To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
AN EXPLICIT LOSS AND HANDOFF NOTIFICATION SCHEME IN TCP FOR CELLULAR MOBILE S...IJCNCJournal
With the proliferation of mobile and wireless computing devices, the demand for continuous network connectivity exits for various wired-and-wireless integrated networks. Since Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the standard network protocol for communication on the Interne, any wireless network with Internet service need to be compatible with TCP. TCP is tuned to perform well in traditional wired
networks, where packet losses occur mostly because of congestion. However cellular wireless network
suffers from significant losses due to high bit errors and mobile handoff. TCP responds to all losses by
invoking congestion control and avoidance algorithms, resulting in degraded end-to-end performance. This
paper presents an improved Explicit Loss Notification algorithm to distinguish between packet loss due to congestion and packet loss due to wireless errors and handoffs. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol significantly improves the performance of TCP over cellular wireless network in terms of throughput and congestion window dynamics.
Proposition of an Adaptive Retransmission Timeout for TCP in 802.11 Wireless ...IJERA Editor
The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is used to establish and control a session between two endpoints. The problem is that in 802.11 wireless environments TCP always considers that the packet loss is caused by network congestion. However, in these networks packet loss are usually caused by the high bit error rate, and the wireless link failures. Researchers found out that TCP performance in wireless networks can be highly enhanced as long as it is feasible to identify the packet loss causes; hence appropriate measures can be dynamically applied during an established TCP session in order to adjust the session parameters. This paper proposes an endto-end adaptive mechanism that allows the TCP session to dynamically adjust the RTO (Retransmission Timeout) of a TCP session; the server will have to adjust the timers based on feedbacks from clients. Feedbacks are piggybacked in the TCP Options header field of the ACK (Acknowledgment) messages. A feedback is an approximation of the time needed by the wireless channel to get the errors fixed. The mechanism has been validated using numerical analysis and simulations, and then compared to the original TCP protocol. Simulation results have shown better performance in terms of number of retransmissions at the server side due to the decrease in the number of timeouts; and thus lowest congestion on the wireless access point.
Flexible fec and fair selection of scalable units for high quality vod stream...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme.
FLEXIBLE FEC AND FAIR SELECTION OF SCALABLE UNITS FOR HIGH QUALITY VOD STREAM...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very
challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a
flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of
H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of
retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme
This document discusses Self-Organizing Network (SON) functions including self-establishment, self-optimization, and self-healing. It provides details on SON structure, functions, operations, and 3GPP specifications. Key points covered include:
- SON aims to make telecommunication networks more efficient through automation of tasks like planning, configuration, optimization and healing.
- Self-establishment handles initial planning and configuration of eNodeBs. Self-optimization continuously optimizes network parameters. Self-healing detects and compensates for faults.
- The document outlines the SON architecture and functions of various 3GPP releases, with focus on self-configuration, neighbor relation optimization, mobility load
The key performance indicators for measuring 3G cell performance include accessibility metrics like RRC success rate, RAB success rate, and CSSR. Retainability is measured by dropped call rates for speech, video, and packet switched connections. Mobility is measured by handover success rates between cells and between 3G and 2G networks. Factors that affect HSDPA throughput include downlink power, the number of downlink codes allocated for HSDPA, and transport channel capacity. Tuning parameters like increasing the number of HSDPA codes or changing the scheduling algorithm can improve HSDPA throughput.
Link state routing protocols like OSPF calculate routes based on the full network topology and converge faster than distance vector protocols. OSPF uses the shortest path first algorithm to determine the best routes and shares link state advertisements between all routers to maintain a common view. It supports features like VLSM and CIDR and generally outperforms RIP. OSPF uses the designated router concept and hello packets to efficiently flood link state updates and detect neighbors.
The document contains questions and answers related to GSM and LTE drive test parameters. It discusses key topics like reference signal receive power (RSRP), reference signal receive quality (RSRQ), signal to noise ratio (SINR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), physical cell ID (PCI), channel quality indicator (CQI), block error rate (BLER), downlink and uplink throughput, and WCDMA/3G questions and answers related to link budget, TMA, processing gain, and calculating maximum number of users.
AN EXPLICIT LOSS AND HANDOFF NOTIFICATION SCHEME IN TCP FOR CELLULAR MOBILE S...IJCNCJournal
With the proliferation of mobile and wireless computing devices, the demand for continuous network connectivity exits for various wired-and-wireless integrated networks. Since Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the standard network protocol for communication on the Interne, any wireless network with Internet service need to be compatible with TCP. TCP is tuned to perform well in traditional wired
networks, where packet losses occur mostly because of congestion. However cellular wireless network
suffers from significant losses due to high bit errors and mobile handoff. TCP responds to all losses by
invoking congestion control and avoidance algorithms, resulting in degraded end-to-end performance. This
paper presents an improved Explicit Loss Notification algorithm to distinguish between packet loss due to congestion and packet loss due to wireless errors and handoffs. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol significantly improves the performance of TCP over cellular wireless network in terms of throughput and congestion window dynamics.
Proposition of an Adaptive Retransmission Timeout for TCP in 802.11 Wireless ...IJERA Editor
The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is used to establish and control a session between two endpoints. The problem is that in 802.11 wireless environments TCP always considers that the packet loss is caused by network congestion. However, in these networks packet loss are usually caused by the high bit error rate, and the wireless link failures. Researchers found out that TCP performance in wireless networks can be highly enhanced as long as it is feasible to identify the packet loss causes; hence appropriate measures can be dynamically applied during an established TCP session in order to adjust the session parameters. This paper proposes an endto-end adaptive mechanism that allows the TCP session to dynamically adjust the RTO (Retransmission Timeout) of a TCP session; the server will have to adjust the timers based on feedbacks from clients. Feedbacks are piggybacked in the TCP Options header field of the ACK (Acknowledgment) messages. A feedback is an approximation of the time needed by the wireless channel to get the errors fixed. The mechanism has been validated using numerical analysis and simulations, and then compared to the original TCP protocol. Simulation results have shown better performance in terms of number of retransmissions at the server side due to the decrease in the number of timeouts; and thus lowest congestion on the wireless access point.
