The document discusses the impacts of urban sprawl and population growth. It notes that over 50% of the world's population lives in urban areas and that number is expected to increase by over 2 billion in the next 25 years. Examples are given of specific cities like Beijing, Delhi, and Dhaka that have experienced explosive population growth and expansion, transforming surrounding rural land and contributing to issues like increased air pollution and premature deaths. Satellite images over time demonstrate the dramatic changes to landscapes and loss of trees, forests, and natural areas due to urban sprawl in many cities around the world.
The document discusses urbanization around the world and compares the urbanization of China and India. It states that urbanization occurs as more people move from rural to urban areas, increasing the proportion living in cities. It provides data showing China and India both experienced rapid urbanization between 1950 and 2005, though China urbanized at a faster rate. Causes of urbanization mentioned include improving opportunities for work, education and transportation in cities. The document also notes effects of urbanization on natural resources like water, air, soil and energy sources, as well as on wildlife. It introduces the World Urban Forum, an international forum run by the UN since 2002 to address urban issues globally.
Boulder, Colorado has a long history of prioritizing alternative transportation and limiting sprawl through policies protecting open spaces. In the 1950s-60s, Boulder grew rapidly due to new federal labs and university expansion. To control growth, citizens voted to restrict development and purchase open lands. Today, Boulder residents bike and walk much more than average and have shorter commutes due to extensive paths and transit. However, high housing costs now threaten diversity as many workers cannot afford to live in Boulder.
Urbanization in less economically developed countries (LEDCs) has led to rapid growth of informal settlements and shanty towns around urban areas. People move seeking opportunities, but often end up in desperate poverty with inadequate housing. Shanty towns grow quickly with makeshift housing and no basic services. Over time, some settlements become more permanent and gain access to water and electricity, but overcrowding and poor conditions remain problems. City authorities are trying to improve conditions in smaller favelas through infrastructure projects but challenges remain.
This document discusses the need for new housing in the UK and issues around where to build new homes. It notes that the government set a target of building 4.4-5 million new homes between 1991-2016 but only around 2 million have been built so far. It explores options for where to build, including greenfield land, greenbelt land, and brownfield sites. It also discusses the aims of greenbelts and issues around building on greenbelt land, as well as development pressures on rural areas like those around Cambridge.
The document defines and provides examples of rural and urban environments. Rural environments are located outside of cities and towns with low population density and limited services, where agriculture and other land-based industries predominate. Examples given include subsistence farming in Tibet and extensive cattle farming in Australia. Urban environments are located within towns and cities with high population density and abundant services. Patterns of global urbanization show the highest levels in North America and parts of Europe and Asia, with the lowest levels in Africa and Oceania. Push and pull factors that influence migration between rural and urban areas are also discussed.
The document provides demographic and site information for an area with a population of 4,767 people, median age of 25-29, and median income of $32,000. Rent in the area is $723 per month, $2 more than the county average. Nearby attractions that could draw visitors include the airport, which saw over 3.3 million travelers in 2014; the Fair and Exposition Center, the 6th largest in the US; and Churchill Downs horse racing track. The proposed development plans include mixed commercial and residential uses with open space across 52 acres.
Chicago is the third most populous city in the United States, located on the shores of Lake Michigan in Illinois. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century and covers an area of nearly 150,000 acres. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed large parts of the city, efforts were made to rebuild. In the early 20th century, urban planner Daniel Burnham designed a plan to beautify Chicago against urbanization, focusing on the city center with parks, boulevards, and architecture. While the plan helped development and aesthetics initially, issues like traffic congestion and loss of green space arose as the population increased.
The document summarizes China's urbanization policies and trends over recent decades. It notes that the hukou system ties migrant workers to rural homes, but that China's 12th Five Year Plan calls for increased urbanization. Land in China is divided into urban and rural types, with 30-70 year leases. By 2015, 36 million new housing units were to be built, and by 2020 10 million rural residents will have moved to cities like Chongqing. Rapid urbanization has caused China's cities to emit most of its greenhouse gases.
The document discusses urbanization around the world and compares the urbanization of China and India. It states that urbanization occurs as more people move from rural to urban areas, increasing the proportion living in cities. It provides data showing China and India both experienced rapid urbanization between 1950 and 2005, though China urbanized at a faster rate. Causes of urbanization mentioned include improving opportunities for work, education and transportation in cities. The document also notes effects of urbanization on natural resources like water, air, soil and energy sources, as well as on wildlife. It introduces the World Urban Forum, an international forum run by the UN since 2002 to address urban issues globally.
Boulder, Colorado has a long history of prioritizing alternative transportation and limiting sprawl through policies protecting open spaces. In the 1950s-60s, Boulder grew rapidly due to new federal labs and university expansion. To control growth, citizens voted to restrict development and purchase open lands. Today, Boulder residents bike and walk much more than average and have shorter commutes due to extensive paths and transit. However, high housing costs now threaten diversity as many workers cannot afford to live in Boulder.
Urbanization in less economically developed countries (LEDCs) has led to rapid growth of informal settlements and shanty towns around urban areas. People move seeking opportunities, but often end up in desperate poverty with inadequate housing. Shanty towns grow quickly with makeshift housing and no basic services. Over time, some settlements become more permanent and gain access to water and electricity, but overcrowding and poor conditions remain problems. City authorities are trying to improve conditions in smaller favelas through infrastructure projects but challenges remain.
