This document provides an annotated bibliography on landscaping for energy conservation. It is divided into three main sections: landscaping for energy conservation in Florida, landscaping for energy conservation outside of Florida, and a section on microclimate, human comfort, and modeling. Each citation is accompanied by a short summary and includes a variety of sources such as research articles, government publications, general articles, and books. The goal is to provide resources for professionals and homeowners on how landscaping can be used to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs for heating and cooling buildings.
Above ground biomass and carbon stock estimation of Arroceros Forest Park "Th...Innspub Net
In an area where urbanization is rapidly growing, carbon is slowly sequestered which clogs the ozone layer. With forest biomass, carbon is easily sequestered and stored by trees. This research focuses on the potential carbon storage of the Arroceros Forest Park, one of the last lungs of the metropolis located in the heart of the National Capital Region, Manila, Philippines. Trees with ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were inventoried, from two (2) hectare area of site. These trees were used in the estimation of the biomass and carbon stock. The Power-Fit Equation from Banaticla (insert year), = 0.342 (DBH (exp (0.73))) was used in the study. Results showed that Swietenia macrophylla dominated the park. Species with highest contribution of biomass and carbon is the Swietenia macrophylla with value of 149.55t/ha. The carbon formed from this was 45%, and estimated carbon stock present is 30.59Ct/ha. Total aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the forest park is estimated at 640.21t/ha, and 130.95Ct/ha, respectively. Provided the carbon stock estimate, this could give more importance to Arroceros Forest Park in carbon sequestration. Site must be protected and enhanced to promote the important role of green spaces in Metro Manila.
Beckel - Leaf physiology response across a disturbance gradient in a temperat...Rick Beckel
This document summarizes a study that examined the photosynthetic efficiency of sapling trees across four common species in a disturbed northern Michigan forest. Light response curves and measurements of apparent quantum yield and maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) were taken for 117 saplings across a disturbance gradient caused by girdling over 6700 trees. Amax was found to significantly increase over the disturbance gradient for red oak and American beech saplings. This suggests these species have a strong capacity to take advantage of canopy gaps, which may impact future forest composition. The physiological responses observed could help refine parameters in earth systems models regarding forest response to disturbance.
Root-zone heating is a greenhouse production method that focuses on maintaining an optimal root temperature. It promotes energy conservation by allowing greenhouse air temperatures to be lowered while still supporting plant growth. Hot water is circulated through tubing or piping laid out beneath benches or in greenhouse floors to warm roots. Maintaining root zone temperatures has been shown to be more critical for plant growth than leaf temperatures. Root-zone heating systems can reduce energy use compared to conventional greenhouse heating methods.
24th Congress for Conservation Biology, Canada 2010Dr. Amalesh Dhar
The document discusses how plant phenology, the timing of recurring life cycle events, is affected by climate change. As temperatures increase, many plant species are flowering and undergoing other phenological events earlier in the spring. However, some late summer species may shift to later dates. This divergence could impact species interactions and ecosystem functioning. Process-based models are useful tools to project future phenology under climate change scenarios, though more data is needed to improve their accuracy, especially regarding responses to additional factors like drought and frost damage.
CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS & FACTOR AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESISAbhishek Das
This document discusses factors that affect canopy photosynthesis in plants, including sunlight, leaf architecture, wind, temperature, vapor pressure deficit, leaf nitrogen, water relations, and season. It provides examples of how each factor influences the rate of photosynthesis at the canopy level, such as erect leaves allowing higher photosynthetic rates than horizontal leaves, and soil moisture deficits reducing photosynthesis through effects on stomatal conductance. The document also discusses seasonal variations in canopy photosynthesis and models predictions for how rising CO2, warming temperatures, and other environmental changes may impact future photosynthesis.
This document discusses the effects of soil and air temperature on plant growth. It covers several topics:
1. Soil temperature affects plant growth both directly and indirectly, and different crops thrive at different soil temperature ranges. Solar radiation, organic matter decomposition, and microbial activity contribute to soil heating.
2. Canopy architecture and leaf orientation impact photosynthesis by influencing light interception. Temperature, along with other factors, also affects canopy temperature depression.
3. Both high and low air and soil temperatures can inhibit plant growth. Optimal temperatures exist for photosynthesis, root development, and germination for different plant species. Temperature impacts plant metabolic processes and disease susceptibility.
This document discusses various bioenergy crop plants that can be used as sources of renewable energy. It defines bioenergy and describes traditional, first, second, and third generation bioenergy crops. It also discusses potential bioenergy crop sources like algae, sugarcane, maize, wheat, edible and non-edible vegetable oils. The objectives are to identify bioenergy crop plants and evaluate their potential for bioremediation, nutrient/metal uptake, emissions, and impacts on biodiversity.
Natural resources can be renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like wind and water are constantly regenerated by the environment while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels cannot be replaced within a reasonable time. Sustainability refers to using resources indefinitely through conservative use and planned regeneration to avoid depletion of important natural resources that power economic activities and satisfy human needs.
Above ground biomass and carbon stock estimation of Arroceros Forest Park "Th...Innspub Net
In an area where urbanization is rapidly growing, carbon is slowly sequestered which clogs the ozone layer. With forest biomass, carbon is easily sequestered and stored by trees. This research focuses on the potential carbon storage of the Arroceros Forest Park, one of the last lungs of the metropolis located in the heart of the National Capital Region, Manila, Philippines. Trees with ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were inventoried, from two (2) hectare area of site. These trees were used in the estimation of the biomass and carbon stock. The Power-Fit Equation from Banaticla (insert year), = 0.342 (DBH (exp (0.73))) was used in the study. Results showed that Swietenia macrophylla dominated the park. Species with highest contribution of biomass and carbon is the Swietenia macrophylla with value of 149.55t/ha. The carbon formed from this was 45%, and estimated carbon stock present is 30.59Ct/ha. Total aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the forest park is estimated at 640.21t/ha, and 130.95Ct/ha, respectively. Provided the carbon stock estimate, this could give more importance to Arroceros Forest Park in carbon sequestration. Site must be protected and enhanced to promote the important role of green spaces in Metro Manila.
Beckel - Leaf physiology response across a disturbance gradient in a temperat...Rick Beckel
This document summarizes a study that examined the photosynthetic efficiency of sapling trees across four common species in a disturbed northern Michigan forest. Light response curves and measurements of apparent quantum yield and maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) were taken for 117 saplings across a disturbance gradient caused by girdling over 6700 trees. Amax was found to significantly increase over the disturbance gradient for red oak and American beech saplings. This suggests these species have a strong capacity to take advantage of canopy gaps, which may impact future forest composition. The physiological responses observed could help refine parameters in earth systems models regarding forest response to disturbance.
Root-zone heating is a greenhouse production method that focuses on maintaining an optimal root temperature. It promotes energy conservation by allowing greenhouse air temperatures to be lowered while still supporting plant growth. Hot water is circulated through tubing or piping laid out beneath benches or in greenhouse floors to warm roots. Maintaining root zone temperatures has been shown to be more critical for plant growth than leaf temperatures. Root-zone heating systems can reduce energy use compared to conventional greenhouse heating methods.
24th Congress for Conservation Biology, Canada 2010Dr. Amalesh Dhar
The document discusses how plant phenology, the timing of recurring life cycle events, is affected by climate change. As temperatures increase, many plant species are flowering and undergoing other phenological events earlier in the spring. However, some late summer species may shift to later dates. This divergence could impact species interactions and ecosystem functioning. Process-based models are useful tools to project future phenology under climate change scenarios, though more data is needed to improve their accuracy, especially regarding responses to additional factors like drought and frost damage.
CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS & FACTOR AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESISAbhishek Das
This document discusses factors that affect canopy photosynthesis in plants, including sunlight, leaf architecture, wind, temperature, vapor pressure deficit, leaf nitrogen, water relations, and season. It provides examples of how each factor influences the rate of photosynthesis at the canopy level, such as erect leaves allowing higher photosynthetic rates than horizontal leaves, and soil moisture deficits reducing photosynthesis through effects on stomatal conductance. The document also discusses seasonal variations in canopy photosynthesis and models predictions for how rising CO2, warming temperatures, and other environmental changes may impact future photosynthesis.
This document discusses the effects of soil and air temperature on plant growth. It covers several topics:
1. Soil temperature affects plant growth both directly and indirectly, and different crops thrive at different soil temperature ranges. Solar radiation, organic matter decomposition, and microbial activity contribute to soil heating.
2. Canopy architecture and leaf orientation impact photosynthesis by influencing light interception. Temperature, along with other factors, also affects canopy temperature depression.
3. Both high and low air and soil temperatures can inhibit plant growth. Optimal temperatures exist for photosynthesis, root development, and germination for different plant species. Temperature impacts plant metabolic processes and disease susceptibility.
This document discusses various bioenergy crop plants that can be used as sources of renewable energy. It defines bioenergy and describes traditional, first, second, and third generation bioenergy crops. It also discusses potential bioenergy crop sources like algae, sugarcane, maize, wheat, edible and non-edible vegetable oils. The objectives are to identify bioenergy crop plants and evaluate their potential for bioremediation, nutrient/metal uptake, emissions, and impacts on biodiversity.
Natural resources can be renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like wind and water are constantly regenerated by the environment while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels cannot be replaced within a reasonable time. Sustainability refers to using resources indefinitely through conservative use and planned regeneration to avoid depletion of important natural resources that power economic activities and satisfy human needs.
Managing vegetation for multiple benefit outcomes – Diagnosis and Prognosis Richard Thackway
A framework for evaluating changes in extent and condition of woody native vegetation communities in the Murray Darling Basin. An approach for developing scenarios for future landscape transformation to enhance native vegetation communities
A vegetated roof, or green roof, is a layered system installed on top of a roof that includes vegetation growing in a lightweight soil medium. It provides environmental benefits like decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy usage. There are two types - extensive roofs have shallow soil depths under 6 inches while intensive roofs have deeper soil and support a greater variety of plants but require more maintenance. Initial installation costs of vegetated roofs are higher than traditional roofs but they provide long-term savings and last longer through better insulation and protection from temperature fluctuations.
David Lindenmayer_Transforming long-term plot-based research in Australia: LT...TERN Australia
This document discusses a collaborative book project involving 83 environmental professionals that described changes in Australian ecosystems based on long-term research. It included 14 chapters covering nine ecosystems, drawing from 35 core long-term studies. Key findings included detecting increased woodland bird populations and impacts of interventions like grazing control. The book aims to inform natural resource management by documenting ecosystem changes. Future work will maintain long-term sites, curate datasets, succession plan, and conduct new synthesis using long-term data to understand drivers of change across systems over time.
This document provides a list of fire-resistant groundcover, perennial, shrub, and tree plants suitable for home landscapes in the Pacific Northwest. It introduces the concept of using fire-resistant plants to create defensible space and reduce wildfire risk. Key characteristics of fire-resistant versus flammable plants are described. The list was developed based on scientific literature and provides symbols to indicate plant attributes. Homeowners are advised to select adapted plants and maintain landscape fuels to maximize wildfire safety.
This document discusses parameters used to analyze plant growth, including leaf area index (LAI), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf area duration (LAD), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), harvest index (HI), and others. It provides the definitions and equations for calculating each parameter, and cites the scientists who originally proposed the terms. The parameters are used to describe and quantify plant growth, biomass accumulation, and partitioning of assimilates.
This document discusses key concepts about ecosystems, including:
- An ecosystem consists of interacting organisms and their environment. It defines the basic types of ecosystems as aquatic, terrestrial, and marine.
- Ecosystems contain biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Biotic components are divided into producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Producers perform photosynthesis, consumers feed on producers or other consumers, and decomposers break down dead organic matter. Consumers are further divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
- Ecosystems have functions like productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling to maintain interactions between components.
This document discusses plant growth analysis methodologies. It provides background on the classical approach of calculating relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) between two harvests. More recent methods use curve-fitting to model plant weight and leaf area over time. The objectives are to quantify effects of environmental influences on growth rates and analyze differences between crop varieties. The literature review discusses studies on sugar beet growth response to potassium fertilizer. Key growth parameters discussed include leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and relative growth rate (RGR). Formulas for calculating each parameter are provided.
This document summarizes research on the effects of adding agave biomass ashes from different combustion temperatures to cement mortars. The researchers collected agave leaves and dried them to produce bagasse, which was then burned at temperatures from 500-900°C to produce ashes. The ashes were characterized and tested as partial replacements for cement in mortar mixtures. Compressive strength tests on the mortar mixtures showed that replacing 5% of cement with ashes burned at 700°C or higher increased compressive strength by up to 90% compared to a reference mixture without ash.
Southeastern Forest Productivity and Sustainability in a Changing World
WHAT WE KNOW
Atmospheric CO2 is rising due to human activity
Average temperatures are rising, mostly due to the effects of atmospheric CO2
Warmer and more frequent hot days and nights are virtually certain
Warm spells and heat waves are very likely to increase
Altered precipitation regimes are likely, but effects will vary across the globe (and across regions) and are more difficult to predict and may include
Likely increased intensity of rainfall events
Increased/decreased rainfall depending on location
Increased tropical cyclone activity likely
The document is a statement from the Coalition for Urban Ash Tree Conservation endorsing ash tree conservation as part of emerald ash borer (EAB) management programs. It argues that cost-effective insecticide treatments are available to preserve ash trees during EAB outbreaks and that treatment, combined with removal of unhealthy trees, can help maintain the integrity of urban forests. While removal was initially attempted to control EAB, current research supports treatment as an effective and environmentally sound strategy, especially when the economic and environmental benefits of ash trees are considered.
Longleaf Pine Ecosystems
Productivity and biodiversity patterns of a longleaf pine ecosystem.
Ecological forestry and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.
Ecological role of mesopredators, effects of control, and habitat approaches.
Aquatic Ecology and Water Resources
Hydrologic variation and human development in the lower Flint River Basin
Depressional wetlands on the coastal plain landscape: maintenance of regional biodiversity
Nutrient management as a component of southern pine plantation Silviculture
What limits a site’s productive potential?
What are the growth impacts due to fertilization?
Do treatment responses carry over to the next rotation?
MASTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE renewable energy systemsSamanth kumar
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS,M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE) ANNA UNIVERSITY
UNIT I SOLAR ENERGY
➔ Solar radiation its measurements and prediction
➔ solar thermal flat plate collectors concentrating collectors –
applications - heating, cooling, desalination, power generation,drying, cooking etc
➔ principle of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy,
➔ types of solar cells and fabrication.
Photovoltaic applications:
➔ battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes.
UNIT II WIND ENERGY
➔ Atmospheric circulations and classification
➔ factors influencing wind , wind shear and turbulence
➔ wind speed monitoring
➔ Betz limit
➔ Aerodynamics of wind turbine rotor
➔ site selection
➔ Wind resource assessment
wind energy conversion devices
➔ classification,
➔ characteristics,
➔ applications.
➔ Hybrid systems - safety and environmental aspects.
UNIT III BIO-ENERGY
➔ Biomass resources and their classification
➔ chemical constituents
➔ physicochemical characteristics of biomass
➔ Biomass conversion processes
➔ Thermochemical conversion
➔ direct combustion,
➔ gasification,
➔ pyrolysis and liquefaction
➔ biochemical conversion
➔ Anaerobic digestion
➔ alcohol production from biomass
➔ chemical conversion process
➔ hydrolysis and hydrogenation
➔ Biogas - generation - types of biogas Plants- applications
UNIT IV HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS
➔ Thermodynamics and electrochemical principles
➔ asic design, types, and applications
➔ production methods
➔ Biophotolysis
➔ Hydrogen generation from algae biological pathways
➔ Storage gaseous
➔ cryogenic and metal hydride and transportation.
