Miscanthus is a perennial grass native to Asia and Africa that is promising for bioenergy production. It is hardy, fast growing, and uses water efficiently. Yields of Miscanthus cane are typically 12-20 tonnes per hectare annually in Europe, and over 40 tonnes in the US. Miscanthus has a high energy balance, with the energy produced being much greater than that required for growth. It also provides environmental benefits such as carbon sequestration and increased biodiversity. Currently Miscanthus is mainly used for co-firing in coal power plants in the UK, but future markets may include cellulosic biofuels and biomass heating.
Potential threats to rangelands include overgrazing, invasive plants, human population growth, soil erosion, desertification, wildland fires exacerbated by climate change, complex land ownership issues, and a lack of institutional support. Overgrazing damages the land by exceeding the carrying capacity and allowing inferior plants to take over. Invasive plants outcompete native species and alter soil and fire regimes. Human population growth increases demands for food and fuel, resulting in conversion of rangelands and degradation through overexploitation of vegetation and soil erosion.
An ecosystem consists of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system. It can be small, like a pond, medium sized like a forest, or large like the entire Earth. An ecosystem includes both biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors like water, soil, and air. All parts of an ecosystem interact together.
Jatropha Curcas: A Promising Crop for the Generation of BiodieselZK8
This document reviews the potential of Jatropha curcas as a source for biodiesel production and value-added coproducts. Jatropha is highlighted as a promising crop that can grow on degraded and low-quality lands, helping to prevent further degradation. It is drought-tolerant and adaptable to a wide range of climates. The review discusses using Jatropha for carbon capture and enhancing socioeconomic conditions in tropical regions, as well as reclaiming eroded lands. It also compares toxic and non-toxic varieties in terms of their properties and potential for biodiesel and livestock feed.
This document summarizes and compares the structure and function of forest and grassland ecosystems. It outlines the key abiotic and biotic components of each system. Forest ecosystems contain a diversity of tree species that serve as primary producers, along with various herbivores, omnivores, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria. Grassland ecosystems are found in regions with moderate rainfall and are dominated by grasses and forbs as producers, and grazing herbivores as primary consumers. Decomposers like fungi and bacteria break down dead organic matter in both forest and grassland systems.
Woody biomass can be used as an energy source and has advantages over fossil fuels. It is a renewable resource that does not contribute additional carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when burned. Growing biomass can provide economic opportunities for rural communities while improving land and natural resource management. However, traditional use of biomass for cooking also contributes to indoor air pollution, so improved cookstoves are needed.
1. The document summarizes an introduction to ecosystems, including definitions of key terms like producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, and energy pyramids.
2. It describes different types of nutrient cycling (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen), ecosystems in Bangladesh (aquatic, soil, forest), and problems ecosystems face like pollution and global warming.
3. The document concludes by stating that protecting ecosystems requires awareness, influencing laws, reducing pollution, and other small conservation efforts.
The influence of potassium fertilizer on the production of potato (solanum tu...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Rates of 0 to 320 kg K/ha were tested in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Recommended rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were applied to all treatments. While the highest potato tuber yield of 53.33 t/ha was obtained at 280 kg K/ha, there were no statistically significant differences in tuber yield, nutrient concentrations, or soil properties across the K rates tested. However, 280 kg K/ha provided an 11.4% higher yield than the control. Based on these results, applying K fertilizer was not found to be necessary for potato production at this site
Potential threats to rangelands include overgrazing, invasive plants, human population growth, soil erosion, desertification, wildland fires exacerbated by climate change, complex land ownership issues, and a lack of institutional support. Overgrazing damages the land by exceeding the carrying capacity and allowing inferior plants to take over. Invasive plants outcompete native species and alter soil and fire regimes. Human population growth increases demands for food and fuel, resulting in conversion of rangelands and degradation through overexploitation of vegetation and soil erosion.
An ecosystem consists of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system. It can be small, like a pond, medium sized like a forest, or large like the entire Earth. An ecosystem includes both biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors like water, soil, and air. All parts of an ecosystem interact together.
Jatropha Curcas: A Promising Crop for the Generation of BiodieselZK8
This document reviews the potential of Jatropha curcas as a source for biodiesel production and value-added coproducts. Jatropha is highlighted as a promising crop that can grow on degraded and low-quality lands, helping to prevent further degradation. It is drought-tolerant and adaptable to a wide range of climates. The review discusses using Jatropha for carbon capture and enhancing socioeconomic conditions in tropical regions, as well as reclaiming eroded lands. It also compares toxic and non-toxic varieties in terms of their properties and potential for biodiesel and livestock feed.
This document summarizes and compares the structure and function of forest and grassland ecosystems. It outlines the key abiotic and biotic components of each system. Forest ecosystems contain a diversity of tree species that serve as primary producers, along with various herbivores, omnivores, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria. Grassland ecosystems are found in regions with moderate rainfall and are dominated by grasses and forbs as producers, and grazing herbivores as primary consumers. Decomposers like fungi and bacteria break down dead organic matter in both forest and grassland systems.
Woody biomass can be used as an energy source and has advantages over fossil fuels. It is a renewable resource that does not contribute additional carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when burned. Growing biomass can provide economic opportunities for rural communities while improving land and natural resource management. However, traditional use of biomass for cooking also contributes to indoor air pollution, so improved cookstoves are needed.
1. The document summarizes an introduction to ecosystems, including definitions of key terms like producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, and energy pyramids.
2. It describes different types of nutrient cycling (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen), ecosystems in Bangladesh (aquatic, soil, forest), and problems ecosystems face like pollution and global warming.
3. The document concludes by stating that protecting ecosystems requires awareness, influencing laws, reducing pollution, and other small conservation efforts.
The influence of potassium fertilizer on the production of potato (solanum tu...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Rates of 0 to 320 kg K/ha were tested in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Recommended rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were applied to all treatments. While the highest potato tuber yield of 53.33 t/ha was obtained at 280 kg K/ha, there were no statistically significant differences in tuber yield, nutrient concentrations, or soil properties across the K rates tested. However, 280 kg K/ha provided an 11.4% higher yield than the control. Based on these results, applying K fertilizer was not found to be necessary for potato production at this site
11.the influence of potassium fertilizer on the production of potato (solanum...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer (0-320 kg/ha) on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Potato yield ranged from 43.97 to 53.33 tons/ha and was highest at 280 kg K/ha, though differences were not statistically significant. Soil available K and exchangeable K increased with fertilizer rates up to 280-320 kg K/ha compared to the unfertilized control. However, potato tuber and leaf nutrient concentrations and soil chemical properties generally did not show clear trends with increasing K. The researchers concluded that based on the results, K fertilizer was not required for potato production at the study site, though periodic soil and crop testing should
- In Tanzania, 88% of total energy consumption comes from fuelwood and 4% from charcoal, leaving only 7% for petroleum and 1% for electricity.