This document discusses the need for new housing in the UK and issues around where to build new homes. It notes that the government set a target of building 4.4-5 million new homes between 1991-2016 but only around 2 million have been built so far. It explores options for where to build, including greenfield land, greenbelt land, and brownfield sites. It also discusses the aims of greenbelts and issues around building on greenbelt land, as well as development pressures on rural areas like those around Cambridge.
The document defines and provides examples of rural and urban environments. Rural environments are located outside of cities and towns with low population density and limited services, where agriculture and other land-based industries predominate. Examples given include subsistence farming in Tibet and extensive cattle farming in Australia. Urban environments are located within towns and cities with high population density and abundant services. Patterns of global urbanization show the highest levels in North America and parts of Europe and Asia, with the lowest levels in Africa and Oceania. Push and pull factors that influence migration between rural and urban areas are also discussed.
The document provides demographic and site information for an area with a population of 4,767 people, median age of 25-29, and median income of $32,000. Rent in the area is $723 per month, $2 more than the county average. Nearby attractions that could draw visitors include the airport, which saw over 3.3 million travelers in 2014; the Fair and Exposition Center, the 6th largest in the US; and Churchill Downs horse racing track. The proposed development plans include mixed commercial and residential uses with open space across 52 acres.
Chicago is the third most populous city in the United States, located on the shores of Lake Michigan in Illinois. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century and covers an area of nearly 150,000 acres. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed large parts of the city, efforts were made to rebuild. In the early 20th century, urban planner Daniel Burnham designed a plan to beautify Chicago against urbanization, focusing on the city center with parks, boulevards, and architecture. While the plan helped development and aesthetics initially, issues like traffic congestion and loss of green space arose as the population increased.
The document summarizes China's urbanization policies and trends over recent decades. It notes that the hukou system ties migrant workers to rural homes, but that China's 12th Five Year Plan calls for increased urbanization. Land in China is divided into urban and rural types, with 30-70 year leases. By 2015, 36 million new housing units were to be built, and by 2020 10 million rural residents will have moved to cities like Chongqing. Rapid urbanization has caused China's cities to emit most of its greenhouse gases.
Urbanisation refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and urban areas. It began rapidly in poor countries in the mid-20th century as people migrated from rural areas to cities at a rate of 20% per year, driven by difficult rural living conditions and the concentration of jobs and services in urban centers. In rich countries, urbanisation accelerated during the Industrial Revolution as new factory and shipyard jobs drew people to towns and cities, while mechanized farming led to rural job losses. More recently, urbanisation has slowed in rich nations and some have experienced counter-urbanization, though cities are now attracting residents back to redeveloped inner areas.
Chapter 13, key 4 (use with skeletal notes)montathomas
Suburbs face distinctive challenges due to their rapid growth in the 20th century. As more people moved to suburbs, urban areas expanded through annexation and the development of edge cities further from downtown cores. This led to issues like infrastructure costs, loss of agricultural land, traffic congestion, and socioeconomic segregation between inner cities and suburbs. Suburbanization also contributed to the decline of public transit systems and increased dependence on personal vehicles for transportation.
Dr. shengzhi session 4 communal land registrationmrlgregion
This document summarizes the history of customary tenure and communal rights in China. It discusses that before 1949, aristocracy and family control dominated the countryside, while the imperial power did not extend to rural areas. From 1949-1980, a period of collectivization and centralization occurred, where all rights belonged to collectives. Since 1980 during the Reform Era, China has transitioned to granting land use rights to households through 30-year contracts, and recognizing households rather than collectives for conservation programs, while also privatizing some forest lands. Future reforms may provide more incentives for cooperatives and enhance rural governance to potentially support communities.
A powerpoint about Harlow, a London New Town for AS/A2 level Geography but can be used with GCSE. Not much text to go with pictures, but hopefully still useful!
Urbanisation (problems and suggested solutions) In ZimbabweDumisani Nhliziyo
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, providing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, controlling vehicle traffic, and involving communities in infrastructure planning.
In 2009, the City of Mt. Pleasant participated in the Michigan Municipal League's "Race for the Cup" Community Excellence Award. While the City won their regional award, it lost the overall competition.
Comments on #OxfordPlan #Oxford2036: (2) Dan Scharf City Voice
This document provides comments on Oxford's Local Plan 2036 regarding its vision, housing, transport, green infrastructure, and flooding. It argues that the plan's vision and policies do not go far enough to achieve sustainability goals. Specifically, it recommends that the plan set targets for Oxford to become carbon neutral by 2050, water neutral, and produce no waste or traffic growth. It also argues that the plan should do more to support co-housing, custom building, and downsizing to meet housing needs. Regarding transport, it opposes plans for an Oxford to Cambridge expressway and supports East-West rail instead. Finally, it calls for a more coordinated approach across districts to green infrastructure and soil protection.