Flexible fec and fair selection of scalable units for high quality vod stream...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme.
FLEXIBLE FEC AND FAIR SELECTION OF SCALABLE UNITS FOR HIGH QUALITY VOD STREAM...IJMIT JOURNAL
Providing high quality video on demand (VoD) streaming service over wireless networks is very
challenging due to the limited capacity and error-proneness of the wireless environment. We propose a
flexible forward error correction (FEC) and a fair selection scheme of scalable units that utilize a layered
coding structure of H.264/SVC (scalable video coding). Three error-resilient techniques (e.g., unequal
error protection, FEC, and retransmission) are adapted to minimize the total distortion of VoD streaming
service. For flexible FEC, a rateless FEC code is adopted. The FEC code rates are based on the possible
number of retransmission, the condition of the wireless channel and the layered coding structure of
H.264/SVC for each packet. A theoretical study is performed to show how to utilize the possible number of
retransmission for an adaptive FEC code rate. With fair selection, regular and retransmission-requested
packets compete for resources without fixing the retry limit. Thus, excessive retransmission is prevented and
the proposed scheme effectively provides capacity-limited and delay-constrained VoD streaming services.
For this fair selection of scalable units, we formulate the problem using binary integer programming and
propose an effective low complexity selection algorithm based on a priority index. The proposed algorithm
prioritizes packets according to the priority index and the H.264/SVC structure. We show that the proposed
scheme can minimize the total video distortion compared to other heuristic procedures. Other effects of the
various factors are also considered for the performance of the new scheme
This document discusses Self-Organizing Network (SON) functions including self-establishment, self-optimization, and self-healing. It provides details on SON structure, functions, operations, and 3GPP specifications. Key points covered include:
- SON aims to make telecommunication networks more efficient through automation of tasks like planning, configuration, optimization and healing.
- Self-establishment handles initial planning and configuration of eNodeBs. Self-optimization continuously optimizes network parameters. Self-healing detects and compensates for faults.
- The document outlines the SON architecture and functions of various 3GPP releases, with focus on self-configuration, neighbor relation optimization, mobility load
The key performance indicators for measuring 3G cell performance include accessibility metrics like RRC success rate, RAB success rate, and CSSR. Retainability is measured by dropped call rates for speech, video, and packet switched connections. Mobility is measured by handover success rates between cells and between 3G and 2G networks. Factors that affect HSDPA throughput include downlink power, the number of downlink codes allocated for HSDPA, and transport channel capacity. Tuning parameters like increasing the number of HSDPA codes or changing the scheduling algorithm can improve HSDPA throughput.
Link state routing protocols like OSPF calculate routes based on the full network topology and converge faster than distance vector protocols. OSPF uses the shortest path first algorithm to determine the best routes and shares link state advertisements between all routers to maintain a common view. It supports features like VLSM and CIDR and generally outperforms RIP. OSPF uses the designated router concept and hello packets to efficiently flood link state updates and detect neighbors.
The document contains questions and answers related to GSM and LTE drive test parameters. It discusses key topics like reference signal receive power (RSRP), reference signal receive quality (RSRQ), signal to noise ratio (SINR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), physical cell ID (PCI), channel quality indicator (CQI), block error rate (BLER), downlink and uplink throughput, and WCDMA/3G questions and answers related to link budget, TMA, processing gain, and calculating maximum number of users.
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
Chap 4. call processing and handover.engsivakumar D
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the key information:
The document outlines the network architecture and protocol stacks used in LTE networks, including components like the UE, eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It describes the software architecture of eNBs and the call processing blocks. It also summarizes several important procedures in LTE networks like attach, detach, handover, and basic parameter configuration.
How to perform trouble shooting based on countersAbdul Muin
This document provides guidance on troubleshooting radio resource control (RRC) connection failures based on measurement counters. It describes the different phases of the RRC connection process and lists the possible failure causes within each phase. For each failure cause, it gives steps to analyze alarms, measurements, and parameters to identify the potential root causes such as coverage issues, interference, configuration errors, or hardware problems. The goal is to systematically work through each failure cause using available diagnostics to pinpoint where problems may exist.
A Survey of Different Approaches for Differentiating Bit Error and Congestion...IJERD Editor
TCP provides reliable wireless communication. The packet loss occurs in wireless network during
the data transmission and these losses are always classified as congestion losses. While Packet is also lost due to
random bit error. But traditional TCP always consider as packet is lost due to congestion and reduce it
congestion window. Thus, TCP gives poor performance in wireless link. Many TCP variants have been
proposed for congestion control but they cannot distinguish error either due to congestion or due to bit error thus
it reduces congestion window every time but when there is a bit error then no need to reduce the transmission
rate. In this survey the general approaches taken for differentiating congestion or bit error has been discussed.
This document summarizes various LTE KPIs and performance metrics related to random access, RRC connection establishment, ERAB establishment, and issues that may impact them. It provides potential causes for high values or failures in these metrics as well as recommended actions to investigate like checking RF parameters, capacity, licenses, alarms, configuration, and optimizing physical antenna settings.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
This document provides an overview of an LTE System Manager (LSM) which is an Element Management System (EMS) that can manage eNodeB devices. It describes the key functions and components of the LSM including configuration management, fault management, performance management, software management, security management, and high availability features using redundancy. The document also outlines the interface structure and basic operations of the LSM management system.
