The document discusses material selection considerations for aircraft compressor blades. Key constraints include minimizing mass while withstanding high stresses, having high fracture toughness to tolerate impacts, and operating at temperatures up to 200°C. Titanium alloys currently provide the best balance of properties like strength and toughness relative to density, though carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) offer lower weight and are being developed. The selection process involves evaluating properties like strength and toughness relative to density for different materials to minimize weight while meeting requirements.
A look into historical evolution of materials used for aircraft manufacturing by 5 aircraft manufacturers with consideration to material selection aspects of it.
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS.pdfharshangak
This presentation covers the design criteria, different types of alloys, composites used in the aerospace industry over the decades , the problems that need to be overcome especially at the high temperature and stress and description of the future aerospace materials are discussed.
A look into historical evolution of materials used for aircraft manufacturing by 5 aircraft manufacturers with consideration to material selection aspects of it.
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS.pdfharshangak
This presentation covers the design criteria, different types of alloys, composites used in the aerospace industry over the decades , the problems that need to be overcome especially at the high temperature and stress and description of the future aerospace materials are discussed.
Using the scholar data and researcher point of view on composite materials. We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircraft's.
An insight to modern material used in aircraft and automobile known for its low weight and high strength. This gives an understanding of carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP), its properties, applications, processing technologies.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN APPROACH TO WING BOX LAYOUT AND STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONLahiru Dilshan
This is an assignment that was done to design the basic layout of the aircraft wing and structural configuration. Key aspects of the assignment are to design the structural layout, identify the basic component, identify the structural arrangement
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
Using the scholar data and researcher point of view on composite materials. We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircraft's.
An insight to modern material used in aircraft and automobile known for its low weight and high strength. This gives an understanding of carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP), its properties, applications, processing technologies.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN APPROACH TO WING BOX LAYOUT AND STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONLahiru Dilshan
This is an assignment that was done to design the basic layout of the aircraft wing and structural configuration. Key aspects of the assignment are to design the structural layout, identify the basic component, identify the structural arrangement
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
study of jet engines & how they works
1.History of jet engine 2. Introduction 3. Parts of jet engine 4. How a get engine works 5. Types of jet engine (i) Ramjet (ii) Turbojet (iii) Turbofan (iv) Turboprop (v) Turbo shaft 6.Comparison of Turbo Jet 7.Jet engines Vs Rockets 8.Difficulties 9.Suggestion for improvement 10. Merit and Demerits 11. Jet engine uses 12.Conclusion 13.Future vision
Wind energy is a promising energy source. Modern wind power industry officially started in 1979 in Denmark with a
turbine of few KW and its evaluation brought up to now, devices of which rated power is higher than 20 MW.
The size of wind turbine’s massively increased and their design achieved a common standard device: Horizontal axis,
Three blades, Upwind, Pitch controlled blades, Active yaw system.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI- STAGE STEAM TURBINE BLADE AND SHAFT ASSEMBLYIjripublishers Ijri
The blades are designed in such a way as to produce maximum rotational energy by directing the flow of the steam along
its surface. The blades are made at specific angles in order to incorporate the net flow of steam over it in its favor. The
blades may be of stationary or fixed and rotary or moving or types, and Shaft designed to work in extreme conditions,
hear it has to bear the temperature which is coming from the steam and loads(weight and centrifugal force) of the blades
assembly and other assembly parts.
The aim of the project is to reduce maintenance, product cost and improving quality / life.
Initially literature survey will be done to understand rectification methodology and approach.
3D models of blades set’s shaft will be prepared according to C.M.M data.
TALAT Lecture 1502: Criteria in Material SelectionCORE-Materials
This lecture gives a background to why, by whom, when and how material selection is performed; it describes the pitfalls of non-systematic approaches; it gives the concept of pre-selection and how it is applied; it creates an understanding about unbiased selection of materials and how it is performed; it explains discriminating material selection and how it is applied; it demonstrates optimization in material selection and how it is applied. Elementary background in materials engineering is assumed.
