growing vegetables, fruits, and flowers like tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries, gerbera, and carnations. Auxin Crop Consultants provides solutions for greenhouse construction, operations, and marketing.
This document discusses different types of protected cultivation structures used in agriculture including polyhouses, plastic tunnels, shade net houses, walk-in tunnels, and mist chambers. Polyhouses are framed structures covered with plastic film that allow partial environmental control. Shade net houses are covered with polyethylene thread in varying densities to control light intensity. Walk-in tunnels are covered with UV film and can withstand strong winds. Plastic tunnels and mist chambers are used to propagate nursery plants by maintaining humidity. These protected structures offer benefits like improved crop quality, higher yields, and protection from pests and weather.
Hotbeds & Cold Frames - for Winter Gardening in Montana ~ Montana State University
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Factors to consider when selecting an outdoor food production site include sunlight, shelter from wind, access, and suitable soil conditions. Shelter protects plants from wind damage and creates a warmer microclimate. Natural windbreaks like hedges provide shelter but compete for resources, while artificial options like fencing or netting are cheaper and easier to install but less permanent.
Soil cultivation techniques for outdoor food production include digging, no-dig methods, and bed systems. Digging incorporates organic matter but risks weeds and damage, while no-dig builds beds and plants directly into added organic matter with less disruption. The bed system allows dense planting and protection of crops but may lead to soil compaction.
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and AbroadParshant Bakshi
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India and abroad. It discusses how protected structures like greenhouses, net houses, and plastic tunnels allow crops to be grown under controlled climatic conditions, leading to early production, higher quality, and protection from pests and diseases. In India, protected cultivation is a relatively new technology introduced around 30 years ago, while countries like China, Israel, the US, and several European nations have practiced it for over a century. The document also outlines the various types of protected structures used for different fruit crops and describes the environmental parameters that can be controlled inside structures like polyhouses to optimize plant growth.
Role of protected cultivation in fruit cropsPraveen Mishra
This document discusses the role of protected cultivation in fruit crops. It defines protected cultivation as intensive agricultural systems that use structures like greenhouses, tunnels, shade nets, and mulches to control the environment and minimize pesticide use. These structures allow year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less impact from weather events. The document provides examples of different protected cultivation technologies and their benefits for various fruit crops like strawberries, bananas, cherries, peaches, and blueberries. It summarizes research showing increased yields, reduced pest problems, and improved quality and harvest times with protected cultivation systems.
This document provides information about a presentation on greenhouses. It lists the presenters and then discusses what a greenhouse is, factors to consider in choosing a location, structural components, types of greenhouses, glazing materials, crops grown, ventilation needs, advantages of greenhouses, and the greenhouse effect. The main points are that a greenhouse is a framed structure that controls the environment for growing plants, important considerations include location factors and infrastructure needs, and greenhouses offer benefits like environmental control and uniform crop production.
This document provides construction tips and recommendations for building a high tunnel structure. It begins by listing recommended tools needed for construction. It then discusses the importance of setting up batter boards to accurately lay out the structure. It describes driving ground posts into the soil and cementing them in place to support the tunnel frame. It provides tips on safely raising and attaching the bows and purlins to complete the frame assembly. The overall recommendations are aimed at completing the high tunnel construction with less stress and ensuring the structure is accurately built.
El documento describe estrategias para la enseñanza del tema de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Propone cuatro estrategias: anticipar términos clave, dividir información en grupos de expertos, formular preguntas exploratorias y redactar composiciones breves. El objetivo es estimular la comprensión activa, estudiar el material por partes y consolidar conocimientos a través del debate y la discusión.
The document provides a summary of Syed Jaffer Ali's profile as a Network Administrator. It includes his contact information, 8 years of experience in computer networks management, expertise in networking techniques and engineering. It also lists his areas of expertise including various operating systems, servers, software languages, and GIS systems. His career profile describes his current role as Manager SSN at PSG Pisigma Group since June 2008.
The document provides a summary of Syed Jaffer Ali's profile as a computer networks manager. It outlines his 8 years of experience in senior management roles, networking techniques, engineering management, and analyzing complex problems. It also lists his areas of expertise, including various Microsoft servers, Linux servers, and network administration skills. Finally, it provides details of his current role as Manager SSN at PSG Pisigma Group since June 2008, where he provides technical support and optimizes operations at multiple customer sites.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang doktrinasi dan propaganda. Secara singkat, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan bahwa doktrinasi dilakukan dengan cara memaksa orang lain untuk menerima pandangan tertentu dengan menggunakan berbagai teknik seperti provokasi, intimidasi, dan melemahkan fisik serta mental. Dokumen tersebut juga membahas tentang propaganda yang bertujuan untuk memengaruhi orang lain dengan menyebarkan pesan tertentu
El documento recomienda varios libros para disfrutar durante las vacaciones de verano de 2013. Incluye libros de ficción, novelas negras, libros de cocina, manualidades y libros para niños sobre dinosaurios, artistas famosos y la prehistoria. Los libros cubren una variedad de géneros y temas para lectores de todas las edades.
John Lennon was a founding member and lead singer of the legendary band The Beatles, where he helped write many classic hits from the 1960s. He had a solo career after The Beatles split and wrote the iconic song "Imagine." On December 8, 1980, John Lennon was tragically shot and killed outside his New York City apartment building by a deranged fan.
The perpetual harvest greenhouse system aims to provide year-round organic food production through an optimized greenhouse design. It combines innovative growing techniques like artificial lighting, carbon dioxide enrichment, and maximizing soluble nutrients with efficient energy management. This integrated system is designed to create ideal growing conditions 365 days a year, allowing for off-season harvests. By optimizing production, the system aims to be over 6 times more profitable than a conventional greenhouse. A prototype is proposed to validate the design and refine it for commercialization.
This document provides information on tomato crop production in dryland areas. It discusses the origin and distribution of tomatoes, noting they originated in South America and were domesticated in Mexico. The top five producers globally are China, the EU, India, the US, and Turkey. For production, it recommends selecting well-drained soil, acquiring certified seeds, establishing a nursery, transplanting seedlings on ridges or beds, applying fertilizer, harvesting at the turning or mature green stage, and using techniques like staking and pruning to improve yields and quality. The use of a zero-energy cooling chamber can also extend shelf life by maintaining optimal temperature and humidity conditions.
Row Covers - Protected Agriculture for Small-Scale Farmers ~ Ministry of Agriculture of Barbados ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. It discusses using the Chandler variety of strawberry planted in September in high tunnels, and managing irrigation, fertilization, spacing, and row covers. The high tunnels allow for significantly earlier and higher strawberry yields compared to open field production in Missouri, with the first harvests in early April. Proper establishment and care of the plants in the fall is important for maximizing branch crowns and subsequent fruit production the following spring.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. Key points:
- High tunnels allow for earlier and extended strawberry production compared to open field, protecting from environmental extremes.
- 'Chandler' variety performed well in trials, planted in September in high tunnels. Honeybees and bumblebees were effective pollinators.
- Harvest began in early April, 4 weeks earlier than open field and yielded over 1 lb of marketable berries per plant on average.
- Pests like gray mold and mites required control. Shade cloth improved fruit quality as temperatures increased later in season.
1. Earthworms are beneficial for soil and composting as they break down organic matter, aerate the soil, and produce nutrient-rich castings. Starting a worm farm or vermicomposting bin provides a way to utilize food scraps and bedding materials while the worms break them down into a fertilizer.
2. Proper care of a worm farm or vermicompost bin involves maintaining moisture levels that are damp but not wet, providing a dark environment, and regularly feeding the worms kitchen scraps and other organic materials while harvesting the finished compost.
3. Red worms are best for composting as they can process large amounts of food waste and tolerate a variety of conditions
1. Earthworms are beneficial for soil and composting as they break up soil, aerate the soil, and produce nutrient-rich castings. They can be kept in a worm farm to compost food scraps.
2. A worm farm consists of a container with bedding material like shredded paper and food scraps. Red worms are best as they eat a lot and tolerate various conditions.
3. The worm farm should be kept moist but not wet, and harvested periodically by removing castings while leaving worms in bedding. The castings can be used to fertilize plants.
83 . Kitchen gardening ( mulching) A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Provincial Project Director CMP II MINFAl Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
A short presentation detailing the efforts of Scenic Valley Farms to create a blackberry industry in the Upper Midwest by providing winter protection in high tunnels.
Kitchen garden mulching By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Consultant KPK Paki...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Mulching involves placing materials over the soil surface to maintain moisture levels. It reduces water loss from soil, minimizes weed growth, and improves soil structure. The best times to mulch are in late winter or early spring to trap moisture and prevent beds from drying out in summer heat. A 5cm layer of mulch should be spread around plants, leaving a gap around stems. Organic mulches like straw help keep soil cooler while black plastic films increase temperatures and are suitable for warm season crops. Mulching provides benefits to both soil and plants by conserving water and moderating temperatures.