- Fuelwood constitutes 96.6% of cooking fuel and 4.2% of lighting fuel in rural Tanzanian areas. Estimates of fuelwood consumption per capita in Tanzania range from 1 to 3 cubic meters per year.
- Unsustainable fuelwood extraction is the main driver of deforestation in Tanzania. Certification of sustainably produced fuelwood could help address this issue.
To Improve the Calorific Value of Cotton Waste by Anaerobic Digestionijsrd.com
Ginning industries, spinning mills and other composite textiles industries produce a lot of cotton waste annually. This waste is rich in cellulose and solid contents with sufficient carbon to nitrogen ratios. However a lot of chemicals are already present in cotton waste at the end of various processes like dyeing, finishing, washing, etc. This reduces the fuel value of cotton by lowering down its calorific value. The calorific value (or energy value or heating value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. Improving the calorific value of cotton by anaerobic digestion is an environment friendly approach of converting waste to energy.
This document summarizes key aspects of tropical rainforests including their location in regions within 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, poor nutrient-rich soil, constant high rainfall, and warm climate. It describes the nutrient and energy flows within tropical rainforests and lists some common plant and animal species. The document also discusses productivity, succession, and compares the human impacts on tropical rainforests in more developed countries versus less developed countries.
Biodiversity Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor The University ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance for food security. It notes that biodiversity is declining rapidly due to factors like habitat loss, overexploitation, and climate change. Biodiversity is critical for global food security as it supports crop diversity and food supplies. Loss of biodiversity threatens food security by reducing genetic resources and increasing vulnerabilities. Conservation of biodiversity is important both in natural habitats and through ex situ methods like seed banks and botanical gardens.
Integrated application of compost and inorganic fertilizers for production of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different application rates of compost and inorganic fertilizers on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Compost was prepared on-site using available materials and incorporated into soil 30 days before planting. Four levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and four levels of compost were applied to potato plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest potato yields were obtained with application of the recommended rates of 111 kg N and 39 kg P per hectare without compost. However, applying 10 tons of compost per hectare with 73.4 kg N and 26 kg P also resulted in substantial yield increases. The results indicate that integrated use of compost and inorganic fertilizers can boost potato yields
The document discusses deforestation, specifically in the Amazon rainforest. It notes that the largest drivers of Amazon deforestation are cattle ranching, accounting for about one-third, and other economic activities like infrastructure development, logging, and commercial agriculture, accounting for about two-thirds. Deforestation in the Amazon provides land for cattle pastures and crops but damages the environment by reducing biodiversity and contributing to climate change.
The document summarizes information about tropical deserts, including their locations, climates, biodiversity, and human impacts. Tropical deserts have extremely hot and dry conditions, with average temperatures of 90 degrees Fahrenheit that can rise to 120 degrees. Common animal species include coyotes, owls, rattlesnakes, and vultures, while plant life includes barrel cacti, brittle bush, and creosote bush. Tropical deserts have low productivity rates due to the harsh climate. While some countries have established laws to protect deserts, overexploitation by humans, such as draining aquifers and nuclear testing, has negatively impacted tropical desert ecosystems.
The document summarizes discussions from an episode of the Energy Today show focusing on biomass and biofuels as energy sources. Guests discussed technology and environmental impacts of biomass and biofuels, including sugar and thermochemical platforms, liquid fuel technologies like biodiesel and ethanol blends, and gaseous fuel technologies like gasification. The show also covered biomass uses worldwide, environmental concerns of air pollution and soil deterioration, and socioeconomic benefits of jobs and trade balance improvements from reduced energy imports.
What is the role of forests in the mitigation of climate change?Glen Peters
This document discusses the role of forests in mitigating climate change. It outlines several options for using forests, such as leaving them untouched, sustainable management, and using forest biomass for energy or other products. Afforestation and reforestation on non-forest lands are also discussed as options that likely provide climate benefits. The challenges of accounting for land use and bioenergy emissions are addressed. Scenarios showing large-scale afforestation, reforestation, and bioenergy crops by mid-century raise questions about impacts on land, water, and biodiversity. Overall, expanding forestry on existing lands and using forest biomass could help mitigate climate change if done sustainably, while large-scale conversion of forests or using
Be Guided by the Landscape (Analog Forestry Principle #7)belipola
A short presentation on Analog Forestry principle #7 - Be guided by the landscape. The presentation outlines the methods and usefulness of this principle. It is especially informative in understanding what "landscape" is.
There is an imbalance in global food supply due to unequal distribution of food resources between developed and developing countries. In developed countries, high food production results in oversupply and issues like obesity, while developing countries struggle to produce enough food and have problems with malnutrition. Factors like climate, socioeconomics, and government policies influence what foods are produced and contribute to this imbalance.
The document discusses the importance of forest ecosystems around the world. Forests act as the lungs of the planet by releasing oxygen and absorbing carbon, some forests are ancient and predate human civilizations, and all forests are vital for biodiversity as scientists continue to discover new species. Forests also provide habitat for both animals and indigenous human communities, and help protect the earth from desertification and erosion by shielding against winds.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
This document discusses principles of soil health and how soil functions. It explains that soil should manage energy flow from the sun, store and release water, and cycle nutrients. Soil health relies on a diverse community of organisms and having living roots in the ground as much as possible. Agricultural practices like tillage and overgrazing can disrupt these functions by destroying soil habitat and organisms. The document recommends managing for less soil disturbance, more plant diversity, keeping living roots, and keeping the soil covered to improve soil health.
Jamaica bay task force -Ecological Restoration around the bayecowatchers
The document provides information about various ecological restoration projects in Jamaica Bay, New York. It discusses projects like the Healy Avenue Marsh and Dune restoration from 1999-2001 that restored 2.25 acres, and the Four Sparrow Marsh restoration from 2002-2004 that restored 4.5 acres and removed debris. It also describes the Yellow Bar Hassock restoration project that created about 40 acres of marsh habitat using dredged materials. The document emphasizes how restoration projects can improve habitat for wildlife and plant species in the Jamaica Bay area.
The document discusses the uses and importance of tropical rainforests. It explains that rainforests help with water catchment by reducing surface runoff and filtering rainwater through trees and soil before it reaches reservoirs. Rainforests also play a key role in the oxygen cycle by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. They are home to most of the world's plant and animal species and provide resources like food, medicine, and timber for human populations.