➔ Fuel cell
➔ principle of working
➔ various types
➔ construction and applications.
UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY
➔ Ocean energy resources
➔ principles of ocean thermal energy conversion systems
➔ Ocean thermal power plants
➔ principles of ocean wave energy conversion
➔ tidal energy conversion
hydropower
➔ site selection, construction, environmental issues
Geothermal energy
➔ types of geothermal energy sites,
➔ site selection, and geothermal power plants.
The document summarizes several studies on plant growth analysis and the parameters used to describe and quantify growth. It discusses how relative growth rate (RGR) can be factored into leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf mass ratio (LMR), and net assimilation rate (NAR). SLA, LMR and the proportion of resources allocated to leaves versus other plant parts influence LAR and growth. NAR is influenced by photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon allocation. Studies found SLA and allocation to leaves had a stronger influence on RGR than NAR between plant species.
Physiology of grain yield in cereals, Growth and Maintenance RespirationMrunalini Chowdary
The document discusses physiology of grain yield in cereals. It notes that grain filling is dependent on photosynthesis and environmental conditions after flowering, while storage capacity is determined by pre-flowering conditions. It also discusses that the photosynthetic rate of wheat flag leaves falls and rises during grain growth. The document covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, dry matter accumulation, growth rates, and partitioning of assimilates in different crops. It distinguishes between C3 and C4 photosynthesis pathways and their assimilation rates. It also describes the different types of respiration in plants like growth, maintenance, and their relationship to temperature.
Managed forest contribution to carbon sequestration under a rising atmospheric CO2
Objectives:
Forest carbon is a cycle
Define forest carbon sequestration
Summarize what is known about how rising CO2 affects tree growth and forest health.
Carbon management under rising CO2. What can be done to increase or enhance carbon sequestration?
Miscanthus is a perennial grass native to Asia and Africa that is promising for bioenergy production. It is hardy, fast growing, and uses water efficiently. Yields of Miscanthus cane are typically 12-20 tonnes per hectare annually in Europe, and over 40 tonnes in the US. Miscanthus has a high energy balance, with the energy produced being much greater than that required for growth. It also provides environmental benefits such as carbon sequestration and increased biodiversity. Currently Miscanthus is mainly used for co-firing in coal power plants in the UK, but future markets may include cellulosic biofuels and biomass heating.
- Primary productivity refers to the production of organic compounds by primary producers like plants through photosynthesis. It is measured as the energy or biomass produced per unit area and time.
- Gross primary productivity is the total amount of organic compounds produced by primary producers before accounting for their respiration. Net primary productivity is the amount remaining after respiration.
- Secondary productivity refers to the production of new biomass by heterotrophs at the consumer trophic levels through consumption and digestion of primary producers and other organisms.
- The document discusses potential impacts of biomass harvesting for ethanol production on forest health and water resources in California.
- It examines scenarios for harvesting slash and conducting forest thinning, assuming compliance with environmental regulations.
- Key potential adverse impacts discussed include soil compaction and erosion, depletion of soil carbon and nutrients, and impacts to wildlife food sources; the document explores how these impacts could be mitigated.
This document lists the attendance percentages for classes at Layton Primary School between June 30th and July 4th. The highest attendance was 98.8% for Year 6 class 6J. Many Foundation Stage and Year 1 classes had attendance over 95%, while Year 5 class 5W had the lowest attendance at 96%. Overall the attendance percentages were quite high across the school.
Managing vegetation for multiple benefit outcomes – Diagnosis and Prognosis Richard Thackway
A framework for evaluating changes in extent and condition of woody native vegetation communities in the Murray Darling Basin. An approach for developing scenarios for future landscape transformation to enhance native vegetation communities
A vegetated roof, or green roof, is a layered system installed on top of a roof that includes vegetation growing in a lightweight soil medium. It provides environmental benefits like decreased stormwater runoff and reduced energy usage. There are two types - extensive roofs have shallow soil depths under 6 inches while intensive roofs have deeper soil and support a greater variety of plants but require more maintenance. Initial installation costs of vegetated roofs are higher than traditional roofs but they provide long-term savings and last longer through better insulation and protection from temperature fluctuations.
David Lindenmayer_Transforming long-term plot-based research in Australia: LT...TERN Australia
This document discusses a collaborative book project involving 83 environmental professionals that described changes in Australian ecosystems based on long-term research. It included 14 chapters covering nine ecosystems, drawing from 35 core long-term studies. Key findings included detecting increased woodland bird populations and impacts of interventions like grazing control. The book aims to inform natural resource management by documenting ecosystem changes. Future work will maintain long-term sites, curate datasets, succession plan, and conduct new synthesis using long-term data to understand drivers of change across systems over time.
This document provides a list of fire-resistant groundcover, perennial, shrub, and tree plants suitable for home landscapes in the Pacific Northwest. It introduces the concept of using fire-resistant plants to create defensible space and reduce wildfire risk. Key characteristics of fire-resistant versus flammable plants are described. The list was developed based on scientific literature and provides symbols to indicate plant attributes. Homeowners are advised to select adapted plants and maintain landscape fuels to maximize wildfire safety.
This document discusses parameters used to analyze plant growth, including leaf area index (LAI), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf area duration (LAD), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), harvest index (HI), and others. It provides the definitions and equations for calculating each parameter, and cites the scientists who originally proposed the terms. The parameters are used to describe and quantify plant growth, biomass accumulation, and partitioning of assimilates.
This document discusses key concepts about ecosystems, including:
- An ecosystem consists of interacting organisms and their environment. It defines the basic types of ecosystems as aquatic, terrestrial, and marine.
- Ecosystems contain biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Biotic components are divided into producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Producers perform photosynthesis, consumers feed on producers or other consumers, and decomposers break down dead organic matter. Consumers are further divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
- Ecosystems have functions like productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling to maintain interactions between components.
This document discusses plant growth analysis methodologies. It provides background on the classical approach of calculating relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) between two harvests. More recent methods use curve-fitting to model plant weight and leaf area over time. The objectives are to quantify effects of environmental influences on growth rates and analyze differences between crop varieties. The literature review discusses studies on sugar beet growth response to potassium fertilizer. Key growth parameters discussed include leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and relative growth rate (RGR). Formulas for calculating each parameter are provided.
This document summarizes research on the effects of adding agave biomass ashes from different combustion temperatures to cement mortars. The researchers collected agave leaves and dried them to produce bagasse, which was then burned at temperatures from 500-900°C to produce ashes. The ashes were characterized and tested as partial replacements for cement in mortar mixtures. Compressive strength tests on the mortar mixtures showed that replacing 5% of cement with ashes burned at 700°C or higher increased compressive strength by up to 90% compared to a reference mixture without ash.
Southeastern Forest Productivity and Sustainability in a Changing World
WHAT WE KNOW
Atmospheric CO2 is rising due to human activity
Average temperatures are rising, mostly due to the effects of atmospheric CO2
Warmer and more frequent hot days and nights are virtually certain
Warm spells and heat waves are very likely to increase
Altered precipitation regimes are likely, but effects will vary across the globe (and across regions) and are more difficult to predict and may include
Likely increased intensity of rainfall events
Increased/decreased rainfall depending on location
Increased tropical cyclone activity likely
The document is a statement from the Coalition for Urban Ash Tree Conservation endorsing ash tree conservation as part of emerald ash borer (EAB) management programs. It argues that cost-effective insecticide treatments are available to preserve ash trees during EAB outbreaks and that treatment, combined with removal of unhealthy trees, can help maintain the integrity of urban forests. While removal was initially attempted to control EAB, current research supports treatment as an effective and environmentally sound strategy, especially when the economic and environmental benefits of ash trees are considered.
Longleaf Pine Ecosystems
Productivity and biodiversity patterns of a longleaf pine ecosystem.