Steel and its alloys , Nickel alloys , super alloys.KrishnaMundada4
This presentation contains :
1.steel and its alloys.
2.effect of addition of different elements in alloys.
3.Nickel alloys
4.Super alloys
5.Applications
FT-9, FT-10, and FT-23 is Powder Metallurgy Alloy Steel made by the Daewha Alloytech Powder
Metallurgy Process (Canning HIP). They provide superior wear resistance while maintaining toughness
and fabrication characteristics comparable to Rolling Steel such as D2, M2.
Mill rolls, Pinch rolls, Guider rollers, Table roller for Cold/Hot Rolling is superior to general Rolling and
Casting steels in improving wear-resistance for above products.
Presently, It is widely used in domestic and overseas markets.
Premium wear parts for impact crushers including ceramic blow bars, impact plates, side liners and other accessories. The Ceramic blow bars, Ceramic impate plates and bimetallic side liners will largle increase the service cycle and decrease downtime of impact crushers. We supply ceramic blow bars for many impactor brands include but not limited to Metso, Sandvik, Terex, Powerscreen, Kleemann, Rubblemaster, Tesab, McCloskey, Eagle crusher and etc.
This slide describes two essential elements in machining operations:
cutting-tool materials and cutting fluids.
° The slide opens with a discussion of the types and characteristics of cutting tool materials.
° The properties and applications of high-speed steels, carbides, ceramics, cubic boron nitride, diamond, and coated tools are described in detail.
The types of cutting fluids in common use are then described, including their functions and how they affect the machining operation.
° Trends in near-dry and dry machining are also discussed, and their importance with respect to environmentally friendly machining operations are explained.
The selection of cutting-tool materials for a particular application is among the most important factors in machining operations, just as the selection of mold and die
materials was critical for forming and shaping processes . We will discuss throughout this slide the relevant properties and performance characteristics of all major types of cutting-tool materials, which will help us in tool selection.
However, as it will become apparent, the complex nature of this subject does not always render itself to the determination of appropriate tool materials; hence, we also must rely on general guidelines and recommendations that have been accumulated in industry over many years.More detailed information on tool material recommendations for specific workpiece materials and machining operations will be presented.
As noted, the cutting tool is subjected to
(a) high temperatures,
(b) high contact stresses, and
(c) rubbing along the tool-chip interface and along the machined surface.
Consequently, the cutting-tool material must possess the following characteristics:
° Hot hardness, so that the hardness, strength, and wear resistance of the tool are maintained at the temperatures encountered in machining operations. This property ensures that the tool does not undergo any plastic deformation and thus retains its shape and sharpness.
Toughness and impact strength (or mechanical shock resistance), so that impact forces on the tool that are encountered repeatedly in interrupted cutting operation (such as milling and turning a splined shaft on a lathe) or forces due to vibration and chatter during machining do not chip or fracture the tool.
Thermal shock resistance, to withstand the rapid temperature cycling encountered in interrupted cutting.
Wear resistance, so that an acceptable tool life is obtained before replacement is necessary.
Chemical stability and inertness with respect to the material being machined, to avoid or minimize any adverse reactions, adhesion, and tool-chip diffusion that would contribute to tool wear.
Similar to Material selection fo aircraft compressor blade (20)
3. Introduction
• The majority of the thrust for propulsion in a modern
commercial jet engine comes from a large diameter fan at
the front of the engine, which is driven by the low-
pressure turbine at the rear of the engine. The fan, similar
to a room fan, consists of multiple blades that rotate about
the fan axis at high speed, and push the air backward
past the engine.
4. Constrains: Mass & Shape
• It is desired to minimize the weight of the fan blade to
decrease engine weight and then the takeoff weight. The
mass of the blades rotating at high speed creates high
stresses in the blades. It also requires the fan disk should
be strong enough to hold the blades.
• The blade has a specified size and shape.
