The document summarizes the results of a trial evaluating the potential of various accessions of leafy vegetables (amaranth, kale, mustard, paitsai, and rape) for summer production in Taiwan. Some accessions of amaranth (TOT2353 and TOT2355) and mustard (CN078) showed the best yield, largest leaves, and good heat tolerance. While several kale accessions had good yield, the local variety performed poorly. Overall, the trial identified several promising accessions of different crops that warrant further testing for their potential to increase summer leafy vegetable production in Taiwan.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Row Covers for Early Tomato Production; Gardening Guidebook for Iowa ~ Iowa State University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Finding a sustainable solution to the problem of climate change is the first step to reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in developing countries. In Côte d’Ivoire the oilseed Citrullus lanatus constitutes a source of income for farmers. The lack of knowledge on the suitable sowing dates of this plant engenders it low production. Thus to resolve this problem, some field trial were carried out in Gbokora (Daloa). An experimental design with three blocs randomized was set up. Experimentation consisted to realize a sowing during two growing seasons: season 1 (S1) and season (S2). For each season five sowing dates separated with two weeks were realized: Early 1 (E1), Early 2 (E2), Middle (M), Later 1 (L1) and Later 2 (L2). It emerges from this study that to improve the yield of this plant, the crop should be grown during the first season. In addition, planting must be done between mid-March and the beginning of April. This period corresponds to the beginning of the rainy season in the study area. However, if the farmers wish to produce the plant in the second growing season, they will have to wait until the beginning of August, which corresponds to the short rainy season.
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be appli...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Row Covers for Early Tomato Production; Gardening Guidebook for Iowa ~ Iowa State University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Finding a sustainable solution to the problem of climate change is the first step to reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in developing countries. In Côte d’Ivoire the oilseed Citrullus lanatus constitutes a source of income for farmers. The lack of knowledge on the suitable sowing dates of this plant engenders it low production. Thus to resolve this problem, some field trial were carried out in Gbokora (Daloa). An experimental design with three blocs randomized was set up. Experimentation consisted to realize a sowing during two growing seasons: season 1 (S1) and season (S2). For each season five sowing dates separated with two weeks were realized: Early 1 (E1), Early 2 (E2), Middle (M), Later 1 (L1) and Later 2 (L2). It emerges from this study that to improve the yield of this plant, the crop should be grown during the first season. In addition, planting must be done between mid-March and the beginning of April. This period corresponds to the beginning of the rainy season in the study area. However, if the farmers wish to produce the plant in the second growing season, they will have to wait until the beginning of August, which corresponds to the short rainy season.
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be appli...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
[1] ijrei vol 1, issue-2Community analysis of key pests associated with menth...editorijrei
An extensive survey was carried out during 2013 for the real situation in the crop to study the plant pathogenic fungus, bacteria and nematodes associated with Japanese Mint Mentha arvensis var piperascense growing fields. Soil and root samples were collected from 24 Mentha fields represents 15 different locations (villages) Akhtarpur, Tiwaripur, Shuklapur, Katia, Oripur, Ghuripur, Padariya and Dafara. Out of 120 soil samples, 16 soil samples were found infected with Fusarium oxysporum and 27 soil samples with Alternaria spp. 36 samples have the plant parasitic nematodes population. Results revealed that the maximum disease prevalence (DP) of Fusarium oxysporum was recorded at Shuklapur (27%), while the minimum disease prevalence was recorded at Ghuripur (3.4%). Alternaria spp. was more prevalent at Tiwaripur (42%) while root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) incidence was maximum at Katia (43%). The plant extracts were not so promising for inhibition of pathogenic fungi of Mentha crop.
