The document summarizes the geology of Red Rock Canyon State Park and surrounding areas in the Mojave Desert. It describes the formation of the desert through volcanic activity and deposits from the Colorado River during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. It discusses features like the Goler and Ricardo formations visible in Red Rock Canyon, which exhibit fossils and landforms. Examples of common plants and animals adapted to the desert environment are also outlined, including their evolutionary histories. Different rock types found in the area like sandstone, gneiss, and basalt are identified and their formations described.
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
g. Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface and climate of the Earth.
c. Classify rocks by their process of formation.
fossil record - why it is incomplete - index fossils - principle of superposition - principle of fossil succession - lithostratigraphic units - biostratigraphic units - time stratigraphic units - facies fossils - correlation - biozones
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
g. Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface and climate of the Earth.
c. Classify rocks by their process of formation.
fossil record - why it is incomplete - index fossils - principle of superposition - principle of fossil succession - lithostratigraphic units - biostratigraphic units - time stratigraphic units - facies fossils - correlation - biozones
This time the slide rock mainly contains what Huangshan has seen and heard, as well as the resolution of stone sampling and the final understanding of the law.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
Red rock canyon and surrounding areas
1. Geology of Red Rock Canyon
and surrounding areas
Bodie Whalen
2. Southern California/Western Mojave Desert
Location: The Mojave Desert is a region of over 15,000 square
miles consisting of flat valleys and low-lying hills.
Formation: The Mojave was once part of an ancient interior sea;
the desert was created not only by volcanic activity consisting of
lava surfaces and cinder cones, but also by deposits from the
Colorado river (Jaeger). Most of the geologic history there took
place during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras of time.
3. Continued
Forces of erosion: There are strong, dry winds blowing all
year and an annual rainfall of 5in which mostly takes place
during the Winter.
Protected land: Almost 1.5 million acres of land are
protected in the Mojave National Preserve. Some parks in
the desert include Death Valley, Joshua Tree, and Red Rock
Canyon Parks.
4. Red Rock Canyon State Park
Location: The canyon is located just east of
the southern Sierra Nevada in the Basin and
Range geomorphic province.
Formation: The area subsided over two
periods (65-55 and 20-5 million years ago)
and more than 5,000ft of sediments
accumulated. The El Paso Fault moved and
uplifted the sediments, exposing them to
erosion (Harris).
5. Continued
Features: The strata is divided into two main
groups including the Goler and Ricardo
formations. In the older Goler formation, there
is a great amount of vertebrae fossils present and the formation holds the best vertebrae fossils on
the west side of the Rockies. The newer formation, the Ricardo group, is the reason the area is
famous. Slot canyons, alluvial fans, dry waterfalls, and other desert landforms are
all on display here. The formations of the Ricardo group consist of sandstones, lava flows, sandy
gravels, and lake-deposited silts and clays.
6. Joshua Trees
-Joshua trees are actually not a tree, but a plant belonging
to the Yucca genus (It’s a succulent).
-The average lifespan of these plants is about 500 years.
-These “trees” grow about 2-3 inches per year and get up to
about 40 feet tall.
7. Evolutionary history
The Joshua Tree is thought to have evolved some 5 million
years ago as a distinct variety of the yucca genus, and more
recently, split into two types: bushy short-leaved and arboreal
long-leafed. These two different types match with two types
of the same moth, but it is still up in the air if coevolution (both
species changing reciprocally in response to each other) is
taking place (Smithsonian). For example, instead the trees
could be evolving with the environment and the moth is
evolving with them.
8. Beavertail/Prickly Pear cactus
Perhaps the most common cactus found in California, this
plant creates bright flowers that make it stand out. The
example I found however, is dried up and brown instead of
the usual green color. Its spines are small hair-esque bristles
called glocids that are so fine that each cluster may contain
hundreds of them.
9. Evolutionary history
-This cactus genus originated in South America and the seeds reached North America carried in the
guts of animals who crossed over on a landbridge between the two continents that formed around 3
million years ago.
-During the Pleistocene time period, several Opuntia species evolved to be resilient to the frost. These
cacti thrive in dry sand and conserve water well making them well suited for arid environments.
-As of today there are 61 species of this cactus today in the North America region.
10. Horned lizard
-Also known as the horny toad, horned lizards are flat,
rounded animals part of the Phrynosomatidae family.
-These lizards can live up to 5 years and have many
adaptations. Some of these include: coloration for
camouflage, horns for defence, inflation to look bigger, and
they can even shoot blood from their eye sockets.
11. Evolutionary history
-The Horned lizard is thought to have split off from a shared ancestor with sand lizards around 24
million years ago. Most horned lizard species are well represented in fossils by the early Pleistocene
(Hodges).
-Horned lizards’ ancestors evolved their unique, flat body form and have diversified into few closely
related species. This process is called adaptive radiation.
-The Horned lizards evolved because in the desert, they need lots of camouflage and many defence
mechanisms to protect themselves. Small adaptations such as the way they eat ants as to not get
Stung show on a small scale why these lizards evolved.
13. Identification and Characteristics
Location: Bottom of eroding sedimentary cliffs
Identification: Red color, rounded grains of equal size, no foliation or gas bubbles
Minerals present: Mainly quartz, occasionally feldspars and/or mica
Formation: Quartz sand is eroded off of source rocks by weathering and carried by forces such as
wind and rivers. The sediment is compacted with other material and cemented by dissolved material
in water that seeps through it. The red color is caused by iron oxide (Peck).
15. Identification and Characteristics
Location: Desert flatlands just outside park boundaries to the southwest
Identification: Stripes/layers/waves going through entire rock, layered crystals
Minerals present: Mostly feldspars, mica, and quartz, occasionally kyanite, hornblende, and many more
Formation: Gneiss is formed from schist which is created from fine-grained sedimentary source material
such as shale. Another source rock for gneiss could be an igneous rock such as granite. Whatever the
source material is, gneiss is formed from extreme pressure under the earth’s crust (Peck).
17. Identification and Characteristics
Location: the eroding badland hills in the northern section of Red Rock Canyon State Park
Identification: dark grey, fine grained, few gas bubbles, lightweight
Minerals present: plagioclase feldspars, olivine, augite, and hypersthene
Formation: Basalt forms from magma/lava rich in iron and magnesium but poor in silica. The magma
erupts from the earth in a volcano or fissure as lava which then cools quickly. Due to the quick
cooling, the grains do not become larger and it remains fine grained (Peck).
18. Disconformity
Formation: This disconformity is
formed when sedimentary layers
are eroded and new layers form
on top.
Example: In the white layers there
are missing sections where
erosion occurred and the red layers
filled in the empty space.
19. Law of superposition
The Law of superposition states that
within a sequence of layers of
sedimentary rock, the oldest layers are
on the bottom and the layers above
are progressively younger in ascending
order.
In the picture there are many layers of
sandstone with the oldest being on the
bottom.
20. References
10 facts about the Incredible Joshua Tree. THE ENVIRONMENTOR. (2021, February 2).
https://blog.tentree.com/10-facts-about-the-incredible-joshua-tree/.
The biogeographical history of the prickly pear Cactus (opuntia sp.). GeorgiaBeforePeople. (2016, July 8).
https://markgelbart.wordpress.com/2013/03/18/the-biogeographical-history-of-the-prickly-pear-cactus-
opuntia-sp/.
Harris, W. (2010). Red Rock Canyon State Park. parks.ca.gov.
https://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/734/files/GeoGem%20Note%2038%20Red%20Rock%20Canyon%20Stat
e%20Park.pdf.
Hodges, W. (n.d.). About Horned Lizards. Digimorph, horned lizards.
http://digimorph.org/resources/horned.phtml.
21. References 2
Jaeger, E. C. (n.d.). Mojave desert. Infoplease. https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/places/north-
america/us-geography/mojave-desert.
Peck, D. (n.d.). The Rock Identification Key. Rock key.
http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/id/rock_key.htm#basalt.
Smithsonian Institution. (2017, August 10). How a tree and Its Moth shaped the Mojave Desert.
Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-tree-and-its-moth-shaped-
mojave-desert-180964452/.
All photos were taken by Bodie Whalen.