How settlements have changed (Rural - Urban)Steven Heath
Rural areas have experienced population declines as people migrate to urban areas for opportunities. This document discusses rural to urban migration in China and the characteristics of rural and urban settlements. As populations shift, the area between rural and urban, called the rural-urban fringe, grows as suburbs extend into countryside. The rural-urban fringe is a transitional zone with a mix of land uses and populations that access services in both areas.
History & Theory of Planning: Postmodern Critiques of ModernismAnuradha Mukherji
Urban renewal and freeway construction in the mid-20th century displaced many inner-city communities and concentrated poverty. Federal programs subsidized suburban development at the expense of cities. Pruitt-Igoe, a St. Louis public housing project, exemplified the failures of top-down modernist planning and strict cost-cutting that ignored community needs. Jane Jacobs criticized such programs' negative impacts and lack of understanding of urban economies and lived experiences. Later reforms decentralized control and funding to local governments.
The document discusses urban growth boundaries (UGBs) implemented in Portland, Oregon to combat urban sprawl. It provides background on the establishment of Portland's UGB in the 1970s and its goals of preserving farmland and concentrating development. Both positive and negative impacts of the UGB are examined. Positives include farmland preservation and some resident support, while negatives include increased housing costs and traffic congestion. The document concludes by offering suggestions to improve urban sustainability, such as building in abandoned areas, adding green spaces, and tailoring mixed-use neighborhoods to community needs.
This document discusses the opportunities and challenges facing urban development in India. As India urbanizes at a rapid pace, its cities will need to accommodate nearly 600 million new urban residents by 2030. This massive growth will require investments totaling over $1 trillion in areas like housing, transportation, and basic infrastructure. However, Indian cities currently face issues like inadequate funding for development, lack of affordable housing, traffic congestion, air pollution, and a shortage of civic amenities for the growing population. The government aims to promote more sustainable and inclusive urban planning to address these challenges and improve quality of life for urban residents as India continues to urbanize on a large scale.
Vermeulen proposes redeveloping existing neighborhoods in Oxford by purchasing older homes, demolishing them, and constructing modern apartment buildings with greater density. This could triple the number of homes in some areas without losing green space. Apartment buildings would be no more than four stories tall. Redeveloping just one neighborhood could create over 8,000 additional households. Expanding this approach across Oxford could create around 57,000 new homes, comfortably meeting housing demand. The redevelopment could pay for itself through sale of new apartments and increased tax revenues.
This document discusses trends in urbanization and sustainability issues facing cities. It notes that half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity. As urban populations grow, issues around sprawl, pollution, poverty, and transportation have emerged. The document examines strategies some cities are using to promote compact growth, reduce car dependence, preserve open space, and generally enhance sustainability.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 20 Lesson 2 on human impact on the land. This lesson is a detailed look into the positive and negative effects of humans to land biomes. This lesson includes topics such as resource management, the nitrogen cycle, deforestation, mining, agriculture, and urban sprawl. Students should consider the many different impacts we have on the environment everyday.
The document compares the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) safeguard policies to other institutions' policies. It provides an overview of ADB's three main safeguard policies relating to the environment, involuntary resettlement, and indigenous peoples. It also summarizes the World Bank and Japan International Cooperation Agency's environmental and social policies. ADB's policies aim to avoid harm, ensure participation, and support sustainable development. The document outlines ADB and borrowers' roles in implementing social and environmental plans.
This is my first presentation!
I refer many slides and data from this side.
I want to tell Thank You all who are allow to download and to refer your slide.
Please check my ppt and give me advice what i need to repair.
Thank You!
This document summarizes a presentation on soil pollution given by Dudhe Gaurav ChandraShekhar. It defines soil and pollution, then discusses the major causes of soil pollution including agricultural pesticides, solid waste disposal, mining activities, biological agents, radioactive pollutants, and heavy metals. Specific impacts of these pollutants are outlined such as declining soil fertility from overuse of inorganic nutrients or intensive tillage. Solutions proposed include adopting sustainable organic farming practices, improved industrial and urban waste management, controlled use of toxins, recycling wastes, and safe disposal of biomedical waste. The presentation stresses reducing excess use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Urbanisation refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and urban areas. It began rapidly in poor countries in the mid-20th century as people migrated from rural areas to cities at a rate of 20% per year, driven by difficult rural living conditions and the concentration of jobs and services in urban centers. In rich countries, urbanisation accelerated during the Industrial Revolution as new factory and shipyard jobs drew people to towns and cities, while mechanized farming led to rural job losses. More recently, urbanisation has slowed in rich nations and some have experienced counter-urbanization, though cities are now attracting residents back to redeveloped inner areas.
Chapter 13, key 4 (use with skeletal notes)montathomas
Suburbs face distinctive challenges due to their rapid growth in the 20th century. As more people moved to suburbs, urban areas expanded through annexation and the development of edge cities further from downtown cores. This led to issues like infrastructure costs, loss of agricultural land, traffic congestion, and socioeconomic segregation between inner cities and suburbs. Suburbanization also contributed to the decline of public transit systems and increased dependence on personal vehicles for transportation.