This document discusses the process of optimizing a 3G radio network. It covers the various phases of network optimization including single site verification, RF optimization, service testing and parameter optimization, and regular reference route testing. It then provides details on RF optimization including preparation, targets, solutions, and the analysis of drive test data to identify issues and determine required changes. Examples are also given of antenna adjustment, drop call analysis, and neighbor list verification.
The document provides an overview of the message flow for a packet switched call between a UE and core network. Key steps include:
1) The UE performs cell search and selection before establishing an RRC connection and registering with the core network.
2) The UE then sends an attach request and exchanges authentication and security messages with the core network.
3) Once attached, the UE can activate a packet data protocol context and exchange user plane data for the packet switched call.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
Communication Performance Over A Gigabit Ethernet NetworkIJERA Editor
A present computing imposes heavy demands on the optical communication network. Gigabit Ethernet technology can provide the required bandwidth to meet these demands. However, it has also involve the communication Impediment to progress from network media to TCP(Transfer control protocol) processing. In this paper, present an overview of Gigabit per second Ethernet technology and study the end-to-end Gigabit Ethernet communication bandwidth and retrieval time. Performance graphs are collected using NetPipe in this clearly show the performance characteristics of TCP/IP over Gigabit Ethernet. These indicate the impact of a number of factors such as processor speeds, network adaptors, versions of the Linux Kernel or opnet softwar and device drivers, and TCP/IP(Internet protocol) tuning on the performance of Gigabit Ethernet between two Pentium II/350 PCs. Among the important conclusions are the marked superiority of the 2.1.121 and later development kernels and 2.2.x production kernels of Linux or opnet softwar used and that the ability to increase the MTU(maximum transmission unit) Further than the Ethernet standard of 1500 could significantly enhance the throughput reachable.
This document provides an agenda and procedures for conducting cluster optimization tests. It describes drive routes that cover all sectors of each base station in the cluster. Key tests include FTP uplink/downlink calls, VoLTE calls, and checks of coverage, mobility, accessibility and voice quality. The objectives are to validate RF design, handover performance, retainability, and identify worst areas for improvement through two drive tests and analysis of call logs and KPIs. Attendees should be RF and drive test engineers familiar with the XCAL tool and SCFT procedures.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for the E-UTRAN and EPC components of an LTE network, including accessibility, retainability, integrity, availability, and mobility metrics for E-UTRAN and accessibility, mobility, and utilization KPIs for EPC. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating various KPIs related to EPS attach success rate, dedicated bearer creation success rate, handover success rates, and other measures of network and service performance.
This document provides an overview of drive test procedures and methods for analyzing issues found during drive tests. It discusses preparation steps, how to perform drive tests, and how to analyze log files. Common problems that can be identified include undecoded BCCH, no handover, ping pong handovers, interference, and dropped calls. Analysis tools like GEP, VOT, CM Extractor, and NPM are described for visualizing problems.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
The document discusses 4G LTE drive testing. It describes the necessary equipment for drive testing including a notebook, GPS, and LTE dongle. It outlines key LTE radio parameters that are measured like PCI, RSRP, SINR, and MIMO. It also discusses measuring UE state information, throughput, and LTE access procedures including attach requests, random access failures, and E-RAB failures. Finally, it compares the impact of ANR capabilities versus UE capabilities on measuring neighboring cells within and between eNodeBs.
Self-Configuration and Self-Optimization NetworkPraveen Kumar
The document discusses self-configuration and self-optimization capabilities in cellular networks. It describes functions like dynamic configuration of interfaces between network elements, automatic neighbor relation functions to detect neighboring cells, and framework for physical channel identification selection. It also covers self-optimization aspects like energy saving, interference reduction, mobility robustness optimization, load balancing optimization, and interference coordination.
For RF Optimisation and neighbour verification both Scanner and UE measurements are required simultaneously
Post-Processing tool is required for data analysis
Individual call failures or drops can be analysed with Drive test tools (e.g. Nemo Outdoor) but to get bigger picture, a proper analysis tool is required
Actix or Nemo Analyser can be used for
Data analysis
Create Maps
Create KPI reports
The document discusses the requirements and configuration of Inter Frequency Load Balancing (IFLB) in LTE networks. IFLB aims to balance traffic load across cells on different frequencies by offloading user equipment between those cells. Key steps in IFLB include determining cell load, exchanging load information, selecting offload candidates, and handing users over to target cells if their signal quality is sufficient. The document provides guidance on setting parameters that control IFLB behavior and thresholds.
Grafico diario del dax perfomance index para el 08 10-2013Experiencia Trading
Este documento presenta un gráfico diario del índice Dax Performance que muestra las medias simples de 1, 2, 5, 13, 34, 89, 233 y 610 períodos. Explica que las tendencias se definen por las medias y son niveles de soporte y resistencia, y que las líneas de error típico representan canales de tendencia. También analiza posibles escenarios futuros para el Dax dependiendo de si mantiene o pierde ciertos niveles clave y ofrece resistencias y soportes.
This document is a promotional letter from Club One Holidays advertising their travel membership program. The letter outlines the program's benefits which include 4 nights and 5 days of holidays annually across 40 destinations in India for 5 years, with flexibility to split holidays. Members also receive complimentary packages and can book from over 250 partner resorts. The affordable membership costs Rs. 25,000 and provides good value compared to other timeshare programs.
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
Chap 4. call processing and handover.engsivakumar D
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of the key information:
The document outlines the network architecture and protocol stacks used in LTE networks, including components like the UE, eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It describes the software architecture of eNBs and the call processing blocks. It also summarizes several important procedures in LTE networks like attach, detach, handover, and basic parameter configuration.
How to perform trouble shooting based on countersAbdul Muin
This document provides guidance on troubleshooting radio resource control (RRC) connection failures based on measurement counters. It describes the different phases of the RRC connection process and lists the possible failure causes within each phase. For each failure cause, it gives steps to analyze alarms, measurements, and parameters to identify the potential root causes such as coverage issues, interference, configuration errors, or hardware problems. The goal is to systematically work through each failure cause using available diagnostics to pinpoint where problems may exist.
A Survey of Different Approaches for Differentiating Bit Error and Congestion...IJERD Editor
TCP provides reliable wireless communication. The packet loss occurs in wireless network during
the data transmission and these losses are always classified as congestion losses. While Packet is also lost due to
random bit error. But traditional TCP always consider as packet is lost due to congestion and reduce it
congestion window. Thus, TCP gives poor performance in wireless link. Many TCP variants have been
proposed for congestion control but they cannot distinguish error either due to congestion or due to bit error thus
it reduces congestion window every time but when there is a bit error then no need to reduce the transmission
rate. In this survey the general approaches taken for differentiating congestion or bit error has been discussed.
This document summarizes various LTE KPIs and performance metrics related to random access, RRC connection establishment, ERAB establishment, and issues that may impact them. It provides potential causes for high values or failures in these metrics as well as recommended actions to investigate like checking RF parameters, capacity, licenses, alarms, configuration, and optimizing physical antenna settings.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications signaling for LTE, LTE-A, and 4G technologies. It describes the LTE architecture including functions of the evolved node B, mobility management entity, serving gateway, home subscriber server, and PDN gateway. It also provides details on the LTE physical layer including OFDMA modulation, reference signal measurements for handover, and an example handover procedure using the X2 interface. In conclusion, it discusses key criteria for designing handovers and aspects for further research.
This document provides an overview of an LTE System Manager (LSM) which is an Element Management System (EMS) that can manage eNodeB devices. It describes the key functions and components of the LSM including configuration management, fault management, performance management, software management, security management, and high availability features using redundancy. The document also outlines the interface structure and basic operations of the LSM management system.
This document discusses the process of optimizing a 3G radio network. It covers the various phases of network optimization including single site verification, RF optimization, service testing and parameter optimization, and regular reference route testing. It then provides details on RF optimization including preparation, targets, solutions, and the analysis of drive test data to identify issues and determine required changes. Examples are also given of antenna adjustment, drop call analysis, and neighbor list verification.
The document provides an overview of the message flow for a packet switched call between a UE and core network. Key steps include:
1) The UE performs cell search and selection before establishing an RRC connection and registering with the core network.
2) The UE then sends an attach request and exchanges authentication and security messages with the core network.
3) Once attached, the UE can activate a packet data protocol context and exchange user plane data for the packet switched call.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
Communication Performance Over A Gigabit Ethernet NetworkIJERA Editor
A present computing imposes heavy demands on the optical communication network. Gigabit Ethernet technology can provide the required bandwidth to meet these demands. However, it has also involve the communication Impediment to progress from network media to TCP(Transfer control protocol) processing. In this paper, present an overview of Gigabit per second Ethernet technology and study the end-to-end Gigabit Ethernet communication bandwidth and retrieval time. Performance graphs are collected using NetPipe in this clearly show the performance characteristics of TCP/IP over Gigabit Ethernet. These indicate the impact of a number of factors such as processor speeds, network adaptors, versions of the Linux Kernel or opnet softwar and device drivers, and TCP/IP(Internet protocol) tuning on the performance of Gigabit Ethernet between two Pentium II/350 PCs. Among the important conclusions are the marked superiority of the 2.1.121 and later development kernels and 2.2.x production kernels of Linux or opnet softwar used and that the ability to increase the MTU(maximum transmission unit) Further than the Ethernet standard of 1500 could significantly enhance the throughput reachable.
This document provides an agenda and procedures for conducting cluster optimization tests. It describes drive routes that cover all sectors of each base station in the cluster. Key tests include FTP uplink/downlink calls, VoLTE calls, and checks of coverage, mobility, accessibility and voice quality. The objectives are to validate RF design, handover performance, retainability, and identify worst areas for improvement through two drive tests and analysis of call logs and KPIs. Attendees should be RF and drive test engineers familiar with the XCAL tool and SCFT procedures.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for the E-UTRAN and EPC components of an LTE network, including accessibility, retainability, integrity, availability, and mobility metrics for E-UTRAN and accessibility, mobility, and utilization KPIs for EPC. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating various KPIs related to EPS attach success rate, dedicated bearer creation success rate, handover success rates, and other measures of network and service performance.
This document provides an overview of drive test procedures and methods for analyzing issues found during drive tests. It discusses preparation steps, how to perform drive tests, and how to analyze log files. Common problems that can be identified include undecoded BCCH, no handover, ping pong handovers, interference, and dropped calls. Analysis tools like GEP, VOT, CM Extractor, and NPM are described for visualizing problems.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
The document discusses 4G LTE drive testing. It describes the necessary equipment for drive testing including a notebook, GPS, and LTE dongle. It outlines key LTE radio parameters that are measured like PCI, RSRP, SINR, and MIMO. It also discusses measuring UE state information, throughput, and LTE access procedures including attach requests, random access failures, and E-RAB failures. Finally, it compares the impact of ANR capabilities versus UE capabilities on measuring neighboring cells within and between eNodeBs.
Self-Configuration and Self-Optimization NetworkPraveen Kumar
The document discusses self-configuration and self-optimization capabilities in cellular networks. It describes functions like dynamic configuration of interfaces between network elements, automatic neighbor relation functions to detect neighboring cells, and framework for physical channel identification selection. It also covers self-optimization aspects like energy saving, interference reduction, mobility robustness optimization, load balancing optimization, and interference coordination.