Greenhouses provide a controlled environment for crop growth. They allow sunlight to enter while protecting crops from outside environmental factors like cold, heat, and rain. This controlled environment allows for higher crop yields year-round. Greenhouse technologies regulate temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and protect from pests and diseases. Components include the structural framework, covering materials, and environmental control systems.
Latest Techniques with High Tunnels; Gardening Guidebook for Pennsylvania ~ Pennsylvania State University, New England Vegetable and Fruit Conference ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Soil solarization is a non-chemical method to control soil pests by trapping solar radiation in the soil using clear plastic tarps. The plastic heats the top 6 inches of soil to over 140°F, killing many pathogens, nematodes, and weed seeds and seedlings. Solarization works best from June to August in most of California when days are long, hot, and sunny. To solarize, wet soil is covered with clear plastic for 4-6 weeks, heating the top foot of soil and leaving no chemical residues.
This document provides an overview of protected agriculture techniques. It discusses the objectives of protected agriculture including high quality and quantity production, off-season production, and extending growing seasons. It then describes various means of protection from non-favorable conditions like frost, including wind breaks, caps, spraying plants with mist or foam, smoking plants, using hot beds, and using low plastic tunnels. The document emphasizes that protected agriculture allows for controlling the environment and production timing to increase profits, but comes with higher costs and risks that require experience and resources to manage.
Tomatoes can be grown year-round in greenhouses. Several varieties are suitable depending on fruit size and characteristics. Seedlings are started in plug trays and transplanted. Indeterminate varieties require pruning and training of suckers to focus growth. Pollination requires shaking clusters by hand. Fertigation provides nutrients. Pests like whiteflies and diseases like powdery mildew require management. With proper care, greenhouse tomatoes can yield 25-30 tonnes per 1000 square meters.
Intercropping Systems for Tomatoes Within a High TunnelFawn85w
This document summarizes a study on intercropping systems for tomatoes within high tunnels. Tomatoes were intercropped with lettuce and basil in high tunnels over two growing seasons. Intercropping tomatoes with lettuce had no significant impact on tomato yield or fruit size compared to monoculture tomatoes. Lettuce yields were reduced when planted concurrently with tomatoes but not when relay intercropped one month earlier. Intercropping tomatoes, lettuce, and basil within high tunnels increased total yields and land use efficiency compared to monoculture systems.
Jett et al intercropping systems for tomatoes within a hig…Gherghescu Gabriel
This document summarizes a study on intercropping tomatoes with lettuce and basil within high tunnels. Tomatoes were planted with either lettuce grown concurrently in rows or lettuce relay cropped one month earlier. Tomatoes were also intercropped with basil relay planted after the lettuce harvest. Intercropping tomatoes had no significant effect on tomato yields compared to monoculture tomatoes. Lettuce yields were reduced when grown with tomatoes but not as a relay crop. The total yield of the intercropping systems was 40-83% higher than separate monoculture plots, showing intercropping increases land productivity within high tunnels.
This document provides instructions for constructing a high tunnel, including:
1) Selecting a level, well-drained site with deep soil, oriented perpendicular to prevailing winds.
2) Squaring and setting corner posts, then installing intermediate side posts using string lines.
3) Adding purlins between the side posts to support the plastic covering.
4) Installing baseboards and hip boards to strengthen the structure.
This document provides frequently asked questions about high tunnels. It discusses what a high tunnel is, costs, dimensions, site selection, orientation, cropping systems, and growing tomatoes within a high tunnel. It also addresses questions around permits, materials, crops, and marketing.
Similar to Production of tomatoes within a high tunnel (20)
The document discusses the history and current state of climate change research. It notes that scientific consensus has formed around the occurrence of climate change due to human activity like fossil fuel burning. Recent years have seen increasing temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events consistent with the scientific predictions about climate change impacts.
This document lists the fuses for an Audi A6 from 1994-1997 with a 1.8 liter engine. It identifies 24 fuses labeled F1 through F24 with their corresponding amperage ratings and the electrical components each fuse powers, such as headlights, interior lights, engine components, and other vehicle systems. The document also provides specifications for the vehicle including the manufacturer, model, engine code, horsepower, emission standard, and year.