Dr. shengzhi session 4 communal land registrationmrlgregion
This document summarizes the history of customary tenure and communal rights in China. It discusses that before 1949, aristocracy and family control dominated the countryside, while the imperial power did not extend to rural areas. From 1949-1980, a period of collectivization and centralization occurred, where all rights belonged to collectives. Since 1980 during the Reform Era, China has transitioned to granting land use rights to households through 30-year contracts, and recognizing households rather than collectives for conservation programs, while also privatizing some forest lands. Future reforms may provide more incentives for cooperatives and enhance rural governance to potentially support communities.
A powerpoint about Harlow, a London New Town for AS/A2 level Geography but can be used with GCSE. Not much text to go with pictures, but hopefully still useful!
Urbanisation (problems and suggested solutions) In ZimbabweDumisani Nhliziyo
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, providing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, controlling vehicle traffic, and involving communities in infrastructure planning.
In 2009, the City of Mt. Pleasant participated in the Michigan Municipal League's "Race for the Cup" Community Excellence Award. While the City won their regional award, it lost the overall competition.
Comments on #OxfordPlan #Oxford2036: (2) Dan Scharf City Voice
This document provides comments on Oxford's Local Plan 2036 regarding its vision, housing, transport, green infrastructure, and flooding. It argues that the plan's vision and policies do not go far enough to achieve sustainability goals. Specifically, it recommends that the plan set targets for Oxford to become carbon neutral by 2050, water neutral, and produce no waste or traffic growth. It also argues that the plan should do more to support co-housing, custom building, and downsizing to meet housing needs. Regarding transport, it opposes plans for an Oxford to Cambridge expressway and supports East-West rail instead. Finally, it calls for a more coordinated approach across districts to green infrastructure and soil protection.
How settlements have changed (Rural - Urban)Steven Heath
Rural areas have experienced population declines as people migrate to urban areas for opportunities. This document discusses rural to urban migration in China and the characteristics of rural and urban settlements. As populations shift, the area between rural and urban, called the rural-urban fringe, grows as suburbs extend into countryside. The rural-urban fringe is a transitional zone with a mix of land uses and populations that access services in both areas.
History & Theory of Planning: Postmodern Critiques of ModernismAnuradha Mukherji
Urban renewal and freeway construction in the mid-20th century displaced many inner-city communities and concentrated poverty. Federal programs subsidized suburban development at the expense of cities. Pruitt-Igoe, a St. Louis public housing project, exemplified the failures of top-down modernist planning and strict cost-cutting that ignored community needs. Jane Jacobs criticized such programs' negative impacts and lack of understanding of urban economies and lived experiences. Later reforms decentralized control and funding to local governments.
The document discusses urban growth boundaries (UGBs) implemented in Portland, Oregon to combat urban sprawl. It provides background on the establishment of Portland's UGB in the 1970s and its goals of preserving farmland and concentrating development. Both positive and negative impacts of the UGB are examined. Positives include farmland preservation and some resident support, while negatives include increased housing costs and traffic congestion. The document concludes by offering suggestions to improve urban sustainability, such as building in abandoned areas, adding green spaces, and tailoring mixed-use neighborhoods to community needs.
This document discusses the opportunities and challenges facing urban development in India. As India urbanizes at a rapid pace, its cities will need to accommodate nearly 600 million new urban residents by 2030. This massive growth will require investments totaling over $1 trillion in areas like housing, transportation, and basic infrastructure. However, Indian cities currently face issues like inadequate funding for development, lack of affordable housing, traffic congestion, air pollution, and a shortage of civic amenities for the growing population. The government aims to promote more sustainable and inclusive urban planning to address these challenges and improve quality of life for urban residents as India continues to urbanize on a large scale.
Vermeulen proposes redeveloping existing neighborhoods in Oxford by purchasing older homes, demolishing them, and constructing modern apartment buildings with greater density. This could triple the number of homes in some areas without losing green space. Apartment buildings would be no more than four stories tall. Redeveloping just one neighborhood could create over 8,000 additional households. Expanding this approach across Oxford could create around 57,000 new homes, comfortably meeting housing demand. The redevelopment could pay for itself through sale of new apartments and increased tax revenues.
This document discusses trends in urbanization and sustainability issues facing cities. It notes that half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity. As urban populations grow, issues around sprawl, pollution, poverty, and transportation have emerged. The document examines strategies some cities are using to promote compact growth, reduce car dependence, preserve open space, and generally enhance sustainability.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 20 Lesson 2 on human impact on the land. This lesson is a detailed look into the positive and negative effects of humans to land biomes. This lesson includes topics such as resource management, the nitrogen cycle, deforestation, mining, agriculture, and urban sprawl. Students should consider the many different impacts we have on the environment everyday.
The document compares the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) safeguard policies to other institutions' policies. It provides an overview of ADB's three main safeguard policies relating to the environment, involuntary resettlement, and indigenous peoples. It also summarizes the World Bank and Japan International Cooperation Agency's environmental and social policies. ADB's policies aim to avoid harm, ensure participation, and support sustainable development. The document outlines ADB and borrowers' roles in implementing social and environmental plans.
This is my first presentation!
I refer many slides and data from this side.
I want to tell Thank You all who are allow to download and to refer your slide.
Please check my ppt and give me advice what i need to repair.
Thank You!