Effect of Pseudomonas Fluorescens in the Germination and Growth of Prosopis L...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) is a tree of arid and semi-arid areas of northern and central Mexico. This species allows erosion control, atmospheric nitrogen fixation, and improves soil quality. Pseudomonas fluorescens is a rhizobacterium that favors plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Also, promotes seed germination and development of Mesquite plants under adverse environmental conditions. The aim is to evaluate the role of bacterial strains A7 and Sv of P. fluorescens, using two types of soil (vertisol and phaeozem), and adding vermicompost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 tons/ha) in the germination and growth stages of mesquite (Prosopis laevigata).We tested the characteristics developed by the plants over 180 days. A randomized experimental design with four repetitions was used to test the seed germination rate and 16 more variables in the greenhouse, such as morphology, dry biomass accumulated, and morphological indices through the randomized factorial experimental design with three factors, 2x3x5x3. Regarding the control treatment, the use of the bacterial strain A7 of P. fluorescens inhibited the germination of mesquite seeds, while the strain Sv favored seedlings development. We observed opposite effects; inhibition and growth in the germination stage, and development of the seedlings observed at 180 days when using the A7 and Sv strains of P. fluorescens.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
[1] ijrei vol 1, issue-2Community analysis of key pests associated with menth...editorijrei
An extensive survey was carried out during 2013 for the real situation in the crop to study the plant pathogenic fungus, bacteria and nematodes associated with Japanese Mint Mentha arvensis var piperascense growing fields. Soil and root samples were collected from 24 Mentha fields represents 15 different locations (villages) Akhtarpur, Tiwaripur, Shuklapur, Katia, Oripur, Ghuripur, Padariya and Dafara. Out of 120 soil samples, 16 soil samples were found infected with Fusarium oxysporum and 27 soil samples with Alternaria spp. 36 samples have the plant parasitic nematodes population. Results revealed that the maximum disease prevalence (DP) of Fusarium oxysporum was recorded at Shuklapur (27%), while the minimum disease prevalence was recorded at Ghuripur (3.4%). Alternaria spp. was more prevalent at Tiwaripur (42%) while root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) incidence was maximum at Katia (43%). The plant extracts were not so promising for inhibition of pathogenic fungi of Mentha crop.
Effect of Pseudomonas Fluorescens in the Germination and Growth of Prosopis L...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Mesquite (Prosopis laevigata) is a tree of arid and semi-arid areas of northern and central Mexico. This species allows erosion control, atmospheric nitrogen fixation, and improves soil quality. Pseudomonas fluorescens is a rhizobacterium that favors plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Also, promotes seed germination and development of Mesquite plants under adverse environmental conditions. The aim is to evaluate the role of bacterial strains A7 and Sv of P. fluorescens, using two types of soil (vertisol and phaeozem), and adding vermicompost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 tons/ha) in the germination and growth stages of mesquite (Prosopis laevigata).We tested the characteristics developed by the plants over 180 days. A randomized experimental design with four repetitions was used to test the seed germination rate and 16 more variables in the greenhouse, such as morphology, dry biomass accumulated, and morphological indices through the randomized factorial experimental design with three factors, 2x3x5x3. Regarding the control treatment, the use of the bacterial strain A7 of P. fluorescens inhibited the germination of mesquite seeds, while the strain Sv favored seedlings development. We observed opposite effects; inhibition and growth in the germination stage, and development of the seedlings observed at 180 days when using the A7 and Sv strains of P. fluorescens.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Evaluating the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) ...Innspub Net
Field trials were conducted in the 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University, Kano (11°58’N and 8°25’E) and Agricultural Research Station Farm, Minjibir (12°11’N and 8°32’E). The objective of the study wasto evaluate the performance of improved sweetpotato lines with a view to identify those that may be adaptable with high yielding potential in the study area.The treatments consisted of 16 sweetpotato advanced lines: Centennial, AYT/08/055, TIS8164, TIS87/0087, NRSP12/097, UMUSPO/2, UMOSPO/1, SOLOMON-1, EA/11/022, EA/11/025, EA/11/003, UM/11/015, NRSP/12/095, UM/11/001, UM/11/022, and a local check
(Kantayiidda). These were laid out in a Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots, number of pencil roots, flesh colour, root shape and root yield. Kantayiidda produced significantly (p<0.05) higher root yield (10315kg/Ha) than all other lines. Solomon-1, Umuspo/1, EA/11/022, UM/11/001 and TIS87/0087 were found to be promising among the advanced lines evaluated; thus could relatively compete with Kantayiidda local for adaptation and high root yield in the study area. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