The document discusses different types of mass air flow sensors. It describes how a hot wire mass air flow sensor works by using a thermistor and hot wire to measure airflow and output a proportional voltage signal. It also describes how a vane air flow meter and Karman vortex air flow sensor measure airflow and output signals to the ECM to calculate fuel injection. The mass air flow sensor is located in the intake air stream and converts airflow into a voltage signal used by the ECM to determine engine load and calculate fuel injection, ignition timing, and transmission shifting.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
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DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
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- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
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Production of tomatoes within a high tunnel
1. Production of Tomatoes within a High Tunnel
Lewis W. Jett1
Department of Horticulture, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7140
I. What is a high tunnel?
A high tunnel is a solar heated, manually vented, plastic-covered cold frame that is used to
lengthen the traditional growing season for many horticulture crops. High tunnels, often called
hoophouses can significantly increase the average daily temperature and protect the crop from
wind, rain, snow, hail, insects and diseases. High tunnels are not greenhouses, and thus require
no electrical connections for ventilation and supplemental heat. A single or double layer of
plastic can be attached to bows spaced 4-6 feet apart. The crop is grown directly in the soil using
raised beds or mulch depending on the type of vegetable. Drip irrigation is essential for
providing water and nutrients to the crop during the growing season. Most high tunnels have
roll-up sidewalls and detachable endwalls for temperature and humidity management.
Figure 1. University of Missouri high tunnels, Columbia, MO. Each high tunnel is
20’width x 9-14’height x 36’ length. Roll-up sidewalls and detachable end walls provide ventilation and
temperature control.
Many vegetable crops can be successfully grown within a high tunnel. Tomatoes are particularly
well adapted to culture within a high tunnel since tomatoes can be trained to grow vertically by
trellising or staking. Early season tomatoes also reward growers with premium prices since it is
difficult to consistently harvest field tomatoes before July in the central Great Plains.
II. Production Inputs for High Tunnel Tomatoes:
A permanent high tunnel should be placed on fertile, non-shaded, well-drained soils with a pH in
the range of 6.0-7.0. Since high tunnels are manually vented, they should be placed in an
accessible location. The soil should be tilled to a depth of approximately 6-8 inches, and
nutrients applied based on a recent soil test. Tomatoes should be established on a raised bed.
Raised beds will significantly enhance soil warming, drainage and volume of soil for rooting.
An ideal raised bed should be about 8-10” high with 30-36” width at the top. Typically, a 20’ x
96’ high tunnel will accommodate five rows of tomatoes. Raised beds can be made with power
tillers or compact bed shapers. After the raised beds are formed, fertilizer, drip tape and plastic
mulch can be applied (Figure 2).
1
Assistant Professor and State Vegetable Crops Specialist, Department of Horticulture, University of Missouri-
Columbia 65211-7140. E-Mail: JettL@Missouri.edu.
2. Figure 2. Raised bed with black plastic mulch (1 mil, embossed).
Drip tape is placed under the plastic mulch.
For early tomato production, black, clear or IRT (infrared transmitting) mulch can be applied to
increase soil temperatures, reduce weed emergence and soil evaporation. For maximum
effectiveness, black plastic mulch should have good contact between the mulch and the surface
of the bed for effective transfer of heat. Embossed plastic mulch will fit tightly over the bed.
Clear plastic will increase soil temperatures significantly more than black plastic, but weeds will
emerge under the clear film (Table 1). White plastic (white on black or white) will significantly
lower soil temperatures and can be used for late summer or fall high tunnel tomato production.
Table 1. Plastic mulch effects on soil temperature1
Mulch Type Soil temperature
increase (+) or
decrease (−) (°F)
Black +5
Clear +8-14
IRT2 +5-10
White −2
1
Soil Temperature at the 2” depth.
2
Infrared transmissible
Source: Penn State University Center for Plasticulture
and University of Missouri.
Organic mulches such as straw, hay or compost can be used for high tunnel tomatoes. Organic
mulches create a favorable environment for many beneficial insects while increasing organic
matter. However, some organic mulches (straw or hay) can significantly lower soil temperature
and thus would not be effective for warming the soil in the spring. Compost can increase soil
temperatures, but not as effectively as black plastic mulch. Organic mulches can be applied
when the soil temperatures have increased.
Since the high tunnel excludes natural rainfall, irrigation must be provided. Drip irrigation for
tomatoes will significantly improve marketable yield and overall quality. A uniform application
of water will reduce fruit cracking and other physiological problems such as blossom end rot.