Biofuels and other approaches for decreasing fossil fuel emissionsIvan Vera Montenegro
This document discusses the potential for biofuel crops to decrease fossil fuel emissions from agriculture and help meet climate change targets in the UK and EU. It finds that:
1) If 80% of current UK set-aside land was used to grow biomass crops for electricity, about 3% of current UK electricity demand could be met. With increased yields and land area over decades, this could rise to 12%.
2) Perennial crops like miscanthus, switchgrass and willow provide environmental benefits over annual crops like reduced cultivation and increased soil carbon. They require less pesticides and fertilizer than many agricultural crops.
3) Liquid biofuels produced from oilseed rape and sugar beet can help
Perennial Energy Crops For Semiarid Lands in the MediterraneanEmiliano Maletta
The aim of this report is to demonstrate and evaluate the potential of Elytrigia elongata to
avoid GHG emissions and obtain lower economic costs in marginal areas of Spain and the
Mediterranean region. Our research built scenarios based on experimental plots (2 years growth) in
three locations of Spain with very different climate conditions (provinces of Girona, Soria and
Palencia). In our experiences, we achieved an adequate establishment and biomass production in the
second year in the plots, and assumed yields until the end of the life cycle (estimated in 15 years in many
other studies in United States, Argentina and Eastern Europe). Using data from the experimental plots,
statistical information for economic inputs costs, and the scenarios built, we estimated GHG emissions
savings and compared them to the rank of biomass yields obtained from annual grasses (oats, triticale
and rye) in a large range of environmental conditions (yields of perennial grasses from 3 to 13
odt/ha.year). GHG emissions savings were calculated replacing natural gas electricity with electricity
from biomass combustion in a real centralised power plant in Spain. The assessment included GHG
emissions savings and energy balance for the mentioned yields rank, estimated economic costs for the
achieved biomass and compared with the biomass costs from the winter annual grasses of our previous
study. The preliminary evaluation results suggest that the use of C3 perennial crops, like tall wheatgrass
in marginal areas of Spain for electricity production might present a better performance in terms of
energy yields, costs of the electricity and GHG savings, than utilizing annual grasses
Perennial energy crops for semiarid lands in the Mediterranean: Elytrigia elo...Bioenergy Crops
The aim of this report is to demonstrate and evaluate the potential of tall wheatgrass (Elytrigia elongata) to avoid GHG emissions and obtain lower economic costs in marginal areas of Spain. Our research built scenarios based on experimental plots (2 and 3 years growth) in 3 locations of Spain with completely different climate conditions (provinces of Girona, Soria and Palencia). In our experiences, we achieved an adequate establishment and biomass production, and assumed a rank of biomass yields until the end of the life cycle that is usually accepted to be about 15 years in many other studies in United States, Argentina and Eastern Europe where tall wheatgrass is extensively cultivated in marginal areas for sheep livestock production. Using our experimental plots and statistical information for economic inputs costs, we built 5 different scenarios per region considering a large range of biomass yields of tall wheatgrass. The analysis included a comparison with annual grasses economic costs calculated for a wide range of biomass yields of a previous study. We estimated GHG emissions savings for tall wheatgrasses and used our previous study (which had GHG emissions savings as well). Savings were calculated replacing natural gas electricity with electricity from biomass combustion in real power plants in Spain. In a wide range of yields, the results suggest that marginal areas might present a better performance with tall wheatgrass compared to annual winter grasses (cereals whole plant cuttings), thus producing biomass yields with higher GHG savings and lower economic costs at the farm level.
11.the influence of potassium fertilizer on the production of potato (solanum...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer (0-320 kg/ha) on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Potato yield ranged from 43.97 to 53.33 tons/ha and was highest at 280 kg K/ha, though differences were not statistically significant. Soil available K and exchangeable K increased with fertilizer rates up to 280-320 kg K/ha compared to the unfertilized control. However, potato tuber and leaf nutrient concentrations and soil chemical properties generally did not show clear trends with increasing K. The researchers concluded that based on the results, K fertilizer was not required for potato production at the study site, though periodic soil and crop testing should
- In Tanzania, 88% of total energy consumption comes from fuelwood and 4% from charcoal, leaving only 7% for petroleum and 1% for electricity.
- Fuelwood constitutes 96.6% of cooking fuel and 4.2% of lighting fuel in rural Tanzanian areas. Estimates of fuelwood consumption per capita in Tanzania range from 1 to 3 cubic meters per year.
- Unsustainable fuelwood extraction is the main driver of deforestation in Tanzania. Certification of sustainably produced fuelwood could help address this issue.
To Improve the Calorific Value of Cotton Waste by Anaerobic Digestionijsrd.com
Ginning industries, spinning mills and other composite textiles industries produce a lot of cotton waste annually. This waste is rich in cellulose and solid contents with sufficient carbon to nitrogen ratios. However a lot of chemicals are already present in cotton waste at the end of various processes like dyeing, finishing, washing, etc. This reduces the fuel value of cotton by lowering down its calorific value. The calorific value (or energy value or heating value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. Improving the calorific value of cotton by anaerobic digestion is an environment friendly approach of converting waste to energy.
This document summarizes key aspects of tropical rainforests including their location in regions within 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator, poor nutrient-rich soil, constant high rainfall, and warm climate. It describes the nutrient and energy flows within tropical rainforests and lists some common plant and animal species. The document also discusses productivity, succession, and compares the human impacts on tropical rainforests in more developed countries versus less developed countries.
Biodiversity Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor The University ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance for food security. It notes that biodiversity is declining rapidly due to factors like habitat loss, overexploitation, and climate change. Biodiversity is critical for global food security as it supports crop diversity and food supplies. Loss of biodiversity threatens food security by reducing genetic resources and increasing vulnerabilities. Conservation of biodiversity is important both in natural habitats and through ex situ methods like seed banks and botanical gardens.
Integrated application of compost and inorganic fertilizers for production of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different application rates of compost and inorganic fertilizers on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Compost was prepared on-site using available materials and incorporated into soil 30 days before planting. Four levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and four levels of compost were applied to potato plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest potato yields were obtained with application of the recommended rates of 111 kg N and 39 kg P per hectare without compost. However, applying 10 tons of compost per hectare with 73.4 kg N and 26 kg P also resulted in substantial yield increases. The results indicate that integrated use of compost and inorganic fertilizers can boost potato yields
The document discusses deforestation, specifically in the Amazon rainforest. It notes that the largest drivers of Amazon deforestation are cattle ranching, accounting for about one-third, and other economic activities like infrastructure development, logging, and commercial agriculture, accounting for about two-thirds. Deforestation in the Amazon provides land for cattle pastures and crops but damages the environment by reducing biodiversity and contributing to climate change.
The document summarizes information about tropical deserts, including their locations, climates, biodiversity, and human impacts. Tropical deserts have extremely hot and dry conditions, with average temperatures of 90 degrees Fahrenheit that can rise to 120 degrees. Common animal species include coyotes, owls, rattlesnakes, and vultures, while plant life includes barrel cacti, brittle bush, and creosote bush. Tropical deserts have low productivity rates due to the harsh climate. While some countries have established laws to protect deserts, overexploitation by humans, such as draining aquifers and nuclear testing, has negatively impacted tropical desert ecosystems.
The document summarizes discussions from an episode of the Energy Today show focusing on biomass and biofuels as energy sources. Guests discussed technology and environmental impacts of biomass and biofuels, including sugar and thermochemical platforms, liquid fuel technologies like biodiesel and ethanol blends, and gaseous fuel technologies like gasification. The show also covered biomass uses worldwide, environmental concerns of air pollution and soil deterioration, and socioeconomic benefits of jobs and trade balance improvements from reduced energy imports.
What is the role of forests in the mitigation of climate change?Glen Peters
This document discusses the role of forests in mitigating climate change. It outlines several options for using forests, such as leaving them untouched, sustainable management, and using forest biomass for energy or other products. Afforestation and reforestation on non-forest lands are also discussed as options that likely provide climate benefits. The challenges of accounting for land use and bioenergy emissions are addressed. Scenarios showing large-scale afforestation, reforestation, and bioenergy crops by mid-century raise questions about impacts on land, water, and biodiversity. Overall, expanding forestry on existing lands and using forest biomass could help mitigate climate change if done sustainably, while large-scale conversion of forests or using
Be Guided by the Landscape (Analog Forestry Principle #7)belipola
A short presentation on Analog Forestry principle #7 - Be guided by the landscape. The presentation outlines the methods and usefulness of this principle. It is especially informative in understanding what "landscape" is.
There is an imbalance in global food supply due to unequal distribution of food resources between developed and developing countries. In developed countries, high food production results in oversupply and issues like obesity, while developing countries struggle to produce enough food and have problems with malnutrition. Factors like climate, socioeconomics, and government policies influence what foods are produced and contribute to this imbalance.
The document discusses the importance of forest ecosystems around the world. Forests act as the lungs of the planet by releasing oxygen and absorbing carbon, some forests are ancient and predate human civilizations, and all forests are vital for biodiversity as scientists continue to discover new species. Forests also provide habitat for both animals and indigenous human communities, and help protect the earth from desertification and erosion by shielding against winds.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
This document discusses principles of soil health and how soil functions. It explains that soil should manage energy flow from the sun, store and release water, and cycle nutrients. Soil health relies on a diverse community of organisms and having living roots in the ground as much as possible. Agricultural practices like tillage and overgrazing can disrupt these functions by destroying soil habitat and organisms. The document recommends managing for less soil disturbance, more plant diversity, keeping living roots, and keeping the soil covered to improve soil health.
Jamaica bay task force -Ecological Restoration around the bayecowatchers
The document provides information about various ecological restoration projects in Jamaica Bay, New York. It discusses projects like the Healy Avenue Marsh and Dune restoration from 1999-2001 that restored 2.25 acres, and the Four Sparrow Marsh restoration from 2002-2004 that restored 4.5 acres and removed debris. It also describes the Yellow Bar Hassock restoration project that created about 40 acres of marsh habitat using dredged materials. The document emphasizes how restoration projects can improve habitat for wildlife and plant species in the Jamaica Bay area.
The document discusses the uses and importance of tropical rainforests. It explains that rainforests help with water catchment by reducing surface runoff and filtering rainwater through trees and soil before it reaches reservoirs. Rainforests also play a key role in the oxygen cycle by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. They are home to most of the world's plant and animal species and provide resources like food, medicine, and timber for human populations.
Biofuels and other approaches for decreasing fossil fuel emissionsIvan Vera Montenegro
This document discusses the potential for biofuel crops to decrease fossil fuel emissions from agriculture and help meet climate change targets in the UK and EU. It finds that:
1) If 80% of current UK set-aside land was used to grow biomass crops for electricity, about 3% of current UK electricity demand could be met. With increased yields and land area over decades, this could rise to 12%.
2) Perennial crops like miscanthus, switchgrass and willow provide environmental benefits over annual crops like reduced cultivation and increased soil carbon. They require less pesticides and fertilizer than many agricultural crops.
3) Liquid biofuels produced from oilseed rape and sugar beet can help
Perennial Energy Crops For Semiarid Lands in the MediterraneanEmiliano Maletta
The aim of this report is to demonstrate and evaluate the potential of Elytrigia elongata to
avoid GHG emissions and obtain lower economic costs in marginal areas of Spain and the
Mediterranean region. Our research built scenarios based on experimental plots (2 years growth) in
three locations of Spain with very different climate conditions (provinces of Girona, Soria and
Palencia). In our experiences, we achieved an adequate establishment and biomass production in the
second year in the plots, and assumed yields until the end of the life cycle (estimated in 15 years in many
other studies in United States, Argentina and Eastern Europe). Using data from the experimental plots,
statistical information for economic inputs costs, and the scenarios built, we estimated GHG emissions
savings and compared them to the rank of biomass yields obtained from annual grasses (oats, triticale
and rye) in a large range of environmental conditions (yields of perennial grasses from 3 to 13
odt/ha.year). GHG emissions savings were calculated replacing natural gas electricity with electricity
from biomass combustion in a real centralised power plant in Spain. The assessment included GHG
emissions savings and energy balance for the mentioned yields rank, estimated economic costs for the
achieved biomass and compared with the biomass costs from the winter annual grasses of our previous
study. The preliminary evaluation results suggest that the use of C3 perennial crops, like tall wheatgrass
in marginal areas of Spain for electricity production might present a better performance in terms of
energy yields, costs of the electricity and GHG savings, than utilizing annual grasses
Perennial energy crops for semiarid lands in the Mediterranean: Elytrigia elo...Bioenergy Crops
The aim of this report is to demonstrate and evaluate the potential of tall wheatgrass (Elytrigia elongata) to avoid GHG emissions and obtain lower economic costs in marginal areas of Spain. Our research built scenarios based on experimental plots (2 and 3 years growth) in 3 locations of Spain with completely different climate conditions (provinces of Girona, Soria and Palencia). In our experiences, we achieved an adequate establishment and biomass production, and assumed a rank of biomass yields until the end of the life cycle that is usually accepted to be about 15 years in many other studies in United States, Argentina and Eastern Europe where tall wheatgrass is extensively cultivated in marginal areas for sheep livestock production. Using our experimental plots and statistical information for economic inputs costs, we built 5 different scenarios per region considering a large range of biomass yields of tall wheatgrass. The analysis included a comparison with annual grasses economic costs calculated for a wide range of biomass yields of a previous study. We estimated GHG emissions savings for tall wheatgrasses and used our previous study (which had GHG emissions savings as well). Savings were calculated replacing natural gas electricity with electricity from biomass combustion in real power plants in Spain. In a wide range of yields, the results suggest that marginal areas might present a better performance with tall wheatgrass compared to annual winter grasses (cereals whole plant cuttings), thus producing biomass yields with higher GHG savings and lower economic costs at the farm level.
Mass media has played a role in changing the behavior of forest growers in rural Pakistan communities by educating them about reforestation practices through television and radio. Reforestation can help address issues like deforestation, pollution, and climate change by replanting and restoring forests to absorb carbon dioxide. While some debate exists around maintaining biodiversity in reforested areas, most projects involve planting a variety of seedlings. Countries like Finland have laws requiring replanting of forests after harvesting to support wood industries. Overall, reforestation can provide environmental and economic benefits if done sustainably.
26.08.2022 р.
Вирощування енергетичних рослин як сегмент біоенергетики має розвиватися раціонально у контексті сьогоднішніх викликів.
«Питання енергетичної безпеки, які ми обговорюємо і підходи до якої ми розвиваємо в дискусіях спільно з «Energy Club», не можуть оминути розвиток біоенергетики», - повідомив Голова Держенергоефективності Валерій Безус, відкриваючи четверту дискусію із циклу професійних обговорень «Біоенергетика України», ініційованих разом із діловою спільнотою «Energy Club».
Цього разу було піднято тему “Багаторічні енергетичні рослини у контексті сталого розвитку та енергетичної незалежності: виклики та реалії”.
«Питання вирощування енергетичних рослин в контексті розвитку біоенергетики є важливим, але, на жаль, немає достатньої уваги, що відповідала б потенціалу. За даними, які ми маємо, лише трохи більше 6 тис. га малопродуктивних земель на сьогоднішній день використовуються під енергетичні рослини», - повідомив В.Безус.
Деталі: https://saee.gov.ua/uk/news/4409
1. The IPCC estimates that 730 billion tonnes of CO2 must be removed from the atmosphere by 2100 to limit global warming to 1.5°C. Boosting forest area could store around one-quarter of that amount through adding 24 million hectares of new forest each year until 2030.
2. Over 40 countries have committed to restoring nearly 300 million hectares of degraded land, with most commitments in the tropics and subtropics where trees grow quickly. Natural regeneration is the cheapest option, allowing trees to return to 34% of restored areas, while plantations make up 45% aimed at profitable forestry.
3. Research finds that giving 350 million hectares to natural forest restoration
This document provides an overview of how to study stored carbon in mangrove forests. It discusses important terminology related to biomass and carbon storage. Mangroves are defined as trees or shrubs that grow in coastal intertidal zones. The document outlines the global distribution of mangroves and their ecosystem services, which include providing timber, stabilizing sediment, filtering water, and serving as nurseries for marine life. Methods are presented for estimating the biomass and carbon stocks in different components of mangrove systems, such as aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, litter, and soil.
This document discusses how introducing certain slow-growing, deep-rooted grass varieties known as "carbon grasses" into public green spaces could significantly improve the environment and reduce costs. These varieties store carbon in the soil more efficiently than traditional grasses, sequestering up to 300% more carbon annually. They also require less mowing, saving an estimated 30% on annual maintenance costs across the UK's 300,000 hectares of public green spaces. The document proposes a method called "sward swapping" to replace existing grass with carbon grasses through overseeding without disturbing the soil, and argues this could generate carbon credits while reducing long-term expenses.
This document discusses various sources of biomass that can be used for fuel applications. It describes how biomass from agriculture, forestry, plantations and animal husbandry can be processed into fuels. Primary sources include crop residues, woody biomass, animal waste and energy crops. Technologies for converting biomass include direct combustion as well as thermochemical and biochemical processes like pyrolysis, gasification and anaerobic digestion. The document also provides estimates of biomass potential from different sources in various countries and discusses preparation and densification of biomass through processes like drying, grinding and briquetting to improve its fuel properties.
The document summarizes Minnesota's Statewide Conservation and Preservation Plan which aims to:
1) Provide a comprehensive inventory and assessment of Minnesota's environment and natural resources.
2) Identify key issues affecting natural resources and recommend actions to improve outcomes.
3) Highlight opportunities for forest biomass and carbon markets to mitigate climate change through practices like cellulosic ethanol production and perennial crop sequestration.
Planet Aid Post for the Environment and for PeoplePlanet Aid
Planet Aid is dedicated to saving the Earth’s resources. Since we began operations in 1997, our recycling program has saved more than 800 million pounds of clothing from wasteful disposal, thus preventing more than 1.5 million tons of greenhouse gases from entering the atmosphere. Of course, there is still much more to do. With this issue of the Post, we sharpen our focus on climate change, which we consider the most pressing environmental challenge of our time. We hope you find the articles in this issue informative, and that they inspire you to contribute to the movement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses the integration of second-generation bioenergy crops into farming systems as a way to avoid competition for land between food and fuel production. It provides an example from New Zealand where Miscanthus grass is grown as shelterbelts on dairy farms. The shelterbelts provide multiple ecosystem services, including shelter for livestock, a harvestable crop, and habitat for beneficial insects. Farms with Miscanthus shelterbelts showed increased pasture yields from reduced evapotranspiration in sheltered areas and positive impacts on soil and insects. By producing bioenergy as a co-product of dairy farming, the need to replace food-productive land is reduced. The ecosystem services provided by integrated bioenergy crops can improve farming sustainability and
This document provides a summary of over two years of research on an experimental composting greenhouse at New Alchemy Institute. The composting greenhouse combines composting and horticultural practices in the same structure. Heat and carbon dioxide produced during composting are used to enhance greenhouse crop production and eliminate fuel costs, while offsetting costs of the composting operation. Research is ongoing to improve the design and study the effects on plant growth and nitrogen dynamics.
This 3-sentence summary provides the high-level information about the document:
The document reports on over two years of research operating and monitoring an experimental composting greenhouse at New Alchemy Institute that combines composting and horticultural practices. The composting greenhouse produced over 100 tons of compost and tens of thousands of seedlings in its first full year while eliminating fuel costs for heating and offsetting costs of the composting operation by using heat and carbon dioxide from the compost to enhance greenhouse crop production. Research is continuing to improve the design and study the effects on nitrogen dynamics with the goal of adapting the prototype to practical applications on different scales.