This document summarizes a presentation on soil pollution given by Dudhe Gaurav ChandraShekhar. It defines soil and pollution, then discusses the major causes of soil pollution including agricultural pesticides, solid waste disposal, mining activities, biological agents, radioactive pollutants, and heavy metals. Specific impacts of these pollutants are outlined such as declining soil fertility from overuse of inorganic nutrients or intensive tillage. Solutions proposed include adopting sustainable organic farming practices, improved industrial and urban waste management, controlled use of toxins, recycling wastes, and safe disposal of biomedical waste. The presentation stresses reducing excess use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
This document is an index for a project on soil pollution. It contains definitions, causes, effects, and solutions related to soil pollution. The index outlines slides on acknowledging the teacher, defining soil pollution, identifying causes such as deforestation and unsustainable agriculture, explaining effects like soil erosion and health impacts, and proposing solutions involving reducing waste and encouraging reforestation.
World bank and adb safeguard policies for infrastructure projectsBhim Upadhyaya
The document discusses the World Bank's safeguard policies for infrastructure projects. It outlines 10 key safeguard policies that aim to integrate environmental and social considerations into project decision-making, ensure participation and transparency, and promote sustainable development. The policies cover environmental assessment, natural habitats, indigenous peoples, involuntary resettlement, and other social and environmental risks. The document also describes borrower and Bank responsibilities to implement the required social and environmental safeguard measures.
Soil pollution was brought to public attention in 1978 by the Love Canal disaster. Soil pollution is defined as changes to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil caused by human activity that degrade soil quality. Natural causes of soil pollution include landslides and hurricanes, while man-made causes include urbanization, industrial and agricultural wastes, mining, domestic wastes, and radioactive wastes. The disposal of industrial wastes on fertile lands degrades soil quality, while urban wastes can slowly poison the soil and damage its fertility. Radioactive elements in polluted soil can enter the food chain through plants.
The document discusses several current issues in urban design. It notes that cities have become too large to understand and manage effectively. It also says that local communities are often sidelined in the design process, and that economic priorities sometimes lead to large developments that are unsustainable. The document argues that urban design is more than just beautification and should promote better integration across administrative and disciplinary boundaries.
South Asia is experiencing rapid urbanization, with five of its cities projected to be among the largest in the world by 2015. This growth is driven by rural-to-urban migration as people seek economic opportunities. However, many migrants end up living in slums lacking basic services. The region's megacities face challenges like sprawling slums, poverty, disease, pollution and lack of infrastructure. Dhaka has experienced extreme population growth and now has over 12 million residents, with many living in poor conditions. Other large and growing South Asian cities discussed are Mumbai, Delhi, and Karachi. Effective solutions are needed to manage urban growth and improve living standards in a sustainable manner.
The document discusses the ongoing urbanization of the world's population and calls for an "urban revolution" to address challenges. It notes that by 2050, 75% of the global population will live in urban areas, with most new urban growth occurring in South Asia and Africa. It argues that cities must be planned and built to be compact, connected, coordinated and resilient to issues like climate change. Specific policies highlighted include transit-oriented development, renewable energy adoption, and encouraging private sector leadership on sustainability. The document advocates for five revolutions - in urban development, mobility, energy, resilience and private sector action - to help cities successfully manage rapid urban growth.
This document discusses population distribution and density around the world. It begins by comparing the populations of China and the US, then examines how populations are distributed globally with higher densities in Asia, particularly East Asia. Several figures and tables show population densities and growth projections. Key points are that urbanization has increased globally with over half of all people now living in urban areas, and India is projected to surpass China as the most populated country by 2050.
This document discusses key concepts related to human geography including global patterns of urbanization. It notes that around 50% of the world's population now lives in urban areas, with the most urbanized continents being Europe, North America, and South America. Asia has the largest number of urban dwellers at 1.4 billion people, and urbanization is increasing most rapidly in Africa and Asia. By 2025, half the population in Africa and Asia will live in cities.
Urbanization in Bangladesh has increased rapidly in recent decades as the population migrates from rural to urban areas. This unplanned urbanization has led to several issues in major cities like Dhaka, including extreme overpopulation, shortage of housing and utilities, increased pollution, and environmental degradation. While urbanization has contributed to economic growth, it has also exacerbated problems like rising inequality, poverty, and pressures on infrastructure if not properly managed. Addressing the challenges of urbanization in a sustainable manner requires improved planning, management of rural-urban migration flows, and balanced development across urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.
Urban Regeneration class 2018. My interpretation of Peter Caltrhope's book U...Ulan Dan
Over the past 50 years, the physical and social fabric of urban life in the US has radically changed. Cities have spread out due to factors like suburbanization, increased car ownership and use, and demographic shifts. This has led to less dense, more auto-dependent communities with fewer social connections between neighbors. New technologies have also influenced social norms and lifestyles. Household composition has shifted to include more single-person and single-parent families, and fewer families with children. Additionally, more women have entered the workforce, transportation patterns have become more driven by individual motor vehicles rather than public transit or walking, and energy consumption patterns have risen due to factors like increased air travel and larger homes.