Abstract: Determination of crop water requirement is the primary duty in any irrigation planning. This can be obtained through determining crop coefficient (Kc) which integrates the effect of characteristics that distinguish a typical field crop from the grass reference that has a constant appearance and a complete ground cover. Consequently, different crops will have different Kc coefficients. The changing characteristics of the crop over the growing season also affect the Kc coefficient. Hence crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of potential crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration, is an important parameter in irrigation planning and management. However, this information is not available for many important crops for a specific area. A study was carried out at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, which is located in a semi arid climate of the great central rift valley. A drainage type lysimeters was used to measure the daily evapotranspiration of Onion, Red Bombay variety, on a clay loam soil. Crop coefficient was developed from measured crop evapotranspiration (3.00, 4.58, 6.11 and 4.63) and calculated reference evapotranspiration using weather data (4.92, 5.33, 5.99 and 5.79). The measured values of crop coefficient for the crop were 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 during initial, development, mid-season and late-season growth stages respectively. These locally determined values can be used by irrigation planners and users in the central rift valley and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
Abstract: Determination of crop water requirement is the primary duty in any irrigation planning. This can be obtained through determining crop coefficient (Kc) which integrates the effect of characteristics that distinguish a typical field crop from the grass reference that has a constant appearance and a complete ground cover. Consequently, different crops will have different Kc coefficients. The changing characteristics of the crop over the growing season also affect the Kc coefficient. Hence crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of potential crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration, is an important parameter in irrigation planning and management. However, this information is not available for many important crops for a specific area. A study was carried out at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, which is located in a semi arid climate of the great central rift valley. A drainage type lysimeters was used to measure the daily evapotranspiration of Onion, Red Bombay variety, on a clay loam soil. Crop coefficient was developed from measured crop evapotranspiration (3.00, 4.58, 6.11 and 4.63) and calculated reference evapotranspiration using weather data (4.92, 5.33, 5.99 and 5.79). The measured values of crop coefficient for the crop were 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 during initial, development, mid-season and late-season growth stages respectively. These locally determined values can be used by irrigation planners and users in the central rift valley and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.
Fall-Applied Row Covers Enhance Yield in Plasticulture Strawberries; Gardening Guidebook for Washington County, North Carolina www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Master Gardeners, North Carolina State University, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the fields of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
Effect of storage methods of cassava planting materials on establishment and ...Innspub Net
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cruntz.) establishment depends on quality of planting materials. The experiment was done to determine the effects storage and variety on crop establishment and early growth vigour. Karembo and KME 4 varieties were stored in clamp under double shade (CUDS), horizontal under shade (HUS), vertical under shade (VUS) and horizontal under open ground (HOUG) as control for 16 weeks. Planting materials was sampled from each storage methods after every 4 weeks and taken to field to evaluate their sprouting ability, number of primary shoots formation, number of leaves, rate of leaf formation and early growth vigour. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated by LSD. Sprouting percentage at Kabete was 54.73 % while in Kiboko had 37.78 %. The results showed that Kabete had 1.60 number of primary shoots per plant compared to 1.04 of Kiboko. The results showed KME4 had higher sprouting than Karembo in both sites. This can be due to genetic difference among varieties. The rate of leaf formation at Kiboko was higher as compared to Kabete it could be contribute difference in temperature between locations. Thus, optimum temperature and relative humidity should be factored in cassava cuttings storage to avoid increased death of stored cuttings. In case of storage cassava cuttings, should be stored in clamp under double shade methods under low temperature and moderate RH.
Effect of storage methods of cassava planting materials on establishment and ...Innspub Net
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cruntz.) establishment depends on quality of planting materials. The experiment was done to determine the effects storage and variety on crop establishment and early growth vigour. Karembo and KME 4 varieties were stored in clamp under double shade (CUDS), horizontal under shade (HUS), vertical under shade (VUS) and horizontal under open ground (HOUG) as control for 16 weeks. Planting materials was sampled from each storage methods after every 4 weeks and taken to field to evaluate their sprouting ability, number of primary shoots formation, number of leaves, rate of leaf formation and early growth vigour. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated by LSD. Sprouting percentage at Kabete was 54.73 % while in Kiboko had 37.78 %. The results showed that Kabete had 1.60 number of primary shoots per plant compared to 1.04 of Kiboko. The results showed KME4 had higher sprouting than Karembo in both sites. This can be due to genetic difference among varieties. The rate of leaf formation at Kiboko was higher as compared to Kabete it could be contribute difference in temperature between locations. Thus, optimum temperature and relative humidity should be factored in cassava cuttings storage to avoid increased death of stored cuttings. In case of storage cassava cuttings, should be stored in clamp under double shade methods under low temperature and moderate RH.