Briquetting machine report for phase-1manugowdapes
This document discusses the design and fabrication of a low-cost briquetting machine. It begins by introducing briquetting as a process to compress biomass into densified briquettes using screw or pneumatic compressors. It then describes the process of briquetting which involves drying, grinding, and compressing biomass. The document goes on to discuss the need for an integrated low-cost machine that can grind and compress biomass. It cites issues with fossil fuel depletion and air pollution as motivation for developing biomass briquettes as an alternative. The machine is intended to efficiently produce briquettes from dry waste that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels like coal.
Energy Crops Pellets: a Revolution for MiscanthusJossie Xiong
iscanthus is a kind of perennial energy crop that grows over three meters tall, resembles bamboo and produces the crop every year without replanting. The rapid growth, low mineral content and high yield have made miscanthus emerging as biomass fuel.
Bob Wilson, a farmer from WA and board member with the Evergreen Farming Group, reveals the massive shift in farming technique the farmers of the west have made. No one can fail to be uplifted by the story Bob has to tell.
Perlite supplies the ideal balance between air and water in addition to the c...MaqsoodKhalid3
Perlite supplies the ideal balance between air and water in addition to the characteristic of keeping water and fertilizer to ensure the plant's needs. It is used by mixing it with soil at different rates according to the kind of soil (sand-mud) as for the upper layer of soil with enough depth to cover the roots of plants as for trees or shrubs as a rate vary from %15-30 of the result of dig.
The document discusses commercializing Miscanthus as a biomass feedstock. It notes growing government mandates for renewable fuels that will require billions of tons of biomass annually. Miscanthus is presented as a promising perennial crop that can yield 20+ tons per acre with low inputs. Specifically, Freedom Giant Miscanthus is highlighted as the best variety for the Southeast, producing high yields for 20 years with little fertilizer or other inputs. The document outlines the agronomics, yields, economics and developing supply chain for growing and utilizing Miscanthus as a biomass feedstock at commercial scale.
Giant miscanthus, also known as Freedom miscanthus, is a perennial grass that can yield 20+ tons per acre annually, making it a promising bioenergy crop for the Southeast. It requires low inputs, is highly drought tolerant, and can grow on marginal soils. Commercialization efforts are scaling up plantings of the grass through a licensed grower network to establish a sustainable supply chain for biomass end users. Over 500 acres of the grass have already been planted to provide a foundation stock for further expansion.
The document discusses the benefits of growing giant miscanthus, also called Freedom miscanthus. It is a perennial energy grass that was developed by Dr. Brian Baldwin at Michigan State University to be well-suited for growth in the Southeastern US. It can yield over 20 tons per acre with very low inputs, makes use of marginal land, requires little fertilizer or herbicides, and sequesters carbon in the soil. The document provides details on its establishment, growth pattern over several years, harvesting process, and economics for growers. It aims to scale up plantings of the crop significantly in coming years through establishing foundation acres and research partnerships.
1) Mississippi State University is researching pyrolysis of giant miscanthus to produce biofuels such as bio-oil, hydrocarbons, and ethanol.
2) Their auger reactor design can produce bio-oil at 67% yield from giant miscanthus and the design is being licensed to an industrial partner for commercialization.
3) Through hydrodeoxygenation and esterification, they can upgrade bio-oil into hydrocarbon mixtures and boiler fuel with properties similar to diesel, as well as produce anhydrosugars from the aqueous fraction that can be converted to ethanol.
Freedom giant miscanthus is being commercialized as a feedstock for biofuels and biomaterials. It is a perennial grass that is well-suited to growing in the southeastern US, producing high and stable yields with low inputs. It was developed at Michigan State University and is the only named and certified variety for the region. Commercialization efforts include establishing foundation stock, growing demonstration plots, and developing the supply chain infrastructure needed for harvesting, storing, and transporting the biomass. The goal is to plant 50,000 to 100,000 acres in 2011 and achieve exponential growth in acreage in subsequent years.
This document discusses the growth stages of Miscanthus plants over a 9 month period for biofuel production. It includes photos showing Miscanthus at 1, 3, 4, 6, and 9 months of age both in greenhouses and in fields, as well as photos of harvested Miscanthus and divided rhizomes ready for planting. Experts from Mississippi State University and SunBelt Biofuels inspect and monitor the growth of the Miscanthus plants.
A new strain of giant miscanthus grass called Freedom Giant Miscanthus has been developed by Mississippi State University and licensed by SunBelt Biofuels for commercialization. This grass is a viable alternative to corn and switchgrass for biofuel production. It takes only one year to mature compared to 20 years for trees. Freedom Giant Miscanthus is also very profitable for farmers, stimulating rural economies, and can produce over 3,000 gallons of fuel per acre. If widely planted, it could help make states like Georgia energy independent and lessen the country's dependence on foreign oil.
Collaboration between Mississippi State University and a Georgia businessman may provide the Southeast a viable biofuel feedstock in the form of a new variety of giant miscanthus called "Freedom". MSU researcher Brian Baldwin spent 12 years studying different grass species and determined that giant miscanthus consistently produced higher yields than other candidates such as switchgrass, averaging 18-20 tons per acre. The exclusive rights to produce and distribute the seed stock for Freedom were licensed to Phillip Jennings' new company SunBelt Biofuels, which plans to make it commercially available to growers in spring 2010. Freedom is well-suited to the Southeast climate and could provide farmers an alternative crop for the production of sustainable bioenergy.
This document provides information about Freedom giant miscanthus, a perennial grass that can be grown as a renewable energy crop. It summarizes that:
1) Freedom giant miscanthus yields up to 25 tons per acre annually, more than other energy crops like corn or switchgrass, and it can grow on marginal lands with low inputs.
2) As a perennial crop that does not need to be replanted annually, it eliminates costs and environmental impacts of replanting while building soil organic matter through its roots and harvesting process.
3) It is an efficient carbon sink and stores nutrients in its roots, making it a clean-burning and renewable energy source.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
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1. den 17 januari 2007
A versatile solution? Growing Miscanthus
for bioenergy
by Jonathan Harvey
The need for a rapid reduction in greenhouse gases is well known, and bioenergy is one
of the possible solutions. The new perennial grass crop Miscanthus is particularly
promising for bioenergy, as it is hardy, fast growing and efficient in its use of water.
Jonathan Harvey reviews the technical and commercial progress, and future prospects,
for the crop.
Miscanthus is the name of a group of perennial grasses native to Asia and Africa, and
first introduced into the UK as an ornamental plant in the 19th century. The type most
commonly grown for biomass is a sterile hybrid (called Miscanthus x giganteus), which,
once established, grows 3-metre woody canes each summer.
The canes themselves sprout from underground rhizomes, which are perennial and tough
- able to survive in all but the coldest areas of Europe. The cane senesces in the autumn
and winter, with most of the nutrients and salts being returned from the canes to the
rhizomes below ground for next year’s growth. The standing cane’s dry matter content
will increase over winter, reaching 60%-90% by the time it is ready to be harvested in
February to April.
Yields of Miscanthus cane from mature crops are typically 12-20 tonnes dry matter per
hectare per year in temperate Europe. Yields in the USA (Illinois) have been recorded at
over 40 tonnes.
The energy content of the cane is typically 17 MJ per kg of dry matter, similar to wood
but with higher silicon content.
Miscanthus compared with other crops
Miscanthus and maize are the only agricultural crops grown in northern Europe that
possess the C4 photosynthetic pathway, all others being C3 pathway (C3 and C4 are the
two main types of photosynthesis). The C4 system requires more energy (light and heat)
to drive it than C3, but in favourable conditions it can operate with greater
photosynthetic efficiency, and with more efficient use of water and nitrogen. Most C4
plants grow in warm temperate or tropical climates, and few have evolved to be frost
hardy. Miscanthus is an exception, with some varieties able to survive in countries with
much colder winters than the UK, such as Japan. In total, C4 plants comprise only 5% of
global biomass, but they include some of the highest-yielding crops in the world (C4
crops include sugar cane, sorghum and maize). When harvested, Miscanthus has a higher
dry matter content than trees or SRC willow. Despite high efficiency in water use, the
crop is still rainfall dependent to achieve highest yields.
Environmental benefits of Miscanthus
When the potential for specific energy crops was examined, one of the key issues was
that the energy expended in growing them should be less than for conventional arable
crops. This is helped if the energy crops have low requirements for fertilizers, pesticides
and other agrochemicals, as these consume large amounts of fossil energy in their
manufacture. Low machinery costs are also desirable, and perennial crops have an
advantage as annual soil cultivations are not needed. The energy and carbon savings of
growing perennial energy crops in countries such as the UK can be considerable.
2. The old and the new? Miscanthus bales
outside a coal-fired power station in the UK
SUPERGEN
By contrast, there is no certainty of similar savings from co-firing of imported biomass
unless the sustainability of each product and source is carefully assessed, including
transportation from source to power station.
Miscanthus energy balance
The key benefit of Miscanthus is that the energy expended in growing it (planting,
chemicals, harvesting, drying etc) is much less than that released when it is used for
fuel. This energy ratio has been calculated (by ADAS Consultancy Ltd working for
ETSU/UK Department of Trade and Industry) for Miscanthus and other crops (see Table
1). This table show that planting Miscanthus in place of typical arable crops can greatly
reduce energy inputs whilst increasing energy output in the form of mainly cellulosic
material, well suited to use as fuel. Similar calculations have been published by DTI (in
URN 01/797) and put the energy ratio for Miscanthus at 36:1.
Carbon balance and emissions ‘saved’
The high energy balance with Miscanthus is associated with a high carbon balance for the
crop. Calculations published by DTI (publication URN 01/797) put the Miscanthus carbon
ratio at 53:1. This means that, of the carbon contained in the fuel, for every one part of
man-made carbon inputs needed to grow and harvest it, 53 parts are absorbed by the
crop from the environment. Miscanthus biomass contains 47% carbon; therefore a crop
of 15 tonnes dry matter per hectare would fix, in a single year, 7 tonnes of carbon -
equivalent to 25.7 tonnes of CO2. Harvested for co-firing in late winter, the crop is
potentially carbon neutral, because only the carbon fixed by photosynthesis in the
previous growing season is released when the crop is co-fired with coal, saving an
equivalent amount of fossil fuel carbon from coal. Thus a significant quantity of emissions
can be prevented by co-firing. Dr Mortimer, in the DTI publication Climate Change and
the European Countryside, has calculated that co-firing Miscanthus pellets could save
16.4 tonnes of CO2 equivalent in greenhouse gases per hectare per year of a high
yielding Miscanthus crop.
3. Miscanthus is a hardy crop and can survive
winter in all but the coldest of European
climates SUPERGEN
Soil carbon sequestration
In addition to its positive energy balance (particularly when compared with other energy
crops such as rapeseed), Miscanthus can sequester large amounts of carbon underground
for a long period (over 100 years). Miscanthus cane is harvested annually but no soil
cultivation is carried out after the first year, so that in the first four years Miscanthus
may sequester 7-9 tonnes of carbon per hectare in the soil. The long-term benefit of this
will depend on yield, soil type and climate, but in some circumstances will be significant.
By contrast, long-term annual cropping reduces soil carbon, and arable soils typically
contain less than 2% carbon. Non-cultivation of arable land typically increases soil
carbon. Land typically contains 130 to 650 tonnes of carbon per hectare, so the potential
for carbon sequestration with Miscanthus can be considerable. R.B. Mathews and P.
Grogan, in a paper published by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB 65:303-312),
have compared long-term potential carbon sequestration rates for SRC willow, woodland
and Miscanthus. High rates of carbon sequestration are predicted for all three crops, with
the highest rate for Miscanthus at 0.93 tonnes of carbon/ha/year.
4. A perennial crop, Miscanthus can produce
canes up to 3 metres high each summer
BICAL
Impact on biodiversity
The expansion of perennial biomass crops in the UK is potentially more environmentally
friendly than the use of other crops. The leaf litter from the previous harvest remains;
this prevents weed growth, preserves soil moisture, reduces soil erosion and represents a
good environment for insects and other fauna. Miscanthus can support a greater diversity
of species than annual crops, and creates a number of ecological niches in which
populations of organisms are increased. Pheasants have been observed, and deer are
commonly seen in UK plantations. A review for MAFF (the then UK Dept of Agriculture)
(Brent K.J 1998) reports greater species diversity with Miscanthus than for rye. It also
reports that in Germany a Miscanthus plantation gave winter harbour to deer, hares,
quail and partridge. Later, nesting reed warblers and linnets were observed.
A more recent study funded by the DTI (Semere, T. & Slater, F. 2004) stated: ‘In
conclusion, because perennial rhizomatous grasses require a single initial planting, and
because the crops were harvested in March and not disturbed by cultivation every year,
the fields were used as over-wintering sites for birds, small mammals and invertebrates,
suggesting immediate benefits to biodiversity. Further trials are currently being funded
by DEFRA and BICAL Ltd.’
Miscanthus for atmospheric carbon reduction
By efficient growth and conversion of biomass to power, including sequestration of power
station stack emissions of CO2 by burial, or conversion by algae to biomass, it is in theory
possible to generate electricity, and simultaneously reduce GHG levels in the
atmosphere. Clearly the technology is not ready, but the potential is there already.