The document discusses urbanization in Bangladesh and its impacts. It notes that urbanization refers to the migration of people from rural to urban areas, resulting in population concentration and growth in cities. In Bangladesh, urbanization has occurred rapidly, with over 25% of the population now living in urban areas, most concentrated in Dhaka and other large cities. However, rapid and unplanned urbanization has led to several issues such as pollution, water logging, transport problems, and the degradation of urban environments and infrastructure. Addressing the challenges of urbanization in a sustainable manner requires integrated planning and development efforts across Bangladesh.
This document provides biographical information about Kingsley Davis, a prominent American sociologist and demographer, and summarizes his 1965 article on the urbanization of the human population. Davis studied the growth of cities and predicted that world population would reach 6 billion by 2000, which was remarkably close to the actual population of 6 billion in 1999. The article discusses how urbanization differs from city growth, traces the history of urbanization, and examines factors that cause people to migrate from rural to urban areas, such as industrialization and job opportunities in cities.
This document discusses global urban trends related to sustainability and sustainable cities. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It then discusses critiques of this definition and different interpretations. The three pillars of sustainability are identified as the economy, equity, and the environment. Rapid urbanization is occurring globally, with over half the world's population now living in cities. This brings challenges around resource consumption, pollution, infrastructure, and services. Examples of urban trends like sprawl, megacities, and megalopolises are provided. Sustainable cities aim to balance economic development, social equity, and environmental protection.
By 2030, 60% of the global population will live in urban areas, with Asia's urban population rising from 1.4 billion to 2.6 billion. There will be close to 30 megacities with over 10 million people, including Istanbul, Guangzhou, and Bogota. Many cities, especially in developing areas, face problems like sprawling slums, lack of infrastructure, and pollution as populations grow rapidly. Solutions require better planning and more sustainable practices around resource use, transportation, and waste management.
Urbanization is rapidly increasing worldwide, including in developing countries. Rapid urbanization presents significant challenges, such as unemployment, poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental degradation in many developing country cities. Over half the world's population now lives in urban areas, crowded into just 3% of the Earth's land. By 2030, 65% of the global population is expected to be urbanized. Effective urban planning, infrastructure development, and management are needed to address the problems caused by rapid urban population growth and density in cities.
The document discusses the rapid growth of megacities and slums in developing countries over the past 50 years. It notes that over 95% of population growth will occur in urban areas in these countries, leading to a doubling of their populations over the next generation. This rapid urbanization has outpaced infrastructure development and job creation, resulting in widespread poverty and the rise of massive slums housing over 1 billion people globally by 2005. The document examines different typologies of slums from small communities to "megaslums" merging into continuous belts of informal housing. Attempts by governments and organizations like the World Bank to improve conditions have faced challenges in addressing the needs of the poorest residents.
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, constructing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, and increasing community involvement.
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, constructing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, and increasing community involvement.
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, constructing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, and increasing community involvement.
Jeddah Urban Form Forces - Political and CulturalYasser Mahgoub
The document discusses the political and cultural influences that have shaped the urban form of cities through history. It provides examples of grand infrastructure projects like Haussmann's boulevards in Paris and Pierre L'Enfant's design of Washington D.C. The document then focuses on the specific urban development of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from 1927 to 1995. It describes the pre-boom period up to 1970 when the city grew organically within its walls. From 1973 to 1983, during an oil boom, Jeddah experienced rapid population and spatial growth guided by two master plans. After 1983, declining oil revenues reduced government expenditures and development.
The world population has grown from 200 million in 0 AD to 6 billion in 1999 and is estimated to reach 9 billion by 2050. The population increased by 1 billion every 12 years in the post-war era. By 2027, the urbanized population is projected to increase by 750 million new city dwellers, adding around 1.2 million new urban residents per week. At this rate of growth, most countries will see the equivalent of a new city the size of Milan added every 12 years. This uncontrolled urbanization risks creating an "urban meltdown" as natural and built-up areas expand rapidly.
6. 1977-1999: The population of Delhi was at 4.4 million in 1975 and grew to 12.4 million in 2000 Growing Delhi and its suburbs India
7. Phenomenal growth in Dhaka Bangladesh 1977-2000: the capital of Bangladesh has grown from a city of 2.5 million more than 10 million
8.
9. Sydney – the country’s largest city Australia 1975-2002: Over the last several decades, Sydney has been expanding westward toward the Blue Mountains
10.
11. Seine River dissecting Paris France 1976-2001: Images show expansion of city into the surrounding rural areas
17. Drought in the Western United States Lake Mead 2000 2004 Hoover Dam and Lake Mead PhotoView 18 meters
18. Golf courses springing up around Lake Mead United States New Golf Courses since 2001 Expansion of Golf Courses around Lake Mead
19. Growth of San Francisco United States 1970-2000: Population grew from 4.6 million to 7.2 million in the Bay Area
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21. Satellite images showing the dramatic loss of trees in the District Urban Forest in Washington D.C. United States
22. Fort McMurray, Canada 1974-2004: Massive oil extraction from oil sands have remarkably changed the land area of Fort McMurray in Alberta
Editor's Notes
World Population Growth, 1750–2150
Asia Pacific saw dramatic improvement in urban water supply coverage, where 368 million people had gained access to improved drinking water, an increase of 35% of the total rural population of the region since 1990.
The Gambia is a small—11 295 km2 (4 361 square miles)—country in West Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except on its coast. The capital city of Banjul lies at the end of a small peninsula that protrudes into the Atlantic Ocean. The country’s population is increasing at a rate of about 4.2 per cent annually. For the past three decades, western Gambia has undergone considerable urban growth, particularly in Banjul and some of its neighboring cities, including Serekunda, Bakau, Sukuta, and Brikama. The population of the greater Banjul area, for example, more than tripled during this time. These two satellite images, taken in 1973 and 1999 respectively, show this urban sprawl and its impact. Urban growth and the accompanying expansion of cropland around urban areas have led to a significant decline in woodland areas (dark green). The Abuko Nature Reserve, located in the center of the images, was once surrounded by woodlands. It now stands out as an isolated patch of green in an otherwise developed landscape.
Beijing, the capital city of the People’s Republic of China, is located in the country’s northeastern corner, in the transition zone between the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the North China Plain. It is a city that has undergone tremendous change and explosive urban growth, since the start of economic reforms in 1979. The left-hand satellite image shows Beijing in 1978, just prior to the reforms. The light blue-gray area in the center of the image is the urban landscape of the city. The hills to the west are covered with deciduous forest, which appears green. The agricultural lands that lie around the city appear as muted red, orange, and golden yellow, depending on the crop (rice, winter wheat, or vegetables) and its stage of development. Beijing’s explosive growth is very obvious in the 2000 image. The city has expanded from its original center in all directions. Prime agricultural lands that once lay outside the city are now suburbs dominated by institutional, industrial, and residential buildings. In 2000, Beijing’s population was 13 million.
India occupies only two per cent of the world’s total landmass. Yet it is home to 15 per cent of the world’s total population. Urban growth is characteristic of most Indian cities, with that of Delhi being especially dramatic, as these satellite images from 1977 and 1999 clearly show. In 1975, Delhi had a population of 4.4 million people or 3.3 per cent of India’s entire urban population. In 2000, the city had 12.4 million inhabitants, or more than 4.5 per cent of the country’s urban population. Of the world’s 30 largest urban agglomerations, Delhi ranked 24th in 1975 and tenth in 2000. By 2015, Delhi’s population is expected to be 20.9 million. In these images, urban areas appear in shades of gray and purple. Growth is especially noticeable in the suburbs and areas surrounding Delhi such as Ghaziabad, Faridabad, and Gurgaon. Rapid urbanization has placed tremendous pressure on land and water resources in and around Delhi.
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has undergone phenomenal growth since the country gained independence in 1971. It has grown from a city of 2.5 million inhabitants to one with a population of more than ten million. This increase represents an average population growth rate of about eight per cent annually. Dhaka is one of the poorest and most densely populated cities on the planet, with 6 545 people per square kilometre. Following independence, urban areas expanded rapidly as they sought to become hubs of production and modernization. In the process, land use changed dramatically, as these images from 1977 and 2000 reveal. Dhaka is visible in the central portion of each image along the Turag River. Green areas represent forests and agricultural lands. White spots are planned areas of infrastructure. Urban areas are light purple. The 2000 image shows how, over time, lowlands and agricultural lands have been converted to urban areas where Dhaka has expanded to the north.
Tripoli, the capital city of Libya, is located on the country’s Mediterranean coast along a narrow band of fertile lowlands that quickly give way to a vast interior of arid, rocky plains and seas of sand. Tripoli has undergone steady urban growth over the past thirty years. These three satellite images, from 1976, 1989, and 2002, document some of the major changes. Urban areas appear as shades of grey. Darker patches south of the city, visible in both the 1976 and 1989 images represent grasslands that have been converted to agricultural fields. Bright green areas are planted croplands. In the 2002 image, urban expansion is especially notable. The irregular brown patch in the upper far right of this image, south of Al Hamidiyan, is perhaps the last remaining vestige of natural vegetation in the Tripoli region.
Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It is roughly the same size as the conterminous United States and 50 per cent larger than Europe. Yet Australia has the lowest population density of any country in the world. With 4 million inhabitants, Sydney is Australia’s largest city. It is also the capital of New South Wales, the country’s most densely populated state. Sydney is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the east, national parks and deep-water inlets to the north and south, and the spectacular Blue Mountains far to the west. These natural boundaries have influenced Sydney’s urban growth patterns. Over the past several decades, the city’s expansion has been largely westward toward the Blue Mountains, as can be seen in these two satellite images. As suburbs sprawl into bushland, they become vulnerable to summer bush fires.
France is a large country with relatively few large metropolitan areas. Only 16 French towns and cities have populations of more than 150 000 people. Paris, the capital city of France, is the largest of these and home to roughly 2 million inhabitants. The entire Paris metropolitan area, however, includes more than 11 million people. Lying roughly 160 km (100 miles) southeast of the English Channel in northern France, Paris is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world. In the images above, the Seine River can be seen winding its way through the heart of the city. Urban areas appear gray and purple. The patchwork of green, brown, tan and yellow around the city is primarily farmland. Note how the city has expanded in the years between 1987 and 2001, reaching ever-further into the surrounding rural areas.
