The document discusses the political and cultural influences that have shaped the urban form of cities through history. It provides examples of grand infrastructure projects like Haussmann's boulevards in Paris and Pierre L'Enfant's design of Washington D.C. The document then focuses on the specific urban development of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from 1927 to 1995. It describes the pre-boom period up to 1970 when the city grew organically within its walls. From 1973 to 1983, during an oil boom, Jeddah experienced rapid population and spatial growth guided by two master plans. After 1983, declining oil revenues reduced government expenditures and development.

1. Lecture: Urban Form Forces:
Political & Cultural
ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
Course Name: Livable Cities
Course Code: ARCH4304 / Section: 1
Semester: Spring 19-20

2. Politics

3. Politics
The influence of politics on the shape of a city is readily
visible in grand actions (such as Haussmann’s
boulevards through Paris) but there are many smaller
subtle actions that have just as significant an effect on
the form and shape of cities (setback requirements in
New York City).

4. Politics
Political influence on a city can originate from:
1. high level government planning or from
2. grass roots community activism.

5. Haussmann’s boulevards through Paris

6. Haussmann’s boulevards through Paris

7. Paris
Cairo

9. Pierre L’Enfant and Washington, D.C.

10. Pierre L’Enfant and Washington, D.C.

12. Boston City Hall, Architects: Kallmann, McKinnell, & Knowles

13. Boston City Hall, Architects: Kallmann, McKinnell, & Knowles

14. Boston City Hall, Architects: Kallmann, McKinnell, & Knowles

15. Boston City Hall, Architects: Kallmann, McKinnell, & Knowles

17. Jeddah
• How has the city been shaped by its politics?
• Are there large infrastructure projects that have
shaped the city?
• When were these built and what sort of government
was in place during these major undertakings?

19. Geography and Location
• The city of Jeddah is located on the West coast of the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia at latitude 29.21 North and
longitude 39.7 East, in the middle of the eastern
shore of the Red Sea, 12m above sea level.
• It’s about 949 Km from the capital city of Riyadh and
just about 79 Km from the Holy City of Makkah.
• The urban boundary of Jeddah is approximately
1765 km² and the total area of the municipality is
about 5460 km².

20. Geography and Location
• The city has a hot and dry desert climate with high
humidity, annual mean temperature is around 28 C
but in summer temperatures can go as high as 40 C.
• Jeddah receives an annual average rainfall of about
54 mm, usually during the winter season as well as in
the spring.

26. Demographic Background
• Before 1970 the population in Makkah region was
predominantly rural.
• After 1970 the region witness a sustained rural-
urban migration.
• The population of the city of Jeddah has steadily
increased from:
– 1 million in 1970
– 1.4 million in 1986
– 2 million in 1993
– 3.4 million in 2010
– 4.1 million in 2015

27. Demographic Background
• 50% of the population in Makkah region
• 3.8% population growth rate per annum
• 13% of the total population of the kingdom
estimated at 30 million according to the 2015
estimates.
• Urban population density is about 5400/km2.
• Average household size in the city is 5.2

28. Demographic Background
• Young population:
– 41% of its population is below 24 years
– 50% of the population is below 30 years
– only about 3% are 65 years and above.
• The ratio of male to female is about 1:1.27
• 60% Saudis and 40% non-Saudi nationals

30. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah
(1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period
(1927-1970)

31. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• According to Pesce, "Jeddah was in antiquity at best
a fishermen's hamlet.“
• The history of the city of Jeddah goes back to more
than 3000 years ago when it was used as a camping
ground for fishermen.
• During that time a tribe called 'Quda'ah' settled in
the area, there are stories that the name city came
from the Quda'ah tribe (Jiddah).

32. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• The historical transformation of Jeddah was in the
era of Caliph Othman Bin Affan in 647 AD when he
ordered the city to be transformed into a port to
welcome pilgrims.
• The historic Jeddah wall was built by Mamluk
prince, Hussain Al Kurdi in his campaign against
Portuguese when he wanted to fortify the city from
the attacks from the Red Sea.
• The Kingdom was unified in 1932 A.D.

33. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• The first oil boom from the end of the Second World
War (1945) to 1956 which had an effect on the
expansion of Jeddah, doubling its population from
25,000 to 50,000.
• Most of the city remained organically compact and
within the 3 km2 walled city until 1947, when this
was demolished. (1.5km2!)
• The growth and development of the city was frozen
until the latter period. The first boom was followed
by a period of economic austerity and crisis until the
second boom in 1973.

34. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• The pre-boom period could also be conveniently
divided into two stages:
• The first stage is until 1945, when Jeddah remains
within its wall with an area of not more than 180
ha.
– The population then was estimated to be
stagnating between 10,000 and 25,000.
– The main economic base was revenues from
commerce and services offered to pilgrims.

36. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
– The revenues were very little coupled with the
dwindling number of pilgrims visiting due to the
second world war.
– Thus, the situation affected all aspects of the city's
development - social, educational, health,
economic and consequently physical.

37. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• The urban fabric of Jeddah during this period
remained traditional in character - organic fabric,
narrow streets, mainly animals mode of
transportation.
• The city had four main gates.
• The architecture was vernacular and multi story (4-7
stories) built with local materials (coral stone) walls,
wooden lattice (mashrabiya) covered openings.
• These were highly adaptive to the environment and
climate.

44. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• The Second Period after the second world war (post
1945) witnessed the economic upturn of the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia, in which the Kingdom received its first oil
revenue in 1946 about 10 million United States Dollars.
• This continued to increase up to 280 million US dollars in
1956.
• Jeddah was one of the first cities in the Kingdom to
benefit from this flourishing economy due to its function
not only as a gateway to the holy city of Makkah, but
also as the capital of the country at that time.

45. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• After this first boom, the period of economic
difficulty set in, escalated by the closure of the Suez
Canal in 1956.
• The Kingdom sought and got the assistance of the
United Nations, under the leadership of its expert
Dr. Abdul Rahman Makhlof - Jeddah got its First Plan
in 1962.

46. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• The main features and configuration of the
development of Jeddah were determined by this
plan:
1. The linear pattern
2. The location of the new King Abdulaziz Airport,
3. the direction of the main motor transit ways
4. the ring roads
5. and the cornice
• The main features of the plan remained valid to date.

47. The First Master Plan of Jeddah 1962 by Dr. Abdul Rahman Makhlof.
The First
Master Plan of
Jeddah 1962
The First Master Plan of
Jeddah 1962 by Dr. Abdul
Rahman Makhlof.
Source: Makhlof, A.
(1985), Al-Darasat Al-
Mraniah Al-Shamilah Li-
Madinat Jeddah 1387-
1383, (The
Comprehensive Urban
Studies for Jeddah City,
from 1368 to 1383,
(1959-1963). A report
prepared for the ministry
of Municipalities and
Rural Affairs, Jeddah
Municipality, Vol. II.
p.94.
1962
1. linear pattern
2. location of Airport,
3. direction of main roads
4. ring roads
5. cornice
Airport

48. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.1 The Pre-Boom Period 1927-1970.
• By 1971, Jeddah was the diplomatic center of the
Kingdom, the headquarters of the Saudi Monitory
Authority (SAMA) and hence the centre of professional,
scientific and skillful employment.
• When The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established it
was built in Jeddah and all Embassies and Consulates
were built and some Consulates remained in Jeddah
until today.
• It expanded in all directions under the first five year
national plan (1970-1975).

49. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah
(1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period
(1973-1983).

50. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• There was expansion in the services like transportation,
communication and health projects, as well as
expansion in the public utilities like water and electricity
and all other infrastructure projects.
• The boom and the consequent large revenue inflows
enabled the government to embark upon multisector
development plans, programs and projects.
• One of the sectors that received priority attention is the
urban sector. To develop the physical infrastructure to
support the achievement of the cultural, historical, and
political fundamentals, values and principles of the
Kingdom.

51. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• The Second National Development Plan (1975-1980)
coincided with the culmination and consolidation of the
oil boom (1973-1983) and the consequent large revenue
inflows.
• It was not only physical developments but included
mostly studies like the population, national transport,
regional socio-economic and physical studies.
• The main goals of the second plan is to develop the
physical infrastructure to support the achievement of
the cultural, historical, and political fundamentals,
values and principles of the Kingdom.

52. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• The second five year designated Jeddah as:
1. A center of Sea, air and land communication
2. Commercial and business center
3. Second diplomatic city of the Kingdom
4. Hajj and Umrah reception center for non-Saudis
5. An educational health and cultural center.
• Thus the city became a magnetic pole, especially
attractive for immigration of both skilled and
unskilled workers alike.

53. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• The population of the city grew rapidly from
381,000 in 1971 to about 600,000 in 1974 and to just
over 1,000,000 by 1983.
• 30% of government's projects expenditure was
invested in the city during the second five year plan:
1. water desalination and supply,
2. transportation network,
3. the completion of the new airport and
4. expansion of the Seaport.

54. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• Population growth rate (14.0 %) ever experienced by
the city within a period of three years (1971-1974).
• Similarly in physical terms Jeddah's area grew four
fold from 31,400 ha to 121,500 ha within six years.

55. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• The Second Jeddah Master plan (1973) was
prepared by an experienced international
consultancy consortium - Robert Mathew, Johnson -
Marshall partners.
• The plan and the planning processes were
undertaken comprehensively at the time based on
the optimistic inflow of oil revenues into the
Kingdom.

56. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• The plan also took into consideration the following
favorable elements prevalent in Jeddah:
– a sound economic and commercial base
– the coastal line
– open spaces (for recreation)
– communications and utilities already in place

57. Second Master Plan of
Jeddah, (1973-1983) by
Robert Mathew,
Johnson Marshall
Partners (RMJMP)..
Source: Khalid Khaidr
and John France,
(1980), Jeddah Old and
New, Stacey
International. London,
p.16.
Second Master
Plan of Jeddah,
(1973-1983)
1973-1983

58. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• Private investments in housing, business and
manufacturing sector.
• By 1980 the growth of Jeddah become so rapid and
phenomenal in both population and spatial terms
and demand for facilities and services.

59. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.2 The Boom Period (1973-1983).
• In 1980 a consulting consortium Sert Jackson
International/Saudi Consult (SJI/Sc) was called in to
review the master plan and the situation then. The
review was to guide Jeddah for a decade upto 1990.
• This was called the Master Directive Plan.
• The principal proposals the utilization of the old
airport site and that of the Mass transit system have
not been implemented to date.

60. Jeddah Master Directive Plan 1980-2000, by SJI/SC
Jeddah Master
Directive Plan
1980-2000
Jeddah Master
Directive Plan 1980-
2000, by SJI/SC.
Source: Sert Jackson
International/Saudi
Consult (SJI/SC),
(1978) Jeddah
Action Master Plan,
Technical Report
No.9, p.49
1980-2000

61. Completed in 1981, the terminal
serves as a physically welcoming,
culturally symbolic, and
structurally innovative portal for
more than one million pilgrims
annually.

62. Historical Growth of
Jeddah.
Source: Sert Jackson
International/Saudi
Consult (SJI/SC),
(1978) Jeddah Action
Master Plan,
Technical Report
No.5, p.33
1978

63. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah
(1927 – 1995)
1.3 The Post Boom Period
(1984 – 1995)

64. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.3 The Post Boom Period (1984 – 1995)
• Oil income which consistently held the dominant
share of the total government revenues and directly
influenced government expenditures, peaked in
1981/1982 and fell steadily thereafter.
• Consequently planned government expenditure for
the Fourth Five Year Plan (1985-1990) was about 23
percent below the actual expenditure of the Third
Five Year Plan (1980-1985).

65. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.3 The Post Boom Period (1984 – 1995)
• Municipalities and housing sectors suffered most
with huge cuts of about 50 percent of their planned
expenditure targets.
• Jeddah's population increased by one and a half of
its former size within three years from about
400,000 in 1971 to about 600,000 in 1974, attracted
by the employment opportunities and high wages.
• The city did not reach the 1.20 million mark by
1985, due to the departure of expatriate workers
who constituted more than half the population of
the city then.

66. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.3 The Post Boom Period (1984 – 1995)
• Jeddah study was carried out between 1985-1987,
with conservative urban limit projection; population
growth rate was put at 4.1 percent which was to take
the population to 1,790,000 in 1995 a period of ten
years.
– Land subdivision
– Urban Growth Boundary Studies (UGB)
– Urban Limit Study

67. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.3 The Post Boom Period (1984 – 1995)
• The built up area doubled from 3,250 to 6650
hectares in five years (1971-1976). In the preceding
five year (1976-1981) it increased to 11,415
hectares.
• Within four years between 1981 - 1985, bringing the
urban area to 22,555 hectares.
• Reaching 39,173 hectares in 1995 and 74,647
hectares by the year 2005.

68. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.3 The Post Boom Period (1984 – 1995)
• In the first half of 1970s, the direction of growth of
Jeddah during the boom days was mainly towards
the north and south as the city expansion was
restricted by the old airport in the east and the Red
Sea in the west.
• In the second half of the 1970s, growth was mainly
northward due to the construction of the new
airport and the allocation of large low density
residential land to private developers by the
government.

69. 1. The Urban Development Of Jeddah (1927 – 1995)
1.3 The Post Boom Period (1984 – 1995)
• The northward expansion of the city continued in
the 1980s and even beyond the new airport, as the
vacant land between the old town and the airport
had been filled.
• The strategy now as laid out in the urban limit study
is to continue this trend up to year 2005.
• 62 km length of the city against its 20 km width!

75. 2. Determinants Of Jeddah Urban Growth

76. 2. Determinants Of Jeddah Urban Growth
• Two levels of factors: Primary and Secondary
• Primary Factors, which interact and shaped the
substantive and morphological development of
Jeddah.
– Natural Factors (Locational Factors)
– The Economic Factor
– Institutional Factors
– The Role of Planning
– The Dynamic Population

77. 2. Determinants Of Jeddah Urban Growth
• Two levels of factors: Primary and Secondary
• Secondary Factors, which gave rise to the land use
mix and image of the city.
– Government Intervention/Planning Control
– Commercial Business And Housing Pressures
– The Influence of Major Urban Projects on the Land Use
Pattern
– The Influence of the Urban Highway System on
Commercial Development

78. The Ottoman Jeddah - Portuguese attack in 1517
From: Space, movement and heritage planning of the historic cities in
Islamic societies: Learning from the Old City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia