This document provides an overview of jet engine basics. It discusses the main types of jet engines including turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft. The turbofan engine is described as employing a bypass design that provides around 80% of total thrust from bypass airflows. The core components of a jet engine are also summarized, including the compressor, combustor, turbine, and their basic functions in the Brayton cycle that powers gas turbine engines.

1. JET ENGINE BASIC
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2. TYPES OF ENGINE
 Piston engine (Reciprocating engine).
 Gas turbine engine.
-Jet Engine.

3. When it is invented?
 Frank Whittle’s patent award on the jet engine in
1930 and his static test of a jet engine in 1937.
 The gas turbine in replacing the reciprocating engine
as a power plant for high-speed aircraft.
 This is one of the growing at a rapid pace all over the
world.

4. Description of Gas Turbine
 The gas turbine is a machine that burns fuel to
provide energy to create a moving flow of air.
 In both the gas turbine and the motor car engine, air
is compressed fuel is added and the mixture is
ignited.
 The resulting hot gas expands rapidly and is used to
produce the power.

6. Cycles and Laws
 The fundamental thermodynamic cycle on which gas
turbine engines are based is called the Brayton Cycle
or Joule cycle.
 A jet engine employs Newton’s laws of motion to
generate force.

7. Brayton Cycle (Open)

8. Brayton Cycle (Close)

10. Perfection in engineering
 There are four main types of gas turbine:
•The Turbojet ,
•The Turbofan,
•The Turboprop,
•The Turboshaft.

11. Turbo Jet Engine
 Simplest form of gas turbine
 High velocity hot gas provides thrust
 High fuel burn and high noise levels
Application:
 Most famously the Olympus 593 that powered
Concorde
 Military aircraft

13. Turbo Prop & Turbo Shaft
The exhaust stream drives an additional turbine -
 This turbine drives a propeller or a helicopter rotor
system.
 The propeller accelerates air generating thrust or lift.
Application
 AE2100, the world’s leading high power turboprop,
powering the Hercules C-130J.
 RTM322 turbo shaft powering Apache helicopters.

15. Turbo Fan
Also called the bypass engine.
 Bypass and core flows both provide thrust, with the
bypass flow accounting for around 80 per cent of the total
thrust.
 More environmentally friendly with better propulsive
efficiency and lower noise levels.
Application:
 RB211 and the Trent family such as the:
Trent 1000 powering the Boeing 787 Dreamliner™
The latest Trent powering the Airbus A350 XWB

18. Types of Shaft
There are two types of shaft used in gas turbine.
 Two Shaft,
 Three Shaft.
Three Shaft:
 Shorter, stiffer shafts allowing improved performance retention
 Optimised blade speeds improving engine efficiency.
 Lighter weight engines resulting in higher revenue earning
potential.
 Modular design allowing easier maintainability

20. Fan (Low Pressure Compressor)
 Its primary jobs are drawing air into the engine,
compressing the bypass stream to produce 80 per
cent of the engine’s thrust.
 The fan system must be strong, light and quiet.
 The tip of the fan blades can be travelling at speeds
of over 1000mph.

21. The Compressor
 The compressor is made up of the fan and
alternating stages of rotating blades and static vanes.
 This compressor having eight intermediate pressure
stages and six high pressure stages.

22. The Combuster
 There are Three Types of combustion chamber.
 The multiple chamber,
 The tubo-annular chamber and
 The annular chamber.

23. The Annular Combustion
Chamber
 The annular combustion chamber is located within a
casing structure.
 Kerosene is introduced through fuel injectors into
the front of the chamber.
 It is made up of nickel alloy walls.
 Cooling air and thermal barrier coatings are
therefore used to protect the walls and increase
component lives.

25. The Tubine
 The turbine is an assembly of discs with blades that
are attached to the turbine shafts, nozzle guide
vanes, casings and structures.
 The turbine extracts energy from the hot gas stream
received from the combustor.
 In a turbofan this power is used to drive the fan and
compressor.
 Applied by thermal barrier coatings.

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