1. Riyadh: A City of Institutional Architecture Mshary A.Al-Naim Nawal Al Aifan

2. The story of modernization in Saudi Arabia: ARAMCO (Arabian American oil company) built its first housing project in 1938-1944 new concept of a space and a new image of a home conflict between new and old reaction to physical environment in the early stages of a change. process of developing a new attitude towards homes, process of understanding the idea of the break of those new image.

3. growth of traditional settlements in 1947 around oil areas controlled by ARAMCO first plan in SA, Dammam and AlKHOBar, which followed a gridiron pattern The story of modernization in Saudi Arabia:

4. Riyadh's experience of urban change: Turki bin Abduallh Alsaud moved to Riyadh from dariyyah in 1824, he built a mosque and a palace around a central area of the town Faisl bin Turki made extension for them in 1834 lewes pelly : it appeared a considerable and a neat looking placewitout any pretensions to beauty but built o sun dried bricks and it suburbs enlivened by a few date groves).

5. Riyadh's experience of urban change:

6. The formation of modern Riyadh 1902-1953: The city became one of institutional buildings in 1910-1920 the city wall rebuild and the old palace to be used as a royal base The population grew in 1918 and the 1st car seen in the city dragged by camels in 1919 from the desert, In 1923 there was an indication of oil in alahsa region and in 1938 there was commercial quantities, Unification of SA in 1932 and the city started to expand and the 1st building outside the wall was the palace of the king brother

7. King took a major step that influnced the urban development of the city: The first government institution established: the ministry of finance1932, the core for municipalities 1937, the first airport 1942, the ministry of defense1944, the ministry of the interior and inauguration of the railway line connecting connecting Riyadh with the eastern coast1951. Al Murabbaa Palace the construction of this palace encouraged the development of AlFutah an area between al murabbaa and the city The formation of modern Riyadh 1902-1953:

8. in early 1930 some modernization introduced as electricity, water, drainage system, in late 1930 other signs appears as cars and telephones. need for wider streets, the city wall started falling gradually the government initiated the 1st organized planning divided the district into residential lots Indication of social changes in 1930-1940 like the new neighborhoods classified according the social and economic status but the construction methods remained traditional. In late 1940 the city was ready to urban boom by shifting from traditional structures and forms to modern concrete buildings. The formation of modern Riyadh 1902-1953:

9. A step towards modernization 1953-1975: residential district (Annasriyyah) in 1957 with reinforced concrete for a 1st time. The construction of AlMalaz neighborhood in the late 1950 introduced a new house type (villa). 1st asphalted road was built to connect the existing city. The mental conflict between new& old of people became an important issue because the city facing radical, physical, and social change. Major demolition of the historic core The introduction of large construction companies like American company which construct the airport. dicision of the king to transfer the government agencies from mekka and Jeddah to Riyadh Al Hamra palace in the southern al marabaa in 1957, establishing the council of ministers in 1954 along the airport road designed by the Egyptian architect Sayyed Kurayem, establishing the university, so the 1950 was the turning point in the urban history of Riyadh.

10. New neighborhoods appeared taking the name of people living there Al malaz milestone, new lifestyle to the city, changing local meaning of a home, the villa. ARAMCO forced people to submit a design for their houses in order to qualify for a loan to speed up the process international Mediterranean)detached house. new Riyadh A step towards modernization 1953-1975:

11. The contrast between old and new among residents increased: should they preserve their own traditional identity or adapt to change? Should they stick with what they knew or make use of new concepts & Tec.? A few changes to imitate the image& to communicate the modernity: Mud surfaces plastered with cement, the edge of the parapet topped with thin layer of cement to reflect the sharp and neat edge of the concrete, wooden external gates replaced by steel one with concrete canopies on top

12. In 1960 the spread of urban expansion from all direction due to the increasing of migration and population. Led a competition to plan the city in 1968, doxiadis associates of Athens paln completed in 1971 influnced the urban Morphology the city and reinforced the north-south axis of the city became a huge construction site financed by oil boom. A step towards modernization 1953-1975:

13. Modernity vs. tradition: questioning the urban form of Riyadh: modernity concept linked to westernization concept Abercrombie( wherever I went, I found Arabians welcoming the 20th century but never with open arms). King Faisl took 2 major steps which changed the perception of modernity: female education 1962 and TV broadcasting, although society was not ready to change. Abercrombie<<(modernization we want , we need, and we will have, but on our own terms) the changes was limited to physical rather than values. Riyadh nicknamed was (city of streets and buildings)