For RF Optimisation and neighbour verification both Scanner and UE measurements are required simultaneously
Post-Processing tool is required for data analysis
Individual call failures or drops can be analysed with Drive test tools (e.g. Nemo Outdoor) but to get bigger picture, a proper analysis tool is required
Actix or Nemo Analyser can be used for
Data analysis
Create Maps
Create KPI reports
The document discusses the requirements and configuration of Inter Frequency Load Balancing (IFLB) in LTE networks. IFLB aims to balance traffic load across cells on different frequencies by offloading user equipment between those cells. Key steps in IFLB include determining cell load, exchanging load information, selecting offload candidates, and handing users over to target cells if their signal quality is sufficient. The document provides guidance on setting parameters that control IFLB behavior and thresholds.
Grafico diario del dax perfomance index para el 08 10-2013Experiencia Trading
Este documento presenta un gráfico diario del índice Dax Performance que muestra las medias simples de 1, 2, 5, 13, 34, 89, 233 y 610 períodos. Explica que las tendencias se definen por las medias y son niveles de soporte y resistencia, y que las líneas de error típico representan canales de tendencia. También analiza posibles escenarios futuros para el Dax dependiendo de si mantiene o pierde ciertos niveles clave y ofrece resistencias y soportes.
This document is a promotional letter from Club One Holidays advertising their travel membership program. The letter outlines the program's benefits which include 4 nights and 5 days of holidays annually across 40 destinations in India for 5 years, with flexibility to split holidays. Members also receive complimentary packages and can book from over 250 partner resorts. The affordable membership costs Rs. 25,000 and provides good value compared to other timeshare programs.
Este documento presenta un análisis técnico del índice bursátil IBEX 35 basado en medias móviles simples. Explica que las tendencias se definen por las medias y son niveles de soporte y resistencia. Predice que el mercado podría dirigirse a la zona de mínimos de 2009 antes de subir a la zona máxima de 2010, posiblemente en 2013. Proporciona indicaciones sobre posibles movimientos del IBEX 35 dependiendo de si mantiene o pierde determinados niveles de soporte.
The document describes the layout and design of magazine covers featuring various artists. It highlights how the covers prominently feature a central image of the headlining artist alongside titles and subtitles that provide information about them. Additional details like barcodes, faded text and positioning of other elements are described as techniques to direct attention to the main focus of the cover.
The document discusses digital distribution of games across various platforms. It provides statistics on the average price of top paid apps on iPhone, iPad, and Amazon Appstore. The largest app stores are Apple Store with 157,574 games, Facebook with 13,063 games, Amazon Appstore with 26,959 games, and Google Play with 109,630 games. Application stores on smartphones are very attractive as smartphones are the device with the greatest sales volume worldwide, allowing direct access to the stores.
This document provides an overview of economics and managerial economics. It defines economics as the study of how scarce resources are used (Lionel Robbins definition). Managerial economics is introduced as the application of economic theories and methodology to practical business problems to help managers make optimal decisions. The document outlines key differences between traditional economics and managerial economics, including that managerial economics focuses specifically on microeconomic problems at the firm level from a goal-oriented, pragmatic perspective. The scope of managerial economics is discussed as including demand analysis, production/supply analysis, market structure/pricing theory, and cost analysis to help business decision making.
Servis is Pakistan's largest footwear manufacturer and exporter. It operates Servis Sales Corporation, which runs over 400 retail stores in Pakistan, and Servis Industries Limited, which employs over 6,000 people across multiple manufacturing facilities. Servis produces shoes, tires, and rubber products for both domestic and international markets. It focuses on reasonable prices and quality, and has a wide variety of shoe brands targeting different customer segments. Servis promotes its products through television, internet, and newspaper advertising. It faces competition from local brands like Bata as well as international brands, but remains the largest footwear company in Pakistan due to its market share, variety of products, and competitive pricing.
Este documento presenta un análisis técnico del índice S&P 500 del 8 de octubre de 2013 utilizando medias móviles simples de 1 a 610 períodos para identificar tendencias, niveles de soporte y resistencia, y posibles escenarios de precios futuros. El análisis sugiere que si el S&P 500 mantiene ciertos niveles clave, podría subir hasta 1.750-1.900 puntos, pero si pierde esos niveles podría corregir hacia abajo hasta 1.460 puntos. El objet
Java an access point-based fec mechanism for video transmission over wireles...Ecway Technologies
This paper proposes a new mechanism called Enhanced Random Early Detection Forward Error Correction (ERED-FEC) to improve video quality over Wireless Local Area Networks. ERED-FEC calculates redundancy rates at the Access Point based on both wireless channel conditions from packet retransmissions and network traffic load from queue length. This allows the redundancy rate to better reflect current network state compared to existing schemes. The experimental results show that ERED-FEC significantly improves video quality compared to other FEC schemes without adding too many redundant packets.
Dotnet an access point-based fec mechanism for video transmission over wirel...Ecway Technologies
This paper proposes a new mechanism called Enhanced Random Early Detection Forward Error Correction (ERED-FEC) to improve video quality over Wireless Local Area Networks. ERED-FEC calculates redundancy rates at the Access Point based on both wireless channel conditions from packet retransmissions and network traffic load from queue length. This allows the redundancy rate to better reflect current network state compared to existing schemes. The experimental results show that ERED-FEC significantly improves video quality compared to other FEC schemes without adding too many redundant packets.
An access point based fec mechanism for video transmission over wireless la nsecway
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Java an access point-based fec mechanism for video transmission over wireles...ecwayerode
This paper proposes a new mechanism called Enhanced Random Early Detection Forward Error Correction (ERED-FEC) to improve video quality over Wireless Local Area Networks. ERED-FEC calculates redundancy rates at the Access Point based on both wireless channel conditions from packet retransmissions and network traffic load from queue length. This allows the redundancy rate to better reflect current network state compared to existing schemes. The experimental results show that ERED-FEC significantly improves video quality compared to other FEC schemes without adding too many redundant packets.