Effect of storage methods of cassava planting materials on establishment and ...Innspub Net
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cruntz.) establishment depends on quality of planting materials. The experiment was done to determine the effects storage and variety on crop establishment and early growth vigour. Karembo and KME 4 varieties were stored in clamp under double shade (CUDS), horizontal under shade (HUS), vertical under shade (VUS) and horizontal under open ground (HOUG) as control for 16 weeks. Planting materials was sampled from each storage methods after every 4 weeks and taken to field to evaluate their sprouting ability, number of primary shoots formation, number of leaves, rate of leaf formation and early growth vigour. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated by LSD. Sprouting percentage at Kabete was 54.73 % while in Kiboko had 37.78 %. The results showed that Kabete had 1.60 number of primary shoots per plant compared to 1.04 of Kiboko. The results showed KME4 had higher sprouting than Karembo in both sites. This can be due to genetic difference among varieties. The rate of leaf formation at Kiboko was higher as compared to Kabete it could be contribute difference in temperature between locations. Thus, optimum temperature and relative humidity should be factored in cassava cuttings storage to avoid increased death of stored cuttings. In case of storage cassava cuttings, should be stored in clamp under double shade methods under low temperature and moderate RH.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
The Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Mungbean Extract on Germination and...
AVRDC_Julien Sananikone
1. 1
August 2001
Introduction and evaluation of leafy vegetables
for summer in Taiwan
Julien V.SANANIKONE
Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC)
Shanhua,Tainan,Taiwan
Supervisor
Dr.George KUO
Abstract
Leafy vegetables are important in Taiwan agriculture. But, although total
vegetable production is high, summer production is relatively low. New accessions
can increase this production. They were evaluated for adaptability in various
seasons. During this summer 2001, some of the selected promising accessions were
further tested in replication trial with the aim to select heat tolerant, high-yielding
and early maturing potential varieties for summer production. Thus, the results
showed that potential in amaranth TOT2353 and TOT2355, in kale LV019, LV20,
LV021 in mustard CN078, in paitsai CN088 and CN098 and for rape TB570, TB473
and TB599. Most of the results confirmed the adaptability of the promising
accessions.
2. 2
Introduction
Leafy vegetables are important components of Taiwanese agriculture and diet.
However the farm and hence the retail prices of leafy vegetables vary a lot within the year.
Generally, the prices are higher during summer than the average of the year. In the year
2000, the July retail price for Chinese kale was 57.78 NT$/kg whereas the average retail
price was 52.88 NT$/kg, similarly the July retail price for leaf mustard was 54.02 NT$/kg
whereas the average retail price was 49.04 NT$/kg and finally the August retail price for
edible amaranth was 57.34 NT$/kg whereas the average retail price was 53.33 NT$/kg that
year (Taiwan Agriculture Prices & Costs Monthly, January 2000, Central Taiwan Office
Council of Agriculture). One of the main reasons for this fact is that the summer climate is
not really favorable for agriculture and then makes the production relatively low. Indeed in
the South of Taiwan, summer is characterized by high temperatures ranging from 25.5 to
31.6ºC, high rainfall (534 mm) and high humidity (82%) (Climatological Data Annual Report
1999, Central Weather Bureau, Taiwan). Further more, gales and typhoons, which are
recorded from May to November, often devastate crops in the fields that become
impossible to harvest. Generally, leafy vegetables were grown in the highlands where the
temperature is cool during summer but because of the lack of soil-water conservation
measures soil and water erosion became a serious problem (AVRDC, 1988a. Vegetable
Research In South-East Asia, AVRDC, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan). The lowlands have to supply
the major leafy vegetables for local market demand.
Recently, several species of “new” vegetables have made their appearance in the
Taiwan market. Many of these species are adapted to tropical conditions. These vegetables
can play a role in increasing summer production. But to significantly do so, the
identification of genotypes tolerant to heat, early maturing and high-yielding is necessary.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of some horticultural traits of
leafy vegetables that is to say yield, heat tolerance and growth characteristics. This study
evaluates the potential of five crops namely amaranth, kale, mustard, paitsai and rape. It is
to identify promising crops that will be further tested for the release to the Taiwan national
agriculture research system.
3. 3
Materials and methods
Plant material
Five crops of leafy vegetables, with six accessions each, were tested under net house
condition (Table 1). Among the six accessions, one is a commonly used variety in Taiwan.
The selection of those accessions was based on the results of previous observation trials
that highlighted their good yield potential. This selection also depended on the available
amount of seeds. Since most of them come from foreign countries there was not much
quantity to make use of.
Location and field characteristics
The trial was conducted at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center,
Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan during summer (June-July-August) 2001. All crops were grown in
the same net house (32 mesh, 50m long and 40m wide). The seedlings were planted in the
beds (4 x 0.6 x 0.2 m). Two-row-beds were used with a plot size of 4 m² (1m x 4m) and
spacing 20 cm between plants. The experimental was designed as a randomized complete
block design with 3 replications.
Cultivation management
The seeds were first sown in plug trays in greenhouse on 20 June 2001. Two seeds per
cell were planted 1cm deep. Once the seedlings were strong enough (approximately 20
days after sowing) they were transplanted in the net house, on 9 July 2001 for amaranth,
rape and paitsai, and on 11July 2001 for kale and mustard. Once the seedlings transplanted,
the soil was covered with rice straw.
Compost (Taiwan fertilizer #2; organic matter NPK: 60-5-4) at 1500 kg/ha and chemical
fertilizer (Taiwan fertilizer #43; NPK+Mg: 15-15-15-4) at 400 kg/ha were broadcast one day
before the first transplantation. Nitrogen was also applied 10 to 14 days after transplanting
at 150 kg/ha.
The seedlings were irrigated just after transplanting. Then, if there were no rainfall,
furrow irrigation was practiced once a week during hot-dry periods.
Manual weeding was first realized on the day of nitrogen application. The field was
weeded a second time one day before the first harvest. In case of repeated precipitations,
the times for weeding would be increased.
For pest and disease management, Methomyl (100g/ha, 1500X), Benomyl (1000g/ha,
1000X) and Mancozeb (1500g/ha, 800X) were sprayed when needed and applied uniformly
to all plots.
Several harvests by cutting were done between 15 and 40 days after transplanting
depending on leaf maturity of individual species.(Table 2.)
4. 4
Table 1.List of the leaf vegetable accessions evaluated in summer 2001
Crop Accession number Scientific Name Origin
TOT2263 Ghana,Africa
TOT2265 Ghana,Africa
TOT2327
Amaranthus cruentus L.
Nigeria,Africa
TOT2353 Amaranthus dubius C.Martius ex Thell. India
TOT2355 Amaranthus hypochondriachus L. Unknown
Amaranth
White leaf (check) Amaranthus tricolor L. Known-You Seed (Taiwan)
LV019 Tanzania,Africa
LV020 Tanzania,Africa
LV021 Tanzania,Africa
LV042 Tanzania,Africa
LV043 Tanzania,Africa
Kale
Full White (check)
Brassica oleracea L. cv.Alboglabra
Known-You Seed (Taiwan)
LV008 Malawi,Africa
CN079 CAAS,China
TB574 Indonesia
CN078 CAAS,China
TB559 Philippines
Mustard
Fun Wei (check)
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernjaew
Known-You Seed (Taiwan)
CN088 CAAS,China
CN089 CAAS,China
CN097 CAAS,China (Hunan)
CN098 CAAS,China (Szuchuan)
CN099
Brassica rapa L. cv.pak-choi
CAAS,China (Szuchuan)
Pak-choi
(Paitsai)
Speedy (check) Brassica rapa L.cv.Chinese cabbage Known-You Seed (Taiwan)
TB439 Malaysia
TB570 Indonesia
TB473 Thailand
TB599 Indonesia
TB571 Indonesia
Rape
Local variety (check)
Brassica rapa L.cv.caisin
Known-You Seed (Taiwan)
Data recording
On the transplanting day one plant by plot was sampled to measure leaf area and dry
weight.