14. Loss of belonging and the search for architectural identity: ben saleh said (recent buildings have lost their traditional identities and have become hybrids of exotic character in their architectural form, main concepts, space arrangement, organization of elements, and building technique employed) Modernity vs. tradition: questioning the urban form of Riyadh: In 1980 because of a mix of western, traditional, historical images reflected the consciousness of Designers to create a visual identity in the built environment. because of new buildings derived their physical forms from different sources as greek or roman Classical images, mumlik design This caused the lack of identity rather than paying more attention to the relationship between people And surrounding environment. Islamic revivalism after the holy mosque incident 1981, reviving the arab-islamic identity through physical Forms also the Saudi academic came back to Saudi in early 1980 and found themselves in an environment ready to absorb their ideas

15. Riyadh under urban pressure: It establish itself as a capital for a modern country by constructing a series of institutional buildings. In 1974the establishment of REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT FUND(REDF) to help Saudi families build their own homes by giving them interest free loans, this was one of the main factor which changed the meaning of residential image establishment of the ministry of municipal al rural affairs the ministry for housing and public works in 1975 to control the urban development.

16. In the mid of 1970 the minister's council establish major projects in Riyadh that changed the image of the city and drew attention to the identity: Diplomatic Quarter, Foreign Ministry Staff Housing, Qasr Alhokm In 1973 Franco Albini master plan establishment of Arriyadh Development Authority ADA in 1983, the city became with clear planning patterns, north-south axis introduced to the city, inner historic part subjected to enormous urban pressure which ended with decay and demoltion of major traditional buildings including the old Qasr alHokm and the grand mosque. Riyadh under urban pressure:

17. Riyath was searching for local and regional identity led to new Trend (new tradionalism) , major project support it and made the city attractive to architects . *qasr al hokom including juistic palace, grand mosque, al miqillyah shopping mall and plazas, *(city government headquarters), Mayoralty and police headquarter *King saud university campus, king khaled international airport *the ministry of foreign affairs ,diplomatic quarter

18. Riyadh as setting for regional architecture: Riyadh tried to emphasize the authentic tradional charac. of its local architecture in its institutional buildings Notion of (institutional arch.) reflect process& product Cultural consciousness developed by ADA reflect the new trend in SAA. Started by recycling the traditional heritage in new projects. 4 projects contributed to institutionalizing of riyath and consolidating its regional Identity in 1980-1990: qasr al hokom, diplomatic quarter, foreign ministry staff housing, king abdualziz cultural center. Cultural consciousness is an awareness of the need for architecture to reflect specific cultural goals and images, the attempt is to employ Arab Islamic traditions in contemporary architecture .

19. The Dilemma of Architectural Identity in Riyadh: We have to differentiate between 2 types of architecture in Riyadh: 1st the traditional architecture (architecture of Islamic culture) that reflect both constant and variable charac. of arch. in different Islamic historical periods. 2nd is the contemporary which continue as a communicative mediator between Islamic principles and values by Saudi society and modern technology.

20. Consolidating the cultural image of Riyadh: 4 project generate design from traditional architecture & recycle them in contemporary practice: Qasr al hokom: Reflect the height in tension between continued traditional values and the desire for modernity. It passed through 2 historical phases: 1st (the preconscious stage) where the project& central Riyadh viewed in a cultural context The scheme submitted by franco albini from 1976- 1979 and reviewed by ADA in 1980 The project bind the kingdom capital with the rest of the country through the adoption of of perceptual image from all SA to revitalize the center of R. & to resume its historic role as political, cultural, &commercial.

21. Riyadh in 1980 needed to rebuild its heart because of the loss of identity and the feeling the city was not reflecting the religious and political image of the country. The old city changed scientifically from its layout and form qasr alhokom aimed to change the urban center of the city& recreating its old spirit, historical image and traditions. Consolidating the cultural image of Riyadh: Qasr al hokom:

22. The main concept was to reflect the cultural & historical significance of central Riyadh achieve this by: 1-strong relationship between qasr alhokom & the mosque through the surrounding Buildings and public courts, 2-clear and direct relationship between the ruler, legislator, cultural mores of society 3-the important site of the historical location 4-clear axial relation between the mosque, the palace, the emaraa which are the basic principles o Muslim cities. 5-The distribution of the entrances to the mosque and palace influenced by the main spine in site, it enabled to absorb the crowds by situating plazas close to the main entrances . 6-Imam mohammed bin saud square works as a main distribution point in the site, 7-All exterior walls treated uniformly in local limestone, the facades have strong surfaces with small openings Qasr al hokom:

23. grand mosque: The prayer hall contains a numerous rows of columns as in old mosques and as element of local architecture in passageways surrounding the mosque court. The ribs support small towers in roof employed to increase the spiritually of the mosque to provide direct sunlight to the prayer hall. Consolidating the cultural image of Riyadh:

24. New tradionalism and the spreed of local image in Riyadh: Contemporary architecture described as striving to be inclusive rather than Exclusive (terms used by venture in 1966): Exclusives<<<<<less is more Inclusiveness<<<<<less is bore . Inclusive explain 2 concepts: 1st the employment of the historical configuration in contemporary design to reflect symbolic meaning. 2nd the consideration of the site characteristics. and all issues involved in design problems instead of selecting. The concept related to Islamic principle of inclusiveness.

25. Qasr alhokom categorized as inclusive as an urban project reflected in its cultural, historical, spatial, and visual significance which achieved by reflecting the personal image within the cultural image which called (diversity within unity) the diversity of spatial qualities & architecture details contained within the hierarchy of spaces and homogeneity of visual quality. Provision of pedestrian paths, open spaces, various cultural and commercial activities The important main spine Recall the traditional feeling and increae the sense of place New tradionalism and the spreed of local image in Riyadh:

26. Institutional buildings and the need for institutionalizing traditions: The diplomatic quarter: developed to satisfy the G 1975 to move the foreign embassies from Jeddah to R., it designed to accommodate 30,000people and 120embassies, the master plan prepared by German firm AS&P and albeaah group did the urban design. The project introduce 2 major ideas: 1 st a semi gated community. 2nd the introverted development of the central area and the creation of sahat alkindi.

27. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs staff housing project designed by AS&P consists if detached and semi detached villas, the importance of this development stems from the urban concept by reinterpreting the traditional design and generating a contemporary traditional Arab town. clustering houses used to express the identity. King abdulaziz cultural center in 1990 constructed by ADA, include al murabbaa palace and new national museum and darat amlak abduaziz, it completed in 1999 demonstrate a new experience in managing architectural & urban projects.

28. King abdulaziz cultural center in

29. Post traditionalism and globalizing the city of Riyadh: Riyadh in last 10 years trying to become a global city, the idea of identity is no longer defined by local parameters. The city now composed of a number of towns, it absorbed smaller villages around it and expanded beyond the expected limit. The result is different areas having their own character and identity The historic center exemplified by the business district with its steel and glass tower and located in longitudinal zone between king fahad road and alullaya road. newcorners of poor families that realized a bad image for the city. The government initiated a series policies to deal with this problem: needed mational plan for poverty, charity housing.

30. ADA develop a strategic plan to2020 to maintain the image of the city: The plan is flexible, control urban development to face the rapid growth, manage the physical & environmenta problems. Riyadh is preparing itself as a regional and international financial center. Few projects indicate the move to globalization: alfaysaliyyah tower 2000 as a new financial and demonstration center, almalka tower 2003 king Abdullah financial center. Post traditionalism and globalizing the city of Riyadh:

31. Alrajhi tower designed by W.S&partners overseas who design burj al arab. Riyadh is influenced by global phenomenon marketecture (market+architecture), main Saudi cities became more oriented to liberating their economy & markets for global activities. Emmar from dubai is doing king Abdullah economic city. Post traditionalism and globalizing the city of Riyadh:

32. Conclusion: It is incorrect to said tradionalism no longer exst in Riyadh. it still considred a conservative city not in its architecture but in its urban life, however the city and its people resist cultural globalization There is belief of (think global and act local). Global cities should be open to all ideas and should interact witl all cultures but this means the idea of one identity or one image does not exist anymore. Is Riyadh ready ro accept these global conditions? What will happen to the city and what the images that will express its new global role? It will remain as a city for institutional architecture but will practice different perspective, because it is now an urban site not only for governmental buildings but also for private sector. Whether Riyadh will continue to be the city for institutional architecture or will change to financial and commercial architecture depend on the next few years What strongly believe is Riyadh will continue as a hesitant city and the impact of globalization will be limited.