An access point based fec mechanism for video transmission over wireless la nsEcwaytech
This document is an abstract for a paper that proposes an Enhanced Random Early Detection Forward Error Correction (ERED-FEC) mechanism to improve video transmission quality over Wireless Local Area Networks. The mechanism calculates the FEC redundancy rate directly at the Access Point based on both the wireless channel condition and network traffic load. Experimental results showed that ERED-FEC achieved significantly better video quality than existing FEC schemes without introducing an excessive number of redundant packets.
Dotnet an access point-based fec mechanism for video transmission over wirel...Ecwaytech
This document is an abstract for a paper that proposes an Enhanced Random Early Detection Forward Error Correction (ERED-FEC) mechanism to improve video transmission quality over Wireless Local Area Networks. The mechanism calculates the FEC redundancy rate directly at the Access Point based on both the wireless channel condition and network traffic load. Experimental results showed that ERED-FEC achieved significantly better video quality than existing FEC schemes without introducing an excessive number of redundant packets.
This document presents a seminar on evaluating the efficacy of forward error correction (FEC) coding. It proposes a model-based analytic approach to more accurately evaluate the overall efficacy of FEC coding combined with interleaving in combating packet losses over IP networks. The proposed system aims to study both single-session and multiple-session scenarios and reduce complexity in multiple-session analysis. Modules of the FEC system include encoding, interleaving, queue implementation, decoding and performance evaluation. Advantages of FEC include enabling high data reliability even with channel noise and potential cost reductions.
FEC-Forward Error Correction for Optics Professionals..www.mapyourtech.comMapYourTech
Forward error correction (FEC) adds redundancy to transmitted data to allow the detection and correction of errors without retransmission. FEC works by encoding data at the transmitter and decoding it at the receiver. It allows reliable data transmission over noisy communication channels and improves performance metrics like bit error rate. Common FEC codes include Reed-Solomon codes, which offer good error correction ability and are widely used in optical communication systems to improve transmission distance and efficiency.
FEC-Forward Error Correction for Optics ProfessionalsMapYourTech
Forward error correction (FEC) adds redundancy to transmitted data to allow errors to be detected and corrected without retransmission. It works by encoding data at the transmitter and decoding it at the receiver. FEC provides increased transmission distance and reliability by improving the bit error rate. Reed-Solomon codes are commonly used for FEC as they can efficiently correct multiple errors within a code block. The amount of redundancy added depends on the code's error correction capability, with higher correction requiring more overhead bits.
AN ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING ADAPTIVE ...ijasuc
This document analyzes the use of an adaptive forward error correction (FEC) technique in wireless sensor networks to improve various network parameters. It summarizes the results of a simulation study that evaluated throughput, packet delivery ratio, packet loss, delay, and error rate under different numbers of transmitted packets. The main findings are:
1) Throughput and packet delivery ratio increased with the number of transmitted packets when using adaptive FEC, unlike without FEC where performance degraded due to retransmissions.
2) Delay, packet loss, and error rate all decreased as the number of transmitted packets increased, showing that adaptive FEC improved network performance even under higher traffic loads.
3) Adaptively varying the FEC coding
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using parallel concatenated turbo codes in wireless sensor networks in an adaptive way. The key points are:
1) Turbo codes can achieve near-Shannon limit performance but decoding is complex, making them difficult to implement on energy-constrained sensor nodes.
2) The proposed approach shifts the complex turbo decoding to the base station while sensor nodes implement encoding and basic error correction.
3) At sensor nodes, a parallel concatenated convolutional code (PCCC) circuit encodes data and detects/corrects errors in forwarded packets. This improves energy efficiency and reliability over the wireless sensor network.
Performance analysis of al fec raptor code over 3 gpp embms networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance analysis of al fec raptor code over 3 gpp embms networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the current standard for mobile networks based on Third Generation Partnership Project. LTE includes enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS), also called as Evolved multimedia broadcast and multicast services (eMBMS) where the same content is transmitted to multiple users in one specific area. eMBMS is a new function defined in 3GPP Release 8 specification that supports the delivery of content and streaming to group users into LTE mobile networks. In LTE an important point of demanding multimedia services is to improve the robustness against packet losses. In this direction, in order to support effective point-to-multipoint download and streaming delivery, 3GPP has included an Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC) scheme in the standard eMBMS. The standard AL-FEC system is based on systematic, fountain Raptor codes. Raptor coding is very useful in case of packet loss during transmission as it recover all data back from insufficient data at receiver terminal .In our work, in response to the emergence of an enhanced AL-FEC scheme, a raptor code has been implemented and performance is evaluated and the simulation results are obtained. Index Terms: long term evolution; multimedia broadcast multicast services; forward error correction; raptor codes
Segment Combination based Approach for Energy- Aware Multipath Communication ...ijsrd.com
Underwater acoustic communication is a technique of sending and receiving message below water. There are several ways of employing such communication but the most common is using hydrophones. Under water communication is difficult due to factors like multi-path propagation, time variations of the channel, small available bandwidth and strong signal attenuation, especially over long ranges. In underwater communication there are low data rates compared to terrestrial communication, since underwater communication uses acoustic waves instead of electromagnetic waves. The data can be collected from the sensor node and transfer the data to the destination. The same source information can be send through multiple paths through the same destination. So the packet bit error rate is high and power and energy consumption for transferring data is high. The bandwidth and the energy can be consumed. And then the packet bit rate is the serious problem in the existing system. It can be overcome by using the segment combination in the hamming code technique. The packet bit rate can be overcome by increasing the number of paths. The number of paths can be increased based on calculating the cost. For calculating the cost, least cost algorithm is used. And based on the minimum cost path, the path is chosen and data is transferred to the same destination.