3. The drip tape (a ¾” small, collapsible tube) should be buried slightly below the soil 2-3” inches
to the side of the plant with the drippers on the top. Eight or 10-mil tape is acceptable with
drippers spaced 4-12” apart. A drip system operates at 8-15 psi pressure. For a list of regional
drip irrigation suppliers, consult the Appendix.
Tomatoes use a large volume of water, particularly during fruit sizing. The fruit is
approximately 95% water. From fruit set to harvest, approximately 1½ -2 quarts of water per
plant may be needed each day.
One technique to monitor soil moisture is to use a tensiometer. A tensiometer is a device that
measures soil moisture tension as centibars (cb). The drier the soil becomes the higher the
centibar reading from the tensiometer. Generally, for tomatoes, the soil moisture tension should
be maintained between 10 and 20 centibars. When soil moisture tension exceeds 20 centibars,
irrigation should occur.
An additional advantage of drip irrigation within a high tunnel is the ability to inject water-
soluble nutrients through the drip lines as the plant needs them. Generally, large quantities of
phosphorus and potassium should not be applied through the drip system. Rather, based on a
recent soil test, all the needed phosphorus and the majority of potassium can be applied at
planting or between cropping cycles within a high tunnel. Approximately 40-50% of the total
nitrogen requirements for tomatoes can be applied prior to planting, with the balance applied
through the drip system over the course of the growing season. Nitrogen requirements for
tomatoes depend on the soil quality (i.e., organic matter) and previous cropping history.
Generally, for each 1% organic matter content of your soil, you can assume that there are 20
pounds of residual nitrogen per acre. Therefore, if you have organic matter levels greater than
3%, no preplant nitrogen is necessary. However, if your soil organic matter is less than 3%, and
you have not been supplementing the soil with organic residues, you should apply the equivalent
of 1.4 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1000 ft2 (equivalent to 60 pounds of actual nitrogen per
acre) at or before transplanting. An additional 8-10 units of nitrogen (per acre equivalent rate)
pounds per week can be applied via the drip system starting 2 weeks after transplantingz.
Row covers are an important component of successful high tunnel tomato production. Row
covers are lightweight, spunbonded polypropylene blankets that are supported loosely over the
crop row or canopy. In the field environment, a medium-weight (0.5-0.6 oz/yd2) row cover will
increase air temperature around the crop by approximately 2-4°F, while protecting the crop from
adverse weather and insect injury. Using row covers within a high tunnel can significantly
increase the average daily temperature. For early tomato production within a high tunnel, row
covers can be 2-3 times more effective relative to their same performance in the field. A
medium weight or 2x (double) layer of a light row cover should be placed over the plants after
transplanting. Unlike row covers in the field, wind currents do not remove trapped thermal
energy under the row cover within a high tunnel, and the row cover acts as an insulating layer
over the plant. Another option is the use of low tunnels that act as mini-greenhouses (18-24”
high) with a single or double layer of plastic (1 mil). Low tunnels can significantly increase air
temperatures, but must be vented to prevent excessively high temperatures. Row covers can be
kept on the plants from the time of transplanting (mid to late March) until the appearance of the
first flower cluster. At this point, they can be removed and kept in reserve in case temperatures
get low at any future time. If the sidewall vents are rolled-up (i.e., ambient temperatures are
>60°F) the row covers can be removed at any time. Row covers should be kept on tomato plants
if the night temperatures are <50°F.
z
Example: Assume a 20’ x 96’ (1920 ft2) high tunnel has 5 rows of tomatoes spaced 18”x48”. The total plant
population within the high tunnel is 320 plants. Providing 8-10 lbs of actual nitrogen per acre using calcium
nitrate (15.5% N) is equivalent to applying 2.2-2.8 lbs of calcium nitrate per week for the high tunnel. This is
equivalent to applying 9 oz of calcium nitrate per plant per week.
4. III. Tomato Plant Characteristics
The tomato is a warm season vegetable crop that is sensitive to frost and will be killed by
freezing temperatures. Tomatoes have either a determinate or indeterminate growth habit.
Determinate tomato vines produce side shoots that terminate in a flower cluster, and the plant
reaches a height of 3-4 feet. Therefore, yield is concentrated over a 4-6 week period.
Indeterminate tomatoes continue to produce additional vines and flower clusters throughout the
growing season and may reach 5-7 feet in height.
Tomato plants do not need a specific day length in order to flower. The flowers are self-
pollinated, but physical vibration of the flower either by physically shaking the plant, wind, or
insects will facilitate pollination. The optimum temperatures for pollination are 68-75°F (night)
and 60-90°F (day). At prolonged temperatures <55°F or >95°F, flowers can drop from the plant.
High humidity (>80%) can also adversely affect pollination.
Flowering until harvest is approximately 45 days for most tomato cultivars.
Since tomato pollination and fruit quality is linked to temperature and humidity, the high tunnel
should be monitored carefully for extreme temperatures. In early spring, the period of venting is
usually between 10AM and 4 PM. If left nonvented, a high tunnel can reach extremely high
temperatures (Figure 3). For example, a 60°F day can produce 100°F temperatures within the
high tunnel. The level of venting depends on prevailing winds and sunlight intensity. The goal
should be to keep daytime temperatures within the range of 75-85°F. In the event of a frost,
close the vents in mid-afternoon and place row covers on the plants.
OPEN VENT CLOSE VENT
110
100
90
80
70
Te mp (F)
60
50
40
30
High Tunnel 20
10
0
Outside
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
PM
PM
2P
4P
6P
8P
A
2A
4A
6A
A
8A
12
10
12
10
Time
Figure 3. Daily temperature fluctuations within a nonvented (single plastic layer) high tunnel,
Columbia, MO (3/27/02)
5. IV. High Tunnel Tomato Culture
Transplant production: Tomatoes are most commonly established in the high tunnel by
transplants. The critical first step in transplant production is to purchase quality seed from a
cultivar that possesses characteristics you prefer. One ounce of tomato seed contains 6,000-
12,000 seeds. For a list of tomato seed suppliers, consult the Appendix. The optimum
germination temperature for tomato seed is 75°F, and the optimum temperature range for growth
of the transplant is 60-70°F. Seeds should be sown approximately 5-7 weeks before you
anticipate transplanting in a germination flat or 50-72 cell tray. Container size is important for
early tomato production. Research has revealed that the container size for tomatoes should be at
least 2¼” in diameter. For example, if the seed is sown in a 72-cell tray, the seedlings can be
replanted in a 606 Compack ( 2¼” x 2” cell) flat beginning at the 2 true leaf stage. Excessive
watering, nitrogen, temperature or low light will cause excessive “leggy” growth. A good
tomato transplant should be stocky. Tomato transplants can be conditioned or “hardened off”
before transplanting. Hardening of tomato plants enables the plants to survive the shock of
transplanting within the high tunnel. Plants that are not properly hardened off will be slow to
start growth after transplanting. Hardening of tomato transplants can be accomplished by taking
plants from the greenhouse about 10 days before you anticipate transplanting and exposing them
to outside temperatures and wind for a few hours each day (>50°F outside temperature).
Transplanting within a high tunnel: Tomatoes can be planted when soil temperatures reach 60°F
at the 2” depth. For early tomato production, row covers, raised beds, drip irrigation, and plastic
mulch are essential. You may wish to invest in portable back-up heaters if you feel the risk of a
freeze is great within your region.
Tomatoes within a high tunnel should occupy approximately 4-6 ft2 of land. Earlier cultivars
that do not produce a large vine can be spaced closer than mid-season or cultivars that tend to
have vigorous vines. Typical spacings are 18-24” apart within row and 36-48” between rows.
For example, in a 20’ x 96’ commercial high tunnel, approximately 300 tomato plants can be
planted.
Training tomatoes within a high tunnel is very important. When tomatoes are staked, light
interception is improved, the plant is more likely to set early fruit and disease tolerance is
improved. For a high tunnel, the most appropriate way to train tomatoes for early harvest is the
stake and weave system. The stake and weave system entails using a 48-52” x 1” square wooden
pine stake (metal rebar is also acceptable) that is driven between every other tomato plant
(Figure 4). When the tomato plants reach a height of 12”, the first string can be applied. Nylon
plastic twine is the best source of string. Every 6” of new growth will require a new string where
the string is providing support for the tomato vine and fruit load. If you choose to trellis
tomatoes, make certain your high tunnel frame can support the crop load.