Ten and twenty days after transplanting the same samplings were done for kale,
5. 5
mustard, paitsai and rape. For kale and mustard an ultimate sampling was made thirty days
after transplanting. Since amaranth grew really fast, the third sampling was realized fifteen
days after transplanting.
The day before harvesting, the percentage of bolting (plants whose bloom presence
was detectable by sight) was evaluated and the leaf shape, the leaf and stem color were
described.
On the first harvesting day, a sampling to measure leaf area and dry weight was done.
The following data were also recorded: number of days after sowing to harvest; number of
plants transplanted and harvested; leaf width, length and number per plant and yield.
These latter data were evaluated from all remaining plants in the plot except the 1st
and the
20th
ranks which are the borders. At the time of other harvests, only yield was recorded.
(Table 2)
Leaf area was measured by a LICOR-3100 (LICOR, Lincoln, NB., USA). The plants were
dried with a drier at 60ºC for 3 to 7 days depending on plant stage.
Table 2.Numbers of days after transplanting for sampling and harvesting
Sampling 1 Sampling 2 Sampling 3 Sampling 4
Harvest
1
Harvest
2
Harvest
3
Amaranth 2 12 17 - 17 27 38
Kale trspl day 10 20 29 29 35 -
Mustard trspl day 10 20 29 29 35 -
Paitsai 2 12 24 - 24 38 -
Rape 2 12 24 - 24 38 -
trspl day = transplanting day
Data analysis
For the growth analysis the following parameters were determined:
Crop Growth Rate (CGR) expresses the average daily increment of stand total dry weight.
The formula is
( )12
12
ttG
WW
CGR
−
−
= (weight.ground area-1
.time-1
)
Where W1
and W2
are the values of dry weight at two consecutive harvests carried out at
times t1
and t2
, respectively and G is the ground area on which W1
and W2
have been
estimated.
Leaf Area Index is defined as the ratio between leaf area (A) and ground surface (G).
The formula is
G
A
LAI = (area.area-1
)
6. 6
Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) expresses a plant’s capacity to increase dry weight in terms of
its assimilatory surface (leaf area)
The formula is
( )( )
( )( )1212
1212 lnln
ttAA
AAWW
NAR
−−
−−
= (weight. area
-1
.time
-1
) assuming there is a
linear relationship between W and A.
Data were analyzed by SAS Institute’s (Cary, NC, USA) General Linear Models (G.L.M.)
procedure.
Results
The results compiled in Table 3 show that the accessions TOT2353 and TOT2355 of
amaranth have the best yield (15.6 and 15 t/ha respectively). Further more, they also
produce more leaves that were quite long and the widest among the six accessions tested.
Nevertheless, they seem to be heat sensitive since they were the only accessions to flower
before harvest (Figure 1).The local variety White Leaf produced considering yield (12.4 t/ha)
and had not started to bolt on harvesting days.
Amaranth
0 0 0
37
53
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
TOT2263 TOT2265 TOT2327 TOT2353 TOT2355 White leaf
Entry
Boltingpercentage
Figure 1.Bolting percentage the day before the first harvest for amaranth
Among kale accessions the results were quite alike for every traits studied. LV019 and
LV021 got the best yield. LV020 produced the most leaves. On the contrary, the local variety
Full White showed really bad results especially for yield,leaf number and leaf length.
The mustard accession CN078 is to be highlighted. Indeed, it had the best yield (9.3
t/ha), and the biggest leaves. It had the fewest leaves but this is not significantly different
from the other accessions. Finally, its heat tolerance is noticeable as it had less than 1% of
bolting the day before the first harvest (Figure 2).