Inaugurated on 21 April 1960, Brazil’s new capital of Brasilia began with a population of 140 000 and a master plan for carefully controlled growth and development that would limit the city to 500 000. Urban planner Lucio Costa and architect Oscar Niemeyer intended that every element—from the layout of the residential and administrative districts to the symmetry of the buildings themselves— should act in harmony with the city’s overall design. This consisted of a birdshaped core with residential areas situated between the encircling “arms” of Lake Paranoá. The city was a landmark in town planning and was recognized as a World Heritage site in 1987. As these images reveal, unplanned urban developments arose at Brasilia’s fringes resulting in a collection of urban “satellites” around the city. Several new reservoirs have been constructed since Brasilia’s birth, but the National Park of Brasilia stands out as a densely vegetated expanse of dark green that has remained relatively unchanged. In 1970, the population of Brasilia and its satellites was roughly 500 000. The population now exceeds 2 000 000.
Mexico City is one of the fastest growing megalopolis cities in the world. These satellite images show the transformation Mexico City underwent between 1973 and 2000. Areas of urban infrastructure appear as shades of purple while natural vegetation is shown in green. In 1973 Mexico City had a population of about 9 million. In the ensuing years, the city expanded into surrounding areas. The forests in the mountains west and south of the city suffered significant deforestation as the urban sprawl progressed. By 1986, Mexico City’s population had soared to 14 million. In 1999, Mexico City had a population of 17.9 million, making it the second largest metropolitan area in the world behind Tokyo, Japan. The Mexican megalopolis is expected to reach 20 million in the next few years.
Vancouver is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Fraser River to the south, the Coast Mountains to the north and the Fraser Valley to the east. With a population of about 2 160 000 (based on the 2004 census), Vancouver is the largest city in the province of British Columbia and the third largest in Canada. While English is the main language, Vancouver residents speak more than 70 languages, making the city ethnically diverse. Vancouver grew by about 450 000 to 500 000 people during the 1990s, on average developing 1.6 ha of previously undeveloped land per day. The Vancouver, B.C., urban area has also become denser since the 1980s. Compact, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods contained 80 per cent of the city’s growth between 1986 and 1996. The population by 2001 was nearly 2 million compared to 1.3 million in 1976. The 2000 satellite image shows the increased urban area in the Vancouver.
Las Vegas is the fastest growing metropolitan area in the United States. Its growth was fairly slow during the first half of the 20th century, but as the gaming and tourism industry blossomed the population increased more rapidly. In 1950, Las Vegas was home to 24 624 people. Today, the population of the Las Vegas Valley tops one million, not including the tourists. According to one estimate, it may double by 2015. This population growth has put a strain on water supplies. Satellite imagery of Las Vegas provides a dramatic illustration of the spatial patterns and rates of change resulting from the city’s urban sprawl. Las Vegas is shown in the central portion of these images from 1973 and 2000. Note the profound modifications to the landscape—specifically the proliferation of asphalt and concrete roads and other infrastructure, along with the displacement of the few vegetated lands. By 2000, Las Vegas’ growth had sprawled in every direction, with the greatest expansion to the northwest and southeast. As the city expanded, several new transportation networks emerged to serve the city’s inhabitants.
Seattle is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located in the U.S. state of Washington between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, nearly 108 miles (174 km) south of the United States–Canadian border. Seattle has sprawled since 1980s. Low density residential areas made up three-fifths of the Seattle-Tacoma urban area’s growth during the 1990s. During the decade, the Seattle-Tacoma metro area lost an average of 4 hectare of open space per day to suburban development, as measured by satellite imagery. There was an overall increase of 500 000 people from 1990-2000. The current metropolitan population is estimated at 3.8 million, with estimated 573 000 living in the city area. The Seattle region’s economy includes leading-edge clusters such as aerospace, information technology, life sciences/biotechnology, clean technology/environmental industries, logistics and international trade. The clean technology/environmental engineering and services sector includes 400 companies employing about 16,000 people. Seattle is the center of a thriving gourmet coffee industry; a dynamic recreation equipment sector; the nation’s largest marine and fisheries sector; a dynamic film and video industry employing 5 000 people, and a vibrant music industry supporting 9 000 jobs.
Vast reserves of low quality oil underlie the Boreal Forest surrounding Fort McMurray in northern Alberta, Canada in the form of “oil sands.” The oil held in these reserves raises Canada to second place on the list of oil rich countries, behind only Saudi Arabia in total reserves. Rapid urbanization, one of the many causes of increased oil consumption, is driving up the oil prices, thus creating an oil boom in northern Alberta. Local people including the Native American population are concerned that exploitation will come at too great a cost to the environment. In 2001 oil extracted from oil sands (271 million barrels) exceeded oil extracted by conventional means (264 million barrels) for the first time. In 1967 The Great Canadian Oil Sands Company began construction at its Mildred Lake site. In 1974 they were joined by the Syncrude Corporation which began construction of a mine in the same area. By early 2006 the mining operations had expanded to cover an area roughly 30 km by 20 km. Syncrude operates a second mine, the Aurora, approximately 30 km to the north of Mildred Lake. With the increase in urban population and their dependency to individual vehicle, the mining operations are likely to expand even further. Sources: Oil and Gas Journal, 2004; 2002-2003 Canadian Centre for Energy Information