Pruning, the removal of suckers or axillary shoots that grow between the leaf and the main
stem, will accelerate early harvest and improve disease tolerance by enhancing air circulation
around the plant (Figure 5). While pruning may be too labor intensive for field production,
tomatoes within a high tunnel should be pruned if the objective is early harvest. Pruning will not
increase total marketable yield. The objective of pruning is to achieve a balance between vine
and fruit growth. Remove all suckers up to the one below the first flower cluster resulting in two
stems per plant. Prune when the suckers are less than 4” long, and do not prune the plants if they
6. are wet. After pruning, you may wish to apply a labeled fungicide to protect against disease
outbreak
Figure 4. Staking and stringing of tomato plants will improve
fruit quality and early marketable yield.
Axillary shoot
(sucker)
Figure 5. Pruning tomato plants.
Source: University of Kentucky; University of Missouri
7. V. Variety Selection
The essential first step to successful high tunnel tomato production is selection of a suitable
variety. High tunnel tomato research at the University of Missouri continues to screen tomato
varieties within the high tunnel environment. In general, every tomato variety evaluated within a
high tunnel has been equal to or better than that variety performance in the field.
Table 2. Some tomato varieties for high tunnel production1.
Variety Days to harvest Disease resistance Comments
BHN 543 72 F12 V1 Midseason early;
Excellent size, shape
and quality.
Carolina Gold 75 F12 V1 GW Yellow (tangerine)
colored fruit; Vigorous
vine. Excellent
quality.
Florida 47 75 F12 V1 Large, smooth, crack-
resistant fruit; Good
quality; Vine slightly
less vigorous than Fl
91.
Florida 91 72 F12 V1 Large, smooth, crack-
resistant fruit. Heat-
set variety with good
disease tolerance.
Floralina 72 F123 V1 Large, smooth, crack-
resistant fruit. Very
good taste.
Merced 69 F12 V1 Early; Good quality.
Has a tendency to
crack in the field but
not the high tunnel.
Mountain Fresh 78 F12 V1 Excellent midseason
variety; Very good
quality. Vigorous
vine. Good disease
tolerance.
Mountain Spring 70 F12 V1 Early; Excellent fruit
size.
Sunleaper 70 F12 V1 Heat-set variety good
for summer and fall
production.
Sunbrite 70 F12 V1 Compact plant with
high yields.
1
This list of tomato varieties is not intended to list every variety that may perform well within a high tunnel.
FW=Fusarium wilt race 1, 2, 3 V=Verticillium wilt. GW=Grey wall.
8. Table 3. Troubleshooting tomato problems within a high tunnel.
Problem Possible Cause Solution
Flower are falling off plants Temperatures are either too cold Proper venting for temperature
or too warm. management.
Flowers fuse together Too cool. Proper temperature management
Fruit are catfaced or misshapen Pollination disorder. Humidity may be too high or
temperature too low.
Cupping or rolling of leaves If the upper leaves experience Aphids can be controlled by
cupping or rolling, check for using registered, labeled organic
aphids. Aphids produce a sticky or synthetic pesticides and
excrement that attracts flies and releasing beneficial insects.
ants and is colonized by a dark
fungus.
Some early-season cultivars roll Genetics
or cup their leaves when they
have a heavy fruit load.
Water stress (excess or Irrigation management.
deficiency)
Poor fruit set Temperatures are too high or low Temperature management. Do
or humidity is excessive. not keep rowcovers on plants too
long.
Flowers are not being vibrated Roll-up sidewalls if temperature
enough for pollination. permits. Shake tomato stakes to
facilitate pollen release. Use
bumblebees.
Fruit has grey mold on the stem Grey mold (Botrytis) fungus Disease that is promoted by high
end humidity and cool, cloudy
weather. Vent high tunnel
properly. Use labeled fungicides,
and increase air circulation
around the fruit.
Border rows have fruit with holes. Worm feeding Bt insecticides should be applied
Foliage feeding. every 14 days commencing at
flowering. If worms are visible,
you may wish to use another
labeled pesticide.
Stem lesions causing the plant to Disease Have plants diagnosed by your
wilt. local extension person.
Fruit fails to ripen Temperature If picking during hot weather, use
a shade cloth. Late fall tomatoes
may not ripen because of low
light and temperatures.
Black spots on bottom of fruit Blossom end rot Blossom end rot is caused by a
localized deficiency of calcium to
the developing fruit. Make sure
your soil has medium to high
calcium levels; water uniformly;
do not apply a lot of NH4
fertilizers or overprune. Calcium
can be applied through the drip
system. Do not apply foliar
calcium.
Fruit cracking Irregular watering Mulch and water uniformly.