Effect of Interleaved FEC Code on Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Alamouti ...IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper, the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) code namely Trellis code with interleaver on
the performance of wavelet based MC-CDMA wireless communication system with the implementation of
Alamouti antenna diversity scheme has been investigated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit. Simulation of the system under proposed study has been done in M-ary
modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel incorporating
Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code to discriminate the message signal for individual
user. It is observed via computer simulation that the performance of the interleaved coded based proposed
system outperforms than that of the uncoded system in all modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading
channel.
Frame relay is a standardized wide area network technology that uses packet switching to transmit data over digital telecommunications channels. It provides cost-efficient transmission of intermittent data between local area networks and across wide area networks. Frame relay encapsulates data into variable-sized frames and leaves error correction to end points, speeding up transmission. It offers permanent virtual circuits to make connections appear dedicated without paying for a full-time leased line. Frame relay operates using fractional or full T-carrier systems and provides transmission between ISDN and ATM network speeds.
1) The document analyzes how three variants of TCP (NewReno, Vegas, and Westwood) perform over three ad hoc routing protocols (DSDV, AODV, DSR) in static and mobile ad hoc network environments using network simulation.
2) Simulation results show that in mobile ad hoc networks with fewer nodes, NewReno over AODV has the lowest packet loss rate, while Vegas over DSDV and AODV performs best in both static and mobile networks.
3) Westwood over DSR also has low packet loss rates in both static and mobile environments.
This document proposes an adaptive universal FEC scheme based on Reed-Solomon decoding for wireless sensor networks. It discusses the challenges of achieving reliability in WSNs due to diverse node features, applications, and changing channel conditions. It presents an adaptive universal FEC scheme that can dynamically select error correcting codes based on channel conditions and system constraints. A system design approach is discussed to explore tradeoffs between efficiency and flexibility. A dynamic partitioning module is also presented to optimize the system's performance by inferring the best error correcting scheme and partitioning scheme based on channel conditions and constraints. Implementation results on wireless sensor motes show the proposed system can achieve up to 56% power savings with less than 4% overhead.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
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Power Grid Model
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In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
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Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
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Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
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Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
JAVA 2013 IEEE IMAGEPROCESSING PROJECT An access point based fec mechanism for video transmission over wireless la ns
1. An Access Point-Based FEC Mechanism for Video Transmission
Over Wireless LANs
ABSTRACT:
Forward Error Correction (FEC) is one of the most common means of performing packet error recovery in data
transmissions. FEC schemes typically tune the FEC rate in accordance with feedback information provided by
the receiver. However, the feedback and FEC rate calculation processes inevitably have a finite duration, and
thus the FEC rate implemented at the sender may not accurately reflect the current state of the network.
This paper proposes an Enhanced Random Early Detection Forward Error Correction (ERED-FEC) mechanism
to improve the quality of video transmissions over Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). In contrast to
most FEC schemes, the FEC redundancy rate is calculated directly at the Access Point (AP).
Moreover, the redundancy rate is tuned in accordance with both the wireless channel condition (as indicated by
the number of packet retransmissions) and the network traffic load (as indicated by the AP queue length). The
experimental results show that the proposed ERED-FEC mechanism achieves a significant improvement in the
video quality compared to existing FEC schemes without introducing an excessive number of redundant packets
into the network.
EXISTING SYSTEM:
The lost packets during timeouts, or in response to explicit receiver requests by contrast, in FEC schemes, the
effects of potential packet losses are mitigated in advance by transmitting redundant packets together with the
source packets such theta block of packets can be successfully reconstructed at the receiver end even if some of
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2. the packets within the block are lost during transmission. Of the two approaches, FEC schemes result in a lower
retransmission latency, and are therefore widely preferred for the delivery of video streams over wireless
networks Conventional FEC mechanisms are sender-based, i.e., the redundant packets are generated and
encoded at the sender end. Broadly speaking, sender-based FEC schemes can be categorized as either Static
FEC (SFEC) or Dynamic FEC (DFEC). In SFEC schemes, the number of redundant packets added to the source
packets remains constant irrespective of changes in the network condition. The recovery performance of SFEC
schemes is therefore somewhat unpredictable because they fail to capture the real-time network conditions and
adjust the FEC redundancy rate accordingly.
DISADVANTAGES:
The FEC rate is tuned dynamically in accordance with changes in the channel condition or network load.
In most DFEC schemes, the FEC rate is tuned at the sender based on information provided by the receiver.
The FEC redundancy rate is traditionally calculated at the application layer based on feedback
information such as that provided by acknowledgement messages.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
The evaluating the impact of packets losses on the percentage of successfully decoded frames at the receiver
end to calculate the error propagation due to packet losses, the interdependencies of the coded frames must be
considered. The MPEG-4 standard defines three frame types for compressed video streaming, namely I frame P
frame (Predictive-coded) and B frame. I frames are encoded and decoded independently of any other frames in
the sequence.
The number of FEC redundant packets generated by the four schemes under light and heavy traffic loads,
respectively. In the case of a light load, the number of FEC redundant packets generated by the SFEC and RED-
FEC schemes remains approximately constant as the packet loss rate increases since neither scheme considers
the channel condition when evaluating the FEC redundancy rate by contrast, the ACFEC and ERED-FEC
schemes.
We consider the packet loss rate when determining the FEC redundancy rate, and thus for both algorithms, the
number of redundant packets increases with an increasing packet loss rate. In the case of a heavy load, the
number of FEC redundant packets generated by the SFEC and ACFEC algorithms is the same as that generated
3. for a light traffic load since both algorithms ignore the effects of congestion when determining the FEC
redundancy rate.
