The document discusses two approaches to policy formulation: research-based and administration-based. The research-based approach uses systematic research to identify problems, issues, and evidence to inform appropriate policy solutions. Universities, research institutes, and government departments conduct research. However, research findings must be effectively communicated to policymakers. The administration-based approach relies on senior administrators overseeing policy implementation and revision based on their area of responsibility. It requires human resources, financial services, facilities, IT, and student services to support the policy formulation process. In Pakistan, policy is formulated through conferences involving educational leaders and researchers to gather views and opinions, as well as through research interviews and questionnaires.

2. Presented To :
Madam Memoona maria
Presented By :
Zabaah Khan

3. Approaches to Policy Formulation
 Research Based
 Administration Based

5. Research Based

6. Definitions Of Research
Research involves “Creative work undertaken on a
systematic basis in order to increase the stock of
knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and
society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to
formulate new applications.”

7. Definition of Research based
“Founded on an accumulation of facts that
have been obtained by research.”
‘research-based findings’

8. Policy Formulation Process

9. Definitions of Policy Formulation
“Policy formulation is the process to make the policy.
The researchers and the policy makers develop the
policy for the different purposes. It is the political
decisions and first step to make the decisions. It
includes a set of measures aimed at the future
developments for any system.”

10. Research-Based Approach to Policy
Formulation
“Research-based approach fulfils the need for
policymaking, or rather the use of data to find
the problems which are faced by the
policymaker.”

11. Advantages of Research Approach
Emphasizing the particular finding
Show the needs and problem
Identified the issues
Identified the appropriate policy
Use the previous evidence for making the new
policy

12. Disadvantages of Research
Sometimes research is not designed to be relevant to
policy.
Sometimes it is so designed, but fails to have an impact
because of problems associated with timeliness,
presentation, or manner of communication.
Sometimes (probably quite often) policy-makers do not
see research findings as central to their decision-making.

13. Different Persons and Groups Research
for Formulate the Policy
Universities
Research Institutes
Scientific laboratories
International organisations
Government departments

14. The Researchers and The Policy
Makers
Research results need to be better communicated to wider
audiences, including the public, civil society and
policymakers.
Effectively to improve research communication and to
allow researchers to engage with other stakeholder.
Researchers engage with the political context of their
work.

15. Administration Based

16. Definition of Administration
“Administration is the organization and direction of
human and material resources to achieve desired
ends.”

17. Principles of Administration
Division of work
Discipline
Unity of direction
Authority and responsibilities
Unity of command

18. Elements of Administration
Planning
Organization
Staffing
Direction
Controlling

19. Definition of Policy
“A policy is formal statement of principle that
indicates particular area of operation. It addresses
broad issues through statements of principle and
therefore should serve for a long time without the
need for frequent review or change.”

20. Administration Approach to Policy
Formulation
“The Administration responsible for a respective policy
based on area of responsibility, consistent with the
organizational structure. This person, normally a senior
Administrator, ensures implementation and oversight of the
policy on an ongoing basis, provides for effective
communication with stakeholders, ensures the policy and
procedures are current and relevant, and recommends policy
development or revision as required.”

21. Requirement to Administration for Policy
Formulate
Human Resources
Financial Services
Facilities Services
Information Technology Services
Student Services and Research

22. Policy Formulation Process in Pakistan
 The government holds Conferences
“Government holds the conferences of educationalist and
leader , listen there views and opinions and summarized
them, ministry of education passed it and as the policy
documents.”

23. • The Government hold The Researches
Government takes the interviews and
questionnaires from the researchers for
the policy making.
The Education department develop the
policy on the base of findings

24. Thank you