9. APPENDIX
Sources of Drip Irrigation Suppliesz:
BWI Queen Gil International
9831 Lackman Rd. P. O. Box 26025
Lanexa, KS 66219 Jerusalem, Israel
Phone: 800-662-5320 Phone: 800-831-6889
Hummert International T-Systems Intl.
4500 Earth City Expressway 7545 Carroll Rd.,
Earth City, MO 63045 San Diego, CA 92121
Phone: 800-325-3055 Phone: 800-765-1860
Web: http://www.hummert.com Web: www.t-tape.com
Morgan County Seeds Roberts Irrigation Products
18761 Kelsay Rd., 700 Rancheros Dr.
Barnett, MO 65011-3009 San Marcos, CA 92069-3007
Phone: 573-378-2655 Phone: 760-744-4511
Netafim USA Irrigation-Mart, Inc.
5470 E. Home Ave. 3303 McDonald Ave, East
Fresno, CA 93727 Ruston, LA 71270-7412
Phone: 888-638-2346 Phone: 800-729-7246
www.netafim-usa.com www.irrigation-mart.com
Rain-Flo Irrigation DripWorks
884 Center Church Rd., Phone: 800-616-8321
East Earl, PA 17519 Web: www.dripworksusa.com
Phone: 717-445-6976
Spring Brook Irrigation Chapin Watermatics, Inc.
11291 E. Lakewood Blvd. P. O. Box 490
Holland, MI 49424 Watertown, NY
Phone: 877-396-1956 Phone: 315-782-1170
Web: www.springbrookirrigation.com
Zimmerman Irrigation Inc. Plastic Plumbing Products
TRICKLE-EEZ Co. 2541 Link Rd.,
Michigan Office St. Louis, MO 63114
4266 Hollywood Rd., Phone: 800-369-7257
St. Joseph, MI 49085
Phone: 800-874-2553 Chesmore Seed Co
Web: www.trickl-eez.com 5030 Hwy 36
St. Joseph, MO 64507
Phone: 800-383-0865
z
Mention or exclusion of any proprietary product or company does not imply endorsement by
University of Missouri Extension.
Lewis W. Jett, Department of Horticulture, University of Missouri, 1-87 Agric. Bldg, Columbia, MO
65211-7114. Phone: 573-884-3287. Email: JettL@Missouri.edu
10. Sources of Tomato Seed:
AgriSales, Inc., Morgan County Seeds
P. O. Box 2060 18761 Kelsay Rd.
Plant City, FL 33564 Barnett, MO 65011
813-477-1405 888-266-0014
www.agrisales.com
Park Seeds
Burpee Seeds Cokesbury Rd.,
300 Park Ave. Greenwood, SC 29647
Warminster, PA 18974 800-845-3366
800-888-1447
www.burpees.com Rupp Seeds Inc.,
17919 County Rd. B
Chesmore Seeds Wauseon, OH 43567-9458
5030 Hwy. 36 419-337-1841
St. Joseph, MO 64507
800-383-0865 Seed Savers Exchange
www.chesmore.com 3076 N. Winn Rd.,
Decorah, IA 52101
DeRuiter Seeds www.seedsavers.org
P. O. Box 20228
Columbus, OH 43220 SeedWay
614-459-1498 1225 Zeager Rd.,
www.deruiterusa.com Elizabethtown, PA 17022
800-952-7333
FedCo Seeds www.seedway.com
P. O. Box 520
Waterville, ME 04903 Siegers Seed Co.,
207-873-7333 8265 Felch St.,
www.fedcoseeds.com Zeeland, MI 49464-9503
www.siegers.com
Harris Seeds
P. O. Box 22960 Stokes Seeds
Rochester, NY 14692-2960 Box 548
800-544-7938 Buffalo, NY 14240-0548
www.harrisseeds.com 800-396-9238
www.stokeseeds.com
Holmes Seed Co.,
2125 46th St. N.W., Tomato Grower’s Supply
Canton, OH 44709 P. O. Box 2237
800-435-6077 Fort Myers, FL 33902
888-478-7333
Johnny’s Selected Seeds www.tomatogrowers.com
310 Foss Hill Rd.,
Albion, ME 04910 Totally Tomatoes
800-854-2580 P. O. Box 1626
www.johnnyseeds.com Augusta, GA 30903
803-663-0016
www.totallytomato.com
z
Mention or exclusion of any proprietary product or company does not imply endorsement by University of
Missouri Extension.
Lewis W Jett Department of Horticulture University of Missouri 1-87 Agric Bldg Columbia MO 65211-