Ecological forestry and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.
Ecological role of mesopredators, effects of control, and habitat approaches.
Aquatic Ecology and Water Resources
Hydrologic variation and human development in the lower Flint River Basin
Depressional wetlands on the coastal plain landscape: maintenance of regional biodiversity
Nutrient management as a component of southern pine plantation Silviculture
What limits a site’s productive potential?
What are the growth impacts due to fertilization?
Do treatment responses carry over to the next rotation?
MASTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE renewable energy systemsSamanth kumar
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS,M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE) ANNA UNIVERSITY
UNIT I SOLAR ENERGY
➔ Solar radiation its measurements and prediction
➔ solar thermal flat plate collectors concentrating collectors –
applications - heating, cooling, desalination, power generation,drying, cooking etc
➔ principle of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy,
➔ types of solar cells and fabrication.
Photovoltaic applications:
➔ battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes.
UNIT II WIND ENERGY
➔ Atmospheric circulations and classification
➔ factors influencing wind , wind shear and turbulence
➔ wind speed monitoring
➔ Betz limit
➔ Aerodynamics of wind turbine rotor
➔ site selection
➔ Wind resource assessment
wind energy conversion devices
➔ classification,
➔ characteristics,
➔ applications.
➔ Hybrid systems - safety and environmental aspects.
UNIT III BIO-ENERGY
➔ Biomass resources and their classification
➔ chemical constituents
➔ physicochemical characteristics of biomass
➔ Biomass conversion processes
➔ Thermochemical conversion
➔ direct combustion,
➔ gasification,
➔ pyrolysis and liquefaction
➔ biochemical conversion
➔ Anaerobic digestion
➔ alcohol production from biomass
➔ chemical conversion process
➔ hydrolysis and hydrogenation
➔ Biogas - generation - types of biogas Plants- applications
UNIT IV HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS
➔ Thermodynamics and electrochemical principles
➔ asic design, types, and applications
➔ production methods
➔ Biophotolysis
➔ Hydrogen generation from algae biological pathways
➔ Storage gaseous
➔ cryogenic and metal hydride and transportation.
➔ Fuel cell
➔ principle of working
➔ various types
➔ construction and applications.
UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY
➔ Ocean energy resources
➔ principles of ocean thermal energy conversion systems
➔ Ocean thermal power plants
➔ principles of ocean wave energy conversion
➔ tidal energy conversion
hydropower
➔ site selection, construction, environmental issues
Geothermal energy
➔ types of geothermal energy sites,
➔ site selection, and geothermal power plants.
The document summarizes several studies on plant growth analysis and the parameters used to describe and quantify growth. It discusses how relative growth rate (RGR) can be factored into leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf mass ratio (LMR), and net assimilation rate (NAR). SLA, LMR and the proportion of resources allocated to leaves versus other plant parts influence LAR and growth. NAR is influenced by photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon allocation. Studies found SLA and allocation to leaves had a stronger influence on RGR than NAR between plant species.
Physiology of grain yield in cereals, Growth and Maintenance RespirationMrunalini Chowdary
The document discusses physiology of grain yield in cereals. It notes that grain filling is dependent on photosynthesis and environmental conditions after flowering, while storage capacity is determined by pre-flowering conditions. It also discusses that the photosynthetic rate of wheat flag leaves falls and rises during grain growth. The document covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, dry matter accumulation, growth rates, and partitioning of assimilates in different crops. It distinguishes between C3 and C4 photosynthesis pathways and their assimilation rates. It also describes the different types of respiration in plants like growth, maintenance, and their relationship to temperature.
Managed forest contribution to carbon sequestration under a rising atmospheric CO2
Objectives:
Forest carbon is a cycle
Define forest carbon sequestration
Summarize what is known about how rising CO2 affects tree growth and forest health.
Carbon management under rising CO2. What can be done to increase or enhance carbon sequestration?
Miscanthus is a perennial grass native to Asia and Africa that is promising for bioenergy production. It is hardy, fast growing, and uses water efficiently. Yields of Miscanthus cane are typically 12-20 tonnes per hectare annually in Europe, and over 40 tonnes in the US. Miscanthus has a high energy balance, with the energy produced being much greater than that required for growth. It also provides environmental benefits such as carbon sequestration and increased biodiversity. Currently Miscanthus is mainly used for co-firing in coal power plants in the UK, but future markets may include cellulosic biofuels and biomass heating.
- Primary productivity refers to the production of organic compounds by primary producers like plants through photosynthesis. It is measured as the energy or biomass produced per unit area and time.
- Gross primary productivity is the total amount of organic compounds produced by primary producers before accounting for their respiration. Net primary productivity is the amount remaining after respiration.
- Secondary productivity refers to the production of new biomass by heterotrophs at the consumer trophic levels through consumption and digestion of primary producers and other organisms.
- The document discusses potential impacts of biomass harvesting for ethanol production on forest health and water resources in California.
- It examines scenarios for harvesting slash and conducting forest thinning, assuming compliance with environmental regulations.
- Key potential adverse impacts discussed include soil compaction and erosion, depletion of soil carbon and nutrients, and impacts to wildlife food sources; the document explores how these impacts could be mitigated.
This document lists the attendance percentages for classes at Layton Primary School between June 30th and July 4th. The highest attendance was 98.8% for Year 6 class 6J. Many Foundation Stage and Year 1 classes had attendance over 95%, while Year 5 class 5W had the lowest attendance at 96%. Overall the attendance percentages were quite high across the school.
El documento resume los eventos clave de la posguerra y la Guerra Fría, incluyendo la creación de la ONU, la partición de Alemania y Corea, las conferencias de Yalta y Potsdam, la crisis de los misiles en Cuba, y las causas y etapas de la descolonización en Asia y África. Se describe el deterioro de las relaciones entre los aliados y el surgimiento de la Guerra Fría, con la división de Europa en bloques de influencia Este y Oeste.
This document contains several poems about spirituality, family, and nature. The poems express themes of finding guidance, protection, and blessings from God and angels. They describe seeing beauty in nature as reminders of loved ones. Overall, the poems convey messages of faith, love, and gratitude.
This document provides a review and feedback report for A Robertson & Son conducted by Investors in People Scotland. The summary is:
[1] A Robertson & Son continues to meet all requirements of the Investors in People standard through its strong commitment to developing employees, encouraging improvement, and ensuring equal opportunities.
[2] Examples of good practices include extensive training, recognition of employee contributions, clear business objectives, and structured performance reviews.
[3] Minor potential areas for development were also identified, such as increasing review frequency and providing more formal training discussions. However, A Robertson & Son demonstrates an exemplary commitment to continuous improvement.
This document discusses strategies for reducing urban heat islands through the use of trees and vegetation. It provides details on how trees and plants lower temperatures by providing shade and through evapotranspiration. The document outlines the many benefits of urban forestry initiatives, such as reduced energy usage, improved air quality, carbon storage, and economic benefits. It also discusses factors to consider for planting and maintenance, and provides resources for plant selection and evaluating costs and benefits.
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Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated Bibliography - University of Florida
1. EES44
Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated
Bibliography1
A.W. Meerow and R.J. Black2
In the last few decades, the ability of Landscaping for Energy Conservation, Florida
landscaping features to improve the energy efficiency (material produced in, or largely restricted in
of residential, business and public buildings has application to that state); Landscaping for Energy
garnered increasing attention, both in the scientific Conservation, Outside Florida (material relevant to
and professional communities. Unfortunately, the other areas of the country or general in application);
amount of attention paid to this subject tends to and Microclimate, Human Comfort, and Modelling
fluctuate with the price of the oil which fuels most of (material with indirect application to low energy
our energy needs. As petroleum prices begin a landscaping, including theoretical research geared
renewed upswing, interest in this subject has also primarily to a scientific audience). Within each of
been reawakened. Surprisingly, some literature on the these three categories, material is further grouped by
subject predates widescale public awareness of type of publication: Research and Refereed Journal
energy related issues, particularly articles in the Articles; Cooperative Extension and Government
popular home and gardening press concerning the use Publications; General Articles; and Books,
of vegetation for microclimate modification. Monographs and Reports.
This bibliography is an attempt to create a It should be kept in mind that university and
clearing house for a great deal of the literature government publications may go out of print after a
relating to energy conservative landscaping which has few years. Consequently, some of this class of
been promulgated through extension programs, publication listed below may only be available from
professional journals, books, and popular periodicals. large institutional libraries.
Each citation is accompanied by a short commentary
about its content, emphasis, and/or target audience.
The literature is presented in three main categories:
1. This document is EES44, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date December 1991. Reviewed October 2003. Visit the EDIS Web Site at
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
2. A.W. Meerow, Assistant Professor, REC-Ft. Lauderdale; R.J. Black, Associate Professor, Department of Ornamental Hotriculture, Cooperative Extension
Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611.
The Florida Energy Extension Service receives funding from the Florida Energy Office, Department of Community Affairs and is operated by the University
of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences through the Cooperative Extension Service. The information contained herein is the product of the
Florida Energy Extension Service and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Florida Energy Office.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and
other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex,
sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry
Arrington, Dean
2. Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated Bibliography 2
LANDSCAPING FOR ENERGY elements in passive cooling in warm, humid
CONSERVATION, FLORIDA environments. Pp. 365-368 in Proc. Int'l. Passive and
Hybrid Cooling Conf, Miami, FL.
(*) = currently being revised
Analyzes and compares the effects of trees,
Research and Refereed Journal Articles shrubs, and vines on the space cooling requirements
of a building in a warm humid environment. Parker,
Buffington, D.E. 1978. Value of landscaping for J.H. 1982. Landscape elements and climate
conserving energy in residences. Proc. Fla. State parameters in energy conservation design. Pp.
Hort. Soc. 91:92-96. 364-368 in Proc. Soc. Am. For. 1981.
Computer simulation of the effectiveness of Fitting the planting of landscape vegetation to
shading, wall and roof color, and building orientation local climate regimes to maximize energy savings.
in reducing home energy consumption. Buffington, Parker, J.H. 1982. An energy and ecological analysis
D.E. 1979. Economics of landscaping features for of alternate residential landscapes. J. Environ. Sys.
conserving energy in residences. Proc. Fla. State 11:271-288.
Hort. Soc. 92:216-220.
Energy flow analysis of three different
Economic analysis of the effectiveness of various residential landscapes, including energy consumed
landscaping and structural features for reducing for installation and maintenance, with indications of
energy expenditures for heating and cooling which designs minimize fuel consumption and
residential buildings in each of 9 areas in Florida. negative environmental impacts. Parker, J.H. 1982.
Buffington, D.E. 1980. Passive opportunities for Do energy conserving landscapes work? Landscape
conserving energy in buildings. Proceedings of Architecture 72:89-90.
Alternative Energy Sources for Florida, Gainesville.
A report on experimental research documenting
Explores economic effectiveness of 1) shading of the value of landscaping in reducing air conditioning
walls and roofs, 2) applying varying exterior colors on costs in south Florida. Parker, J.H. 1983.
walls and roofs, and 3) considering building Landscaping to reduce energy used in cooling
orientation as it relates to energy conservation. buildings. J. Forestry 81:82-84, 105.
Buffington, D.E. and R.J. Black. 1981. Life cycle
costing of plant materials for residential energy How 'precision landscaping' design concepts
conservation. Proc. Fla. Hort. Soc. 94:205-208. can optimize energy savings, particularly during peak
demand periods. Parker, J.H. 1983. The effectiveness
Engineering economic analysis for the life cycle of vegetation on residential cooling. Passive Solar
costing of plant materials for energy conservation in Journ. 2:123-132.
Florida, presented as effective annual returns on
investment. Parker, J.H. 1978. Precision landscaping An experimental study on the effectiveness of
for energy conservation. Proceedings of National landscaping in reducing air conditioning costs for a
Conference on Technology for Energy Conservation. double wide mobile home in Miami is documented.
Tucson, Arizona. Parker, D.S. and J.H. Parker. 1979. Energy
conservation landscaping as a passive solar system.
Precise guidelines for using plants to minimize Proceedings of the National Passive Solar
energy inputs for home cooling in hot humid areas, Conference. Newark, Delaware.
particularly during peak load hours, taking into
consideration whether the residence will be primarily A report on the benefits of vegetation for passive
air conditioned or passively cooled. Energy and energy conservation using mobile homes under varied
financial costs of maintaining the plantings are Florida conditions as the model system. Shlachtman,
comprehensively analyzed. Parker, J.H. 1981. A P.J. and J.H. Parker. 1985. The effect of vegetative
comparative analysis of the role of various landscape landscaping on the time dynamics of residential heat
3. Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated Bibliography 3
gain in warm humid climates. Proc. of the 10th Home Landscapes. Univ. Florida Cooperative
Passive Solar Conf. Extension Ornamental Horticulture Fact Sheet
OH-25.
An experimental study to determine the effect of
landscape plantings on the time dynamics of heat Annotated list of horticulturally useful Florida
transfer, interior comfort conditions, and cooling native plants for low maintenance landscaping.
energy requirements for a residential building in the Black, R.J. and J. Midcap. (no date). Conserving
southeastern United States. water in the home landscape. Florida Cooperative
Extension Water Resources Council Circular
Cooperative Extension and Government WRC-11.
Publications
Limiting water use in the home landscape with
Barrick, W.E. 1980. Landscape design for conservative irrigation practices, mulches, soil
energy conservation. Proceedings of Alternative improvement, and drought tolerant plants.
Energy Sources for Florida (1979), Univ. Florida Buffington, D.E. 1982. Economics of residential
Cooperative Extension Service, Center for landscaping features in Florida: Orlando and vicinity,
Environmental and Natural Resources Program, Jacksonville and vicinity, Panama City and vicinity,
Gainesville. Pensacola and vicinity, Miami and vicinity,
Tallahassee and vicinity, Tampa and vicinity, West
Explores the means by which plants can be used
Palm Beach and vicinity, Daytona Beach and vicinity.
in conjunction with structural features of the home to
University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service
reduce energy consumption in Florida, including
Circulars No. 517-525.
planning recommendations for new subdivisions.
Research to date is summarized. *Barrick, W.E., R.J. Economic analysis of the effectiveness of various
Black, and M. Niederhofer. (no date). Landscape landscaping and structural features for reducing
Designs to Save Energy at Home: Microclimate energy expenditures for heating and cooling
Modification. Univ. Florida Energy Extension residential buildings in each of nine areas in Florida.
Service Bulletin EES-4. *Buffington, D.E., S.K. Sastry and R.J. Black. 1980.
Factors for determining shading patterns in Florida:
Low cost methods of using plants to significantly
Orlando and vicinity, Jacksonville and vicinity,
reduce cooling costs in summer and heating costs in
Panama City and vicinity, Pensacola and vicinity,
winter. A few design aspects of new home
construction are discussed as well. *Barrick, W.E., Fort Myers and vicinity, Miami and vicinity,
Tallahassee and vicinity, Tampa and vicinity, West
R.J. Black, and M. Niederhofer. (no date).
Palm Beach and vicinity, Daytona Beach and vicinity,
Landscaping to save energy at home: Trees for
Gainesville and vicinity. Univ. Florida Coop. Ext.
Northern, Southern, and Central Florida. Univ.
Serv. Circulars 505, 507-516.
Florida Energy Ext. Serv. Bulls. EES-1,2 and 3.
Each of these 11 publications provides tables of
Annotated lists of trees suitable as shade
azimuth angles and shade factors for the covered
elements and/or wind barriers for each of three
area, as well as instructions on using this data to
Florida climate zones. Shape, shade density, ultimate
determine effective position and optimum height of
height, growth rate, and leaf persistence are given for
shade trees and shade structures. Flinchum, D.M. (no
each species. Black, R.J. 1980. Landscaping to
date). A guide to selecting existing vegetation for low
conserve energy. Energy conservation fact sheet 17,
energy landscapes. Univ. Florida Coop. Ext. Serv.
University of Florida, Gainesville.
Circ. 489.
Basics of using landscape plants effectively for
energy conservation around the home. Black, R.J. and Guidelines for selecting components of existing
vegetation on a home site for low energy, low
D.F. Hamilton. (no date). Native Florida Plants for
maintenance landscaping. Hamilton, D.F. and R.J.
4. Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated Bibliography 4
Black. (no date). Low maintenance landscapes. Univ. for energy conservation Part II. Lists. The Garden
Florida Coop. Ext. Ser. Orn. Hort. Fact Sheet 24. (Bull. Fairchild Trop. Gard., Miami) 36(3):6-14.
Guidelines for reducing upkeep and energy Annotated list of native plant materials suitable
requirements (water, fertilizer) of the home for use in south Florida low energy landscapes.
landscape. Parker, J.H. 1981. Uses of Landscaping Langewiesche, W. Your house in Florida. House
for Energy Conservation. Report for Florida Beautiful 92:70-81.
Governor's Energy Office.
Designing the Florida home to maximize passive
State report detailing the effective use of cooling. Parker, J.H. 1983. Landscaping: A key to
landscape vegetation for reducing residential energy energy conservation in Florida. Florida Nurseryman
consumption in the state of Florida. Parker, J.H. 30:12-15.
1981. Energy Conservation Landscape Designs for
Mobile Homes in South Florida. Report for Florida Guidelines for microclimate modification to
Governor's Energy Office. reduce cooling energy in Florida with landscape
plants. Parker, J.H. 1986. Energy Efficient
State report detailing the proper use of landscape Landscaping. South Florida Home and Garden
vegetation for reducing energy consumption in 3:64-65, 84-85.
mobile home units in south Florida. Parker, J.H. 1982.
The Implementation of Energy Conservation How to use landscaping to reduce energy
Landscaping through Local Ordinances. Report to consumption in the south Florida home.
FAU-FIU Joint Center for Environmental and Urban
Books
Problems.
Parker, J.H. 1986. Landscaping: Energy
Creating and enforcing municipal and county
Conservation in the Air Conditioned House. Miami
level regulations which mandate standards of
Dade Community College Press, Miami, FL.
landscaping for energy conservation in urban and
suburban developments. *Pivorunas, D.J., R.J. Black Addresses the unique strategies for energy
and D. Burch. 1982-83. Ground covers for Energy effective landscaping around homes which will be
Conservation... North, Central and South Florida, primarily cooled by air conditioning. Workman, R.W.
Univ. Florida Cooperative Extension Service Energy 1980. Growing Native: Native Plants for Landscape
Information Fact Sheets EI-51, 52, 53. Use in Coastal South Florida. Sanibel Captiva
Conservation Foundation. Sanibel, FL.
Annotated lists of plant materials suitable for use
as ground covers in North, Central and South Guidelines for obtaining and utilizing native
Florida. Height, cultural requirements, color, plants for energy conserving landscapes.
landscape uses, and other information are supplied
for all species listed. General guidelines are given for LANDSCAPING FOR ENERGY
using ground covers as energy saving alternatives to CONSERVATION, OUTSIDE
turf or solid surfaces in the home landscape. FLORIDA
General Articles Research and Refereed Journal Articles
Gann, J. 1981. Landscaping for energy Bates, C.G. 1956. The value of shelter belts on
conservation: plants are not just pretty, Part I. The house heating. J. Forestry 54:399-400.
Garden (Bull. Fairchild Trop. Gard., Miami)
36(2):10-20. Lowering heating costs with windbreaks.
Deering, R.B. 1956. Effect of living shade on house
A practical guide for the south Florida temperatures. J. Forestry 54:399-400.
homeowner to implementing energy conservative
landscaping principles. Gann, J. 1981. Landscaping
5. Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated Bibliography 5
A demonstration of the effectiveness of shade A review of studies to date on the effects of trees
trees in reducing temperatures in the home. DeWalle. on human thermal and auditory comfort, and energy
D.R. 1978. Manipulating urban vegetation for conservation in urban areas. Heisler, G.M. 1982.
residential energy conservation. Proc. Nat'l. Urban Reductions of solar radiation by tree crowns. The
Forestry Conf., Washington, D.C. Renewable Challenge (Progress in Solar Energy, vol.
5), G.E. Franta, K. Haggard, B.H. Glenn, W.A.
Maximizing the benefits of city landscaping to Kolar, and J.R. Howell (eds.). American Solar Energy
reduce winter heat consumption and increase passive Society, New York.
summer cooling. DeWalle. D.R. 1982. Energy
conservation through urban forestry (Landscape An empirical review of the shade effects of tree
vegetation), pages 119-123 in D.G. Gangloff and canopies. Heisler, G.M. 1985. Measurements of solar
G.H. Moeller (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd National radiation on vertical surfaces in the shade of
Urban Forestry Conference, American Forestry individual trees. The Forest Atmosphere Interaction:
Association, Washington, D.C. Proceedings of the Forest Environmental
Measurements Conference., B.A. Hutchison and B.B.
Using trees to ameliorate extremes of climate in Hicks (eds.). D. Reidel Publ. Co., Utrecht.
urban areas; guidelines for the professional planner.
DeWalle, D.R. and G.M. Heisler. 1983. Windbreak Studies of the amount of sunlight transmitted to a
effects on air infiltration and space heating in a vertical structure through the canopy of various trees.
mobile home. Energy and Buildings 5:279-288. Heisler, G.M. 1986. Effects of individual trees on the
solar radiation climate of small buildings. Urban
How windbreak trees reduce cold air infiltration Ecol. 9:337-359.
and increase the efficiency of space heaters in a
mobile home. DeWalle, D.R., G.M. Heisler and R.E. Experimental study of the irradiance reduction
Jacobs. 1983. Forest home sites influence heating and capabilities of several tree species at different times
cooling energy. J. Forestry 82:84. of the year and at different exposures of a small
structure. Holmes, W.W. 1979. A comprehensive
Heating and cooling expenditures of homes categorization for passive cooling techniques.
situated on heavily forested sites. Federer, C.A. 1976. Proceedings of the 4th National Passive Solar
Trees modify the urban microclimate. J. Conference. Newark, Delaware.
Arboriculture 2:121-127.
Structure and design adjustments to be made in
How trees contribute to the energy balance of order to facilitate passive cooling. Techniques involve
urban areas, and their ameliorative effects on local location and type of structure, earthwork, and
environment. Gardener, T.J. and T.D. Sydnor. 1984. effective placement of vegetation. Self explanatory
Interception of summer and winter insulation by five diagrams are included. Hoyano, A. 1984. Effects of
shade tree species. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109:448-450. rooftop turf planting layers upon building thermal
environment. Mem. Fac. Engineering, Kyushu Univ.,
Experimental study in which the amount of
Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan.
sunlight penetrating the canopy of five shade trees
was measured in both winter and summer as a means Experimental study investigating the insulative
to determine the optimal choices for year round properties of turf grass when installed on a building
energy savings. Heisler, G.M. 1974. Trees and human rooftop. Hoyano, A. 1985. Solar control by vine
comfort in urban areas. J. Forestry 72:466-469. sunscreen and its passive cooling effects. Pp. 271-276
in Proc. Int'l. Symposium on Thermal Applications of
How trees contribute to the energy budget of
Solar Energy, Tokyo, Japan.
urban areas and substantially raise human comfort
levels. Heisler, G.M. 1975. How trees modify Experimental study of the shading and passive
metropolitan climate and noise. Soc. Am. For. Proc. cooling effects of an ivy sunscreen covering a west
1974:103-112. facing wall, and a dishcloth gourd sunscreen on a
6. Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated Bibliography 6
veranda. Hoyano, A. 1985. Climatological uses of Miami Int'l. Conf. Alternative Energy Sources, Miami
plants and the sun control effects. Proc. Fifth Int'l. Beach, FL.
PLEA Conf., PECS, Hungary.
Curtailing both energy consumption and demand
A review of the uses and mediative effects on during peak load hours with vegetation and other
local climate of landscape plants. Hutchison, B.A. passive means. Thayer, R.L., Jr., J.A. Zanetto and B.
and F.G. Taylor. 1983. Energy conservation Maeda. 1983. Modeling the effects of deciduous trees
mechanisms and potentials of landscape design to on thermal performance of solar and conventional
ameliorate building microclimates. Landscape J. houses in Sacramento, Ca. Landscape Journal
2:19-39. 2:155168.
A guide for the landscape professional on A model for determining the degree to which
incorporating energy conserving plantings into site deciduous trees affect the heat budgets of various type
designs. Mattingly, G.E. and E.F. Peters. 1977. Wind of residential structures with either solar or
and trees: air infiltration effects on energy in housing. conventional heating systems. Wagar, J.A. 1984.
J. Industrial Aerodynamics 2:1-19. Using vegetation to control sunlight and shade on
windows. Landscape Journal 3:2435.
Discusses how air infiltration reduces the heating
and cooling efficiency of buildings, and the modifying Guidelines for shading windows. Wagar, J.A. and
effects of vegetation on air infiltration. Mattingly, G.M. Heisler. 1986. Rating winter crown density of
G.E., D. Harrje, and G. Heisler. 1979. The deciduous trees. Landscape Journal 5:9-18.
effectiveness of an evergreen windbreak for reducing
residential energy consumption. ASHRAE Trans. 85. A photographic procedure to accurately
determine the degree to which various deciduous
How windbreaks diminish the negative effects of trees block incoming, winter solar radiation during
air movement on heating and cooling efficiency. their leafless period. White, R. 1955. Landscape
McPherson, E.G. 1981. Effects of orientation and development and natural ventilation. Landscape
shading from trees on the inside and outside Architecture 45:72-81.
temperatures of model homes. Pp. 369 in Proc. Int'l.
Passive and Hybrid Cooling Conf., Miami, FL. The effect of moving air on buildings and
adjacent areas, and air flow tests of various plant
The positive effects of shade trees on ambient windbreak combinations. Youngberg, R.J. 1983.
temperatures around the home. Parker, J.H. 1981. Shading effects of deciduous trees. J. Arboriculture
Landscaping to conserve cooling energy. Proc. 9:295-297.
Southeastern Electric Exchange Conf., New Orleans.
A study monitoring the amount of solar radiation
Discusses the ways that vegetative landscaping penetrating the canopy of six deciduous trees both in
can be used to reduce both energy consumption and winter and summer over a two year period. Zaneto, J.
demand associated with space cooling needs. Parker, 1978. The location and selection of trees for solar
J.H. and S. Panzer. 1986. A model energy neighborhoods. Landscape Architecture 68:514-519.
conservation landscape ordinance for reducing
cooling requirements. Proc. 11th Nat'l. Passive Solar Balancing shading requirements with solar
Conference. Boulder, CO. energy collection.
Proposal for a municipal landscaping ordinance Cooperative Extension and Government
that would set specific standards for energy Publications
conservation. Includes an energy conservation
Anonymous. 1976. Solar Dwelling Design
analysis of 34 operating ordinances in the United
Concepts. U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban
States. Shlachtman, P. and J.H. Parker. 1981. Peak
Development. Office of Policy Development and
load energy conservation. Pp. 19-29 in Proc. 4th
Research.
7. Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated Bibliography 7
Efficient design guidelines for homes outfitted for NE. INF. U.S. Forest Serv., Northeast For. Exp. Stn.,
solar collection. Anonymous. 1977. Design Your Upper Darby, CT.
Landscape to Conserve Energy. Extension Bulletin
E-1122. Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan Implementation of energy conserving programs
State University. using trees in the urban environment Anonymous. (no
date). Climate Control. Cooperative Extension
Basic ideas for landscape planning to modify Service Bulletin, University of Georgia College of
climatic extremes, and reduce landscape related Agriculture, Athens.
energy consumption. Anonymous. 1978. Energy
conservation with landscaping. Connecticut Energy Briefly illustrates a few basics of energy nserving
Extension Service Bulletin 78-48. landscape practices. Anonymous. (no date).
Landscape to Save Energy. Cooperative Extension
Using plants as energy conserving landscape Service Bulletin, New York State College, Albany.
elements. Anonymous. 1978. Landscaping to Cut Fuel
Costs. USDA Fact Sheet 2-3-5. Using plants as wind barriers and for shade.
Anonymous. (no date). Regional Guidelines for
Tips on planting for wind control and shade in a Building Passive Energy Conserving Homes. U.S.
temperate climate. Anonymous. 1978. Energy Dept. of Housing and Urban Development
conservation in the rural home: Landscaping to cut Publication. Office of Policy Development and
fuel costs. Tex. Agric. Ext. Serv. of Texas A & M Research.
Univ., College Station.
Detailed guidelines for energy efficient homes in
Cutting residential energy costs with windbreaks, 16 different areas of the United States. Climatic
shelterbelts, and shade. Anonymous. 1978. Options summaries, design priorities, and recommendations
for passive energy conservation in site design. U.S. are given for each reference city. Equally geared to
Dept. of Energy, Division of Buildings and professionals and homeowners. Anonymous. (no
Community Systems Publ. TID-28520. date). Site Planning for Solar Access. A Guide for
Residential Developers and Site Planners. U.S. Dept.
A compendium of site design options that of Housing and Urban Development. Office of Policy
maximize low energy climate control. General Development and Research.
principles are first considered, followed by regional
guidelines for coo/, temperate, hot humid, and hot Determining layout and configuration of
arid areas. Information is professionally oriented, but residential developments that will be using both active
accessible to the interested layperson. Includes useful and passive solar heating technology, including a
bibliography. Anonymous. 1979. Energy chapter on trees and other landscaping. Oriented for
conservation in the rural home: Landscaping to cut the professional developer and planner. DeWalle.
fuel costs. Windbreaks. Coop. Ext. Serv. Coll. Agric. D.R. 1978. Mobile home energy costs conserved with
Wash. State Univ. Pullman. shade trees. Penn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Sci. Agric. 26:16.
Using windbreaks to reduce home heating Saving mobile home heating and cooling costs by
expenditures. Anonymous. 1981. Landscaping. Ohio judicious use of shade trees. Hoeven, G.A. van der.
State University Agricultural Extension Service. 1982. Energy efficient landscaping. Kansas State
Available from: Agricultural Extension Service University, Manhattan.
Office of Information, 2120 Pyffe Road, Columbus,
Ohio 43210. Discusses using plant material in combination
with other home design principles to help you design
This publication discusses planting trees around an energy efficient home and landscape. Howell, E.
the home to reduce heating and cooling costs. 1980. Landscaping for energy conservation. Publ.
Anonymous. 1985. Using trees to reduce urban Coop. Ext. Programs Univ. Wisc. Ext., Madison.
energy consumption: transferring technology to users.
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Basic guidelines and a planting design for Interactions of vegetation and air movement.
shading and channelling winds around the home.
Kunze, R.J. 1977. Energy conservation through better General Articles
irrigation practices for homeowners. Michigan State
Anonymous. 1949. Good site planning can
University Extension Bulletin E-1142.
double your outdoor living. House Beautiful
Limiting water use in the garden. Leonard, R.E. 91:172-174.
1972. Making our lives more pleasant — plants as
Home site planning and landscaping pointers for
climate changers, pp. 5-9 in Landscape for living,
passive climate control. Anonymous. 1950. Good
U.S.D.A. Yearbook. lawns keep you cooler. House Beautiful 92:108-109.
How plants modify microclimate. Little, S. and
The benefits of lawns for lowering ambient
J.H. Noyes (eds.). 1971. Trees and forests in an
temperatures in the home environment. Fizzell, J.A.
urbanizing environment. Univ. Mass. Coop. Ext.
1983. Landscape designers must put energy
Serv., Amherst.
conservation in their plans. Am. Nurseryman
The benefits of green space and well designed 157:65-71.
residential tree plantings in passively increasing The author calls on the landscape design
human comfort levels in the urban environment.
industry to adopt basic principles of passive energy
Niedenthal, A. 1985. Landscape design to conserve
conservation in new residence planning, and offers a
energy. Purdue Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv., West
few recommendations for site evaluation and
Lafayette, Ind.
microclimate considerations. Flemer, W. 1974. The
Using plants to decrease home energy role of plants in today's energy conservation. Am.
expenditures. Niering, W.A. and R.H. Goodwin. Nurseryman 139:10, 59.
1975. Energy conservation on the home grounds: The
The benefits of trees, shrubs, and vines used
role of naturalistic landscaping. Bull. Conn. Arbor.
properly to reduce winter heat consumption and
Conn. Coil. 21.
increase passive summer cooling. Flemer, W. 1982.
Alternatives to energy intensive lawns using Why and how to use plants for energy conservation
native plants in low maintenance, naturally stable (Wind barriers). Am. Nurseryman 155:89-101.
landscapes. Pope, T.E. 1980. Landscaping for energy
Constructing windbreaks and shelter belts.
conservation. Louisiana Coop. Ext. Serv.
Flemer, W. (no date). How to save energy and money
How to effectively landscape the home for with nature's growing gifts. American Association of
reduced heating and cooling costs. Putnam, B. and Nurserymen Bulletin.
C.H. Sacamano. 1984. Effective shading with
A brief guide to using plants for microclimate
landscape trees. Coop. Ext. Serv. Univ. Ariz. Coll.
modification. Hamilton, D.F. 1982. Landscape design
Agric.
for energy conservation. Am. Nurseryman 156:93-95.
Using trees properly to maximize their shading
Understanding site and local climatic conditions
potential. Welch, W.C. 1979. Landscaping for energy
to promote landscape designs that maximize energy
conservation. Tex. Agric. Ext. Serv. of Texas A & M
conservation. Iwata, L.B. 1987. Step by step design
Univ., College Station.
plan for ecologically sound landscapes. Am.
Low energy landscaping in Texas, including a list Nurseryman 165:174-185.
of recommended trees. White, R. 1954. Effects of
A guide to matching landscape designs with local
landscape development on the natural ventilation of ecological parameters, geared primarily to water
buildings and their adjacent areas. Research report
conservation concerns, but including discussion of
45, Texas Eng. Exp. Station, College Station, TX.
wind control and heat load reduction. Langewiesche,
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W. 1949. How to pick your climate. House Beautiful G. 1958. The Weather Conditioned House. Reinhold,
91:146-217. New York.
Choosing a home site on the basis of Home design and retrofitting in harmony with
microclimatatic considerations. Langewiesche, W. local climate. Foster, F.S. 1978. Guide to
1949. How to fix your private climate. House Landscaping That Saves Energy Dollars. David
Beautiful 91:151-204. McKay Co.
Retrofitting the home to manipulate its A basic guide for the homeowner on reducing
microclimate, using landscape plants as well as energy costs with landscaping materials. McClendon,
structural modifications. Moffat, A. 1979. C. and G.0. Robinette. 1977. Landscape Planning for
Landscaping to Conserve Energy. Horticulture Energy Conservation. Environmental Design Press,
57:54-56. Reston, VA.
Some basic ideas for the home gardener on using A detailed, professional level guide to
plants to ameliorate local climate. Nelson, W.R. maximizing energy conservation with intelligent
1979. Landscaping for energy conservation. landscape design, including careful site selection and
Nurseryman's Digest 13:101-103. planning. Detailed case histories are presented for
differing climates in the United States. McPherson,
Basic principles for most effectively using plants E.G. 1980. The use of plant materials for solar
to conserve energy use. Niering, W.A. and R.H. control. MS Thesis. Utah State University, Logan.
Godwin. 1975. Naturalistic landscaping and energy
conservation. Plants and Gardens 31:24-28. Mitigating the effects of sunlight with proper use
of landscape materials; site design and plant
Alternatives to energy intensive lawns using selection. McPherson, E.G., ed. 1984. Energy
native plants in low maintenance, naturally stable Conserving Site Design. American Association of
landscapes. Rich, S. 1973. Trees and urban climate. Landscape Architects, Washington, D.C.
Nat. Hist. 82:70.
A guidebook for landscape architects on
How trees modify the metropolitan microclimate. maximizing the energy efficiency of landscape
Tinga, J.H. and R. Bray. 1984. Place trees property designs. Moffat, A.S. and M. Schiler. 1981.
for a cooler house. Am. Nurseryman 159:155-157. Landscape Design That Saves Energy. William
Morrow and Co., New York.
Using trees to lower air conditioning costs.
Wright, H. 1949. How to put a harness on the sun. Oriented for the homeowner, this book provides
House Beautiful 91:158-160. simple, energy conservative landscape designs and
plant selection guides for temperate, cool, hot arid,
Balancing sun and shade in the home throughout
and hot humid climates of North America. Olgyay, V.
the year. Yoklic, M.R. 1982. Landscaping for energy
1963. Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to
conservation. Desert Plants 3:119-123.
Architectural Regionalism. Princeton Univ. Press,
Energy conservative landscaping in and regions. Princeton, N.J.
Books, Monographs and Theses Classic text on architectural design in harmony
with regional climate, covering both structural and
Anonymous. 1977. Microclimate, Architecture, landscape elements. Robinette, G.0. 1972.
and Landscaping Relationships in an Arid Region: Plants/People/and Environmental Quality. U.S. Dept.
Phoenix, AZ. Center for Environmental Studies, of Interior, National Park Service Publications.
Arizona State University.
A well documented and illustrated overview of
Structural and landscape design parameters for how plants interact with the human environment,
microclimate modification in and regions. Conklin, including — but not limited to — their use for
10. Landscaping to Conserve Energy: Annotated Bibliography 10
climatological control. The chapter on microclimate Association of urban temperature with land use and
modification offers many practical design surface materials. Landscape and Urban Planning
considerations for wind, heat and precipitation 14:21-29.
control. Robinette, G.0. 1985. Home Landscaping to
Save Energy. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Thermal effects of various surface covers and
land use patterns in the urban environment
A homeowner's guide to using landscape plants Herrington, L.P., G.E. Bertolin, and R.E. Leonard.
to reduce seasonal heating and cooling costs in the 1972. Microclimate of a suburban park. Pp. 43-44 in
home. Westergaard, C.J. 1982. The relative ability of Am. Meteorol. Soc. Preprints of Conf. on Urban
various shade trees to block or filter direct solar Environ. and 2nd Conf. on Biometeorol., Boston.
radiation in the winter. MLA thesis. Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY. A study of microclimatic regimes within a
suburban green space. Hoyano, A. 1984.
Analysis of the degree of sunlight penetration Relationships between the type of residential area
through the canopies various landscape trees during and the aspects of surface temperature and solar
the winter, when passive solar heating is desirable. reflectance. Energy and Buildings 7:159-173.
MICROCLIMATE, HUMAN COMFORT, Explores the interaction between structural
MODELLING features of various residential areas and patterns of
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characterization of surface material data for urban
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estimate heating or cooling degree days. Agr.
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varying surface materials in an urban environment
An expression to estimate heating or cooling (i.e., asphalt, concrete, vegetation), for use in
degree days accumulated on the average above or modeling studies of urban microclimate and
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A model expressing the relationships between the A study of vegetation/microclimate of diverse
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A computer program for determining length and
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