ADVANTAGES:
The ACFEC and ERED-FEC schemes, no appreciable degradation in the DFR or PSNR occurs since
both schemes take account of the packet loss rate when computing the number of FEC redundant packets per
block.
The video quality without overloading the network with redundant packets. The experimental results
have shown that the ERED-FEC scheme yields a higher Decodable Frame Rate (DFR) and Peak Signal-to-
Noise.
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:
Processor - Pentium –IV
Speed - 1.1 GHz
RAM - 256 MB (min)
Hard Disk - 20 GB
Floppy Drive - 1.44 MB
Key Board - Standard Windows Keyboard
Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse
Monitor - SVGA
5. MODULE DESCRIPTION:
ADAPTIVE CROSS-LAYER FEC MECHANISM (ACFEC):
The proposed an Adaptive Cross-layer FEC mechanism (ACFEC) in which loss information was retrieved from
the ARQ function of the MAC layer and the redundancy rate was controlled adaptively in accordance with
changes in the network condition. However, ACFEC does not take the effect of the network traffic load into
consideration. As a result, packets may be lost at the wireless AP under heavy network loads due to a self-
induced congestion problem.
ERED-FEC:
We propose an Enhanced Random Early Detection Forward Error Correction (ERED-FEC) mechanism for
improving the quality of video transmissions over wireless LANs (WLANs). In the proposed approach,
redundant FEC packets are generated dynamically at the AP in accordance with both the condition of the
wireless channel and the current network traffic load.
The channel condition is evaluated by monitoring the number of packet retransmissions. As the number of
retransmissions increases the condition of the wireless channel deteriorates), a greater number of redundant
FEC packets are generated. Conversely, as the channel condition improves, the number of FEC packets is
reduced.
6. FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC):
The basic principle of FEC entails injecting redundant packets into the video stream together with the source
Thus, provided that no more than packets are lost in transmission, the source transmission packets can be
successfully recovered at the receiver. Since FEC schemes enable the recovery of source packets which would
otherwise be lost, the effective loss rate in the transmission network is lower than the actual loss rate.
FEC codec, redundant packets are derived from the original packet using conventional coding theory
techniques. Of the various traditional error correcting codes available for this purpose, Reed-Solomon (RS)
code has attracted particular interest. RS code provides an ideal error protection capability against packet losses
since it is a maximum distance separable code, no other coding scheme exists capable of recovering lost source
data symbols from a lesser number of received code symbols.
SENDER-BASED FEC MECHANISMS:
The proposed a sender-based Constant Error Rate FEC (CER-FEC) scheme for enabling the dynamic QoS
control of real-time multimedia streams over heterogeneous environments comprising wired and wireless
connections. As shown in the proposed scheme, the packet error rate is periodically observed at the receiver
side and any change in the error rate is fed back to the sender. Upon receiving this information, the sender
calculates the number of redundant packets required to restore the error rate to its original value. In other words,
the FEC redundancy rate is dynamically controlled in such a way as to maintain a constant packet error rate at
the receiver end.
7. CONTRIBUTION OF PRESENT:
The major contribution of the present study is to propose a new AP-based FEC mechanism (ERED-FEC) for
improving thequality of video transmissions over wireless LANs (WLANs). The literature contains many
proposals for sender-based FEC schemes which have a finite duration to feedback information from the
receiver. Thus, the FEC rate determined at the sender end may not accurately reflect the current network
condition.
AP-BASED FEC MECHANISMS:
The number of redundant packets is increased as the queue length shortens, but is reduced as the queue length
grows. Importantly, when the queue is near to full, no FEC packets are generated in order to avoid overloading
the network. By adopting this approach, the RED-FEC mechanism improves the quality of the delivered video
stream without injecting an excessive number of redundant packets into the network.
9. CONCLUSION:
This paper has presented an AP-based FEC mechanism (ERED-FEC) for improving the quality of video
transmissions over WLANs. In contrast to many FEC schemes, in which the FEC rate is determined at the
sender end on the basis of information provided by the receiver, in the FEC mechanism proposed in this study,
the FEC redundancy rate is determined at the wireless access point (AP).Moreover, the FEC redundancy rate is
calculated in accordance with both the wireless channel condition and the network traffic load.
Final results, the ERED-FEC mechanism significantly improve the video quality without overloading the
network with redundant packets. The experimental results have shown that the ERED-FEC scheme yields a
higher Decodable Frame Rate (DFR) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) than existing AP-based FEC
mechanisms under both light and heavy network traffic loads. In a future study, the recovery performance of the
ERED-FEC mechanism will be further enhanced by utilizing an FEC interleaving/ de-interleaving strategy. In
addition, the feasibility of extending the ERED-FEC scheme and networks will also be addressed.
REFERENCES:
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DCF access control,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 5129–5135, Dec. 2008.
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performance,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 8, pp. 337–349, 2000.
[3] H. Zhihai and X. Hongkai, “Transmission distortion analysis for real-time video encoding and streaming
over wireless networks,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 16, pp. 1051–1062,2006.
[4] A. Nafaa, Y. Hadjadj-Aoul, and A. Mehaoua, “On interaction between loss characterization and forward
error correction in wireless multimedia communication,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, ICC 2005,
2005, pp. 1390–1394.
10. [5] E. Maani and A. Katsaggelos, “Unequal error protection for robust streaming of scalable video over packet
lossy networks,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 20, pp. 407–416, 2010.
[6] A. Argyriou, “Cross-layer error control for multimedia streaming in wireless/wireline packet networks FEC
scheme for TDM-OFDMbased satellite radio broadcasting system,” IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 10, pp.
1121–1127, Oct. 2008.
[7] J. Dan, F. Pascal, and J. Aleksandar, “Forward error correction formultipath media streaming,” IEEE Trans.
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