7. 7
Table 3.Evaluation trial of amaranth, kale,mustard,paitsai and rape,summer 2001
Entry
Yield
(t/ha)
Days
for
maturity
Leaf
n
0
Leaf
length
(cm)
Leaf
width
(cm)
Plant
height
(cm)
-Amaranth-
TOT2263 4.7
a
21.8
a
12.3
a
23.0
a
8.1
a
34.6
ab
TOT2265 8.3
a
23.1
ab
13.7
ab
24.7
a
8.0
a
43.8
c
TOT2327 6.2
a
23.8
bc
13.0
ab
23.7
a
8.2
a
42.4
bc
TOT2353 15.6
b
26.0
d
14.8
bc
23.6
a
10.1
b
44.8
c
TOT2355 15.0
b
26.8
d
16.8
cd
22.5
a
9.5
ab
45.5
c
White leaf (check) 12.4
b
25.1
cd
17.5
d
16.0
b
10.9
b
26.9
a
Mean 10.4 24.4 14.7 22.3 9.1 39.7
-Kale-
LV019 5.4
a
30.9
a
6.8
ab
25.2
ab
11.1
ab
33.7
bc
LV020 3.7
ab
30.4
a
9.3
d
25.0
ab
12.4
b
33.9
c
LV021 5.5
a
30.6
a
7.5
bc
26.5
a
11.7
ab
36.0
c
LV042 3.9
ab
30.7
a
8.8
cd
23.8
ab
11.4
ab
33.9
c
LV043 2.2
ab
30.9
a
6.8
ab
22.8
b
10.5
a
28.0
ab
Full White (check) 2.2
b
30.5
a
5.6
a
19.2
c
11.1
ab
24.9
a
Mean 3.9 30.7 7.5 23.7 11.4 31.7
-Mustard-
LV008 5.6
a
29.5
ab
6.6
a
27.9
a
14.0
b
33.4
b
CN079 4.7
a
30.0
ab
6.5
a
22.9
b
12.2
a
28.6
a
TB574 6.4
a
29.6
ab
7.0
a
27.9
a
13.1
ab
32.9
ab
CN078 9.3
b
29.4
a
6.3
a
28.6
a
15.7
c
32.8
ab
TB559 5.7
a
30.3
b
6.8
a
23.8
b
13.2
ab
29.0
ab
Fun Wei (check) 6.3
a
29.6
ab
6.9
a
27.8
a
12.8
ab
32.9
ab
Mean 6.4 29.7 6.7 26.5 13.5 31.6
-Paitsai-
CN088 7.0
cd
27.3
b
8.2
a
30.1
b
12.9
cd
33.7
e
CN089 5.0
bc
27.5
b
8.4
ab
27.5
b
12.0
c
29.4
bc
CN097 0.4
a
24.0
a
8.3
a
11.7
a
7.1
a
14.0
a
CN098 8.0
d
26.3
b
10.0
ab
28.0
b
13.9
d
31.2
cd
CN099 3.6
b
31.6
c
10.5
b
25.8
b
9.1
b
28.0
b
Speedy (check) 7.2
cd
24.6
a
8.8
ab
31.0
b
14.1
d
32.1
de
Mean 5.2 26.9 9.0 25.7 11.5 28.1
-Rape-
TB439 5.1
a
28.3
d
9.5
a
25.4
ab
8.7
a
32.3
a
TB570 8.1
b
27.4
cd
8.4
a
29.0
bc
11.6
b
34.9
a
TB473 7.9
b
25.7
abc
16.2
b
24.9
a
8.6
a
32.1
a
TB599 6.2
ab
26.6
bcd
10.6
a
29.9
c
10.9
b
33.3
a
TB571 5.1
a
25.1
ab
10.7
a
31.7
c
10.9
b
31.7
a
Local variety (check) 5.2
a
24.5
a
11.8
ab
24.1
a
8.2
a
32.1
a
Mean 6.3 26.3 11.2 27.5 9.8 32.7
Means within a column, followed by the same letter are not significantly different by least significant difference (LSD) at 5%
8. 8
Mustard
22 22
49
0,9
18
45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
LV008 CN079 TB574 CN078 TB559 Fun Wei
Entry
Boltingpercentage
Figure 2.Bolting percentage the day before the first harvest for mustard
For paitsai accessions CN088 and CN098 and local variety Speedy performed the best
yield and the biggest leaves. CN098 could provide an average of 10 leaves per plant and
Speedy was really fast to harvest with only 24.6 days.