5. Constrains: Strength
• The blade is to withstand rotational stresses equivalent to
70,000 psi (483 Mpa) in a material with density of titanium
(4500 kg/m3).
• We can find relation of σ/ρ > 107333 Pa / (kg/m3)
6. Constrains: Fracture Toughness
• Tolerance to damage (dents, cracks) from impact of
foreign objects (rocks, birds) is also important. A .02”
(0.51 mm) deep impact-induced crack should not
propagate under the cyclic loads imposed by centrifugal
force.
• Fast fracture will occur if the fracture toughness
• (Kc) > σ (πa)1/2
• (Kc) > ρ107333 (π 0.00051)1/2
• (Kc) / ρ > 4300 Pa (m)1/2 / (kg/m3)
7. Constrains: Cost & Temperature
• Cost is always a constraint in jet engines, particularly
commercial ones, and it is desired (though not essential)
to keep blade cost below $2000.
• The maximum service temperature is 200 C
8. Design Requirements
Function Aircraft compressor blades.
Constraints Size and shape are specified .
Strength: must not fail under design stresses.
High fracture toughness.
Maximum service temperature is 200 C
Objective Minimize mass
Free variables Choice of material
9. Indexes
• σ/ρ > 107333 Pa / (kg/m3)
• (Kc) / ρ > 4300 Pa (m)1/2 / (kg/m3)
10. Low alloy steel Stainless steel
Titanium alloys
Nickel-based super
10000
W rought magnesium alloys
CFRP, epoxy matrix (isotrop
Fracture toughness / Density
1000
100
10
1000 10000 100000
Tensile strength / Density
11. Low alloy steel Stainless steel
Titanium alloys
Nickel-based super
10000
W rought magnesium alloys
CFRP, epoxy matrix (isotrop
Fracture toughness / Density
1000
100
10
1000 10000 100000
Tensile strength / Density
13. Materials for blades
It is much lighter than normal (metallic) blade and
CFRB very strong but it’s expensive.
Titanium Titanium has very good balance between weight,
alloys drag and durability against vibrations, damage -
such as bird strikes - and erosion through sand, and
rain. However, it’s expensive.
Steel & Both have much bigger density
Nickel
alloys
Al & Mg Lighter and cheaper than Ti but the safety is low.
alloys
14. Ti blade vs. composite blade
• Today, the largest engine producers are Roll Royce and General
Eclectic. RR use hollow Ti blades while GE uses a composite blade.
•
• The choice of blade construction depends on a number of
considerations, thus there is no clear ‘right or wrong’ answer. Each
blade has advantages and disadvantages.
Factor ‘Preferred’ material
Fatigue strength Composites
Impact strength Ti alloys
Cost Both about equally (high)
Weight Depends on fan diameter
Durability Both appear adequate
15. • All RR aircraft engines use hollow titanium fan blades including
the Trent 1000 engine which is used in Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
• RR claims that CFRP blade is not aerodynamically efficient as Ti
blade. It has to be thicker to have the strength to deal with actual
requirements. In addition, Ti blades are more economical.
16. • However, Rolls-Royce is planning to
replace the Ti blades by CFRB blades.
• Rolls-Royce and GKN have developed
a CFRP blade that is as thin as the
titanium blades with manufacturing
costs.
• This fan blade has already undergone
ground tests, including blade-off and
bird strike tests.
• It is to begin flight tests on a Trent 1000
in the 2013 in Boeing 787.
• It could become available on a new
engine in the end of the decade
(beyond the Trent XWB).
17. • Since 1995, GE uses a CFRB fan blades for their
engines.
• Starting from GE90 for Boeing 777 and now: GEnx for
Boeing 787 Dreamliner which has both a front fan case
and fan blades made of carbon fiber composites.
18. • The CFRP with has titanium leading
edge for extra protection were a
lightweight and durable solution.
• Each fan blade weighs between 15
and 22 Kg. Every engine contains 22
of these fan blades, which add
approximately 900 kg to the engine's
thrust capability, providing better fuel
burn.