Accessions TB570, TB473 and TB599 of rape got the best yield. TB473 had the most
leaves (16.2 per plant) and could be harvested after 25.7 days.TB570 had the biggest leaves
(29 cm long and 11.6 cm wide).
Discussion
In summer 1999, an observational trial identified promising leafy vegetables for
further testing. Unfortunately, the replication trial conducted in summer 2000 led only to
the harvest of kale. Comparing, this latter set of data to the one of this summer shows
nearly the same results,that is to say LV019, LV020 and LV021 appear as the best accessions.
Similarly, Full White got really bad results. Nevertheless, the average yield for summer 2000
was 8.7 t/ha more than the double of this summer yield. This may be explained by the fact
that firstly, the summer 2000 trial last longer with more harvests. Secondly, during this
summer, after the application of the nitrogen fertilizer came a rain that diluted it and
caused the roots to absorb too much nitrogen. The seedlings were burnt and hence
replaced the day after.The lower yield may result of that second transplantation.
Amaranth accession TOT2263, which had been selected in the spring 2000 trial, did
not perform well this summer 2001. Its low yield (4.7 t/ha) can find an explanation in the
low leaf area index (Figure 3.). The leaf area was not sufficient to intercept as much of the
incoming radiation as possible.
9. 9
0,9
1,7 1,8
3,2
2,7
5,6
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
TOT2263 TOT2265 TOT2327 TOT2353 TOT2355 White
leaf
entry
LAI(m².m-²)
Figure 3.LAI for amaranth on the first harvest day
Furthermore, since all the TOT2263 seedlings were not vigorous enough to be
transplanted the first time,the first harvest resulted in lower yield (yield was measured with
the total bed area). The beds were completed one week later and then the two last
harvests took more plants into account. Finally, Amaranthus cruentus L. cv Fotètè is widely
cultivated in Africa where it is high-yielding and its growth is fast which was not the case in
this trial.
On the contrary, the accessions TOT2353 and TOT2355 with LAI of respectively 3.2
and 2.7 m².m-
² got the best yield, which is confirmed by Nichiporovich (1960) who
considered that the optimal area range was between 2,5 and 5 m².m-
². White Leaf with a
LAI of 5.2 m².m-
² showed a good heat tolerance as previously mentioned.
Amaranth is characterized by the C4
-cycle photosynthetic pathway, which means a
high photosynthesis at high temperature and radiation. This explains the much higher
average yield for amaranth than for the average yield of the other crops.
For mustard, accession CN078 had the best results whatever the season was. This tends
to confirm this accession to be a heat tolerant, high-yielding and fast growing crop that
would deserve to be introduced in regional trials.
A relatively high level of heterogeneity within each bed of paitsai was noticed. The
purity of the seeds was certainly not acceptable. This makes the results quite not reliable,
though CN088 was selected as in a previous trial.
This summer trial for rape revealed TB570 and TB473 to be promising although
previous trials did not.TB599 continues to appear as a promising crop.
10. 10
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank all AVRDC staff for making my training period really enjoyable. I
really found your pedagogical method instructive as it allowed me to think of the
problems (and the solutions) by myself and to follow every steps of the experiment. A
particular thank goes to Mandy Lin for her great patience in answering my questions!
References
Climatological Data DAnual Report 1999,Central Weather Bureau,Taiwan.
Grubben G.J.H.1976.The cultivation of amaranth as a tropical leaf vegetable.
Communication 67.Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam,The Netherlands.207 pp.
Luh,Chi-Lin,1988.Forty years of vegetable research and development in Taiwan.
AVRDC, 1988a.Vegetable research in South-East Asia, AVRDC, Shanhua,Tainan,Taiwan.
p80
Mitchell,L.R.1970.Light utilization by leaf and crop surfaces.Crop growth and
culture.The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.29-33 pp.
Sienmonsa, J.S.and Kasem Piluek (Eds.) 1994.Plant Resources of South-East Asia.
PROSEA Vegetables.Bogor,Indonesia.pp.82-134
Taiwan Agriculture Prices & Costs Monthly,January 2000, Central Taiwan Office
Council of Agriculture