Miscanthus as fuel
5. Development of UK co-firing market
Currently, the main use of Miscanthus in the UK is in co-firing with coal in existing power
stations, in line with the Renewable Obligation. There are 15 large co-firing locations
registered in the UK, creating an annual requirement for over 3 million tonnes of biomass
fuel. Several are interested in Miscanthus supply contracts.
Of the Miscanthus supply companies, Biomass Industrial Crops Ltd (trading as BICAL)
appears to be dominant, having the major EU supply of rhizome for planting, and having
invested heavily in planting and cane handling technology. Current estimates suggest it
has a 7% share of this market for contracts. The Miscanthus fuel is supplied to the power
stations as field-compacted bales, or compacted products (pellets or cubes).
BICAL has secured large-scale fuel contracts with substantial power companies, including
Drax, and is currently aiming to secure contracts for 32,500 ha of Miscanthus crops (so
far around 7000 ha of Miscanthus have been established).
To help supply these substantial end users, BICAL Ltd has set up four wholly owned
subsidiary fuel producer groups. The core product of these groups will be Miscanthus for
co-firing, but products such as pellets for the heat market and animal bedding products
will be developed.
Planting machines in the UK. Over the next
few years, Miscanthus growing could
expand from a relatively small business into
a huge global industry BICAL
UK dedicated crop- fuelled power stations
Around the UK, there are a number of small power stations built or under construction
which will use Miscanthus as feedstock.
The EPR crop-fuelled power station at Ely has been operating successfully for several
years burning mainly cereal straw bales on a grated bed system. Some modifications
have been made, and now enable Miscanthus bales to be handled. Commercial trials with
Miscanthus were successful, and it is now considered a valid alternative fuel. However
the present owners do not currently burn Miscanthus, and have no plans to do so. The
power station is rated at 38 MWe and conversion efficiency is well over 30%.
At Eccleshall in Staffordshire, a small Miscanthus-fuelled power station is currently under
construction, supplied by a growers’ group organized by BiEcc Ltd, a subsidiary of BICAL
Ltd. It has a Talbott boiler system and power output is rated at 2.5 MWe.
In another project, John Amos & Co Ltd is supplying Miscanthus fuel for the first on-farm
combined heat and power station in UK. The plant is powered by a Talbott BG 100
generator producing 100 kW and 200 kWth of heat. There are further plans to install five
new power stations with a combined capacity of up to 10 MWe.
UK domestic and commercial heat market
Domestic heaters and boilers fuelled by pellets or cubes are beginning to emerge as a
substantial long-term market, albeit one that Miscanthus is not currently exploiting.
However the market is strong, with pellets selling at £130 ($250) per tonne being
competitive with fossil fuels. Both BICAL and John Amos & Co are planning to produce
Miscanthus pellets to tap into this lucrative sector.
6. Biomass heating has been identified by the UK DTI as the most efficient way to utilize
local biomass. A recent report suggests agricultural biomass could contribute up to 3% of
UK energy supply in this way.
Pembrokeshire Bio-energy is a Miscanthus growers’ group which now has 100 ha of crop
planted, sufficient to fuel the entire Bluestone Holiday Village Project. To run the
operation they have set up an energy services supply company, which supplies the heat
requirements of the village, charged to users per kWh. In addition they plan to produce
biomass pellets for domestic and commercial use.
Future markets for Miscanthus
Whilst combustion in UK power stations, mainly in co-firing with coal, is the main current
use of Miscanthus, other developments show great promise in the longer term, including
paper pulp and liquid biofuels.
Cellulosic bioethanol and biodiesel
Bioethanol and biodiesel are currently produced mainly from seed crops by processes
that give net energy (output/input) balances of 1.5:1 or less. In some of the older
processes the balance is less than one, so that there is a net energy loss in the process.
However companies in USA, Canada and Spain are just starting to build the first
commercial plants to make bioethanol from cellulosic crops and crop residues. These will
give much higher energy balances, producing about twice the amount of ethanol per
hectare of crop than is possible by fermentation of maize grain. Initially, corn stover and
other cereal straws will be used for the cellulosic conversions, but one company in
Louisiana has selected sugar cane bagasse as raw material, which is similar to
Miscanthus cane. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has estimated that
cellulosic processes could potentially yield one million litres of ethanol for every 150-300
hectares of crop.
There is considerable interest in the use of switchgrass and Miscanthus for ethanol
production, particularly in the United States. Both crops are C4 pathway perennial
grasses, and although switchgrass is native to the North American prairies, Miscanthus
appears to be higher yielding, at least in some of the northern states including Illinois,
according to work done at the University of Illinois.
According to Michael Wang of Argonne National Laboratories USA, these types of
cellulosic ethanol are estimated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (compared to
gasoline) by 80% (compared with 20%-30% for grain ethanol), and so could produce
major environmental benefits.
It is also technically possible to make synthetic diesel from Miscanthus by fast pyrolysis
or the Fischer-Tropsch process. Despite this there have so far been no announcements
on the commercial use of Miscanthus for biofuels.
Potential for Miscanthus across Europe
Clifton-Brown et al., (in Global Change Biology April 2004) estimate that if Miscanthus
was grown on 10% of suitable land in the EU-15 countries it could produce electricity
equal to 9% of the gross electricity output in 2000. Total carbon mitigation could be
about 9% of the EU carbon emissions (at 1990 levels), which could allow the union to
meet its Kyoto obligations from Miscanthus alone. (Note that the figure of 9% of total
carbon emissions includes the displacement of coal and the potential carbon sequestered
to the soil by the Miscanthus crop).
To date the UK appears to have the main stocks of biomass-quality Miscanthus rhizomes
in Europe. To capitalize, BICAL has set up subsidiary companies in France and Ireland
with trading partners, operating under the BICAL identity. The company is also active in
Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain and Poland. Other companies, including ADAS Consulting
Ltd are also active in some countries in a consultancy or supply role.
In France, INRA, the government research organization, has set up a development
programme for cellulosic biomass ethanol crops, and Miscanthus plays a major role in
this. Meanwhile BICAL France is actively recruiting growers for a range of end uses,
including co-firing, over most of the country.
Early work in Germany, particularly in Bavaria, gave very high yields, but progress was
set back by winter hardiness problems with small tissue-cultured plants not surviving the
first winter. Now however a number of farmers and businesses are actively developing
7. the crop. Germany has always had considerable expertise in the development of liquid
fuel alternatives to gasoline, and seems likely to continue to lead in this area.
Figure 1. Map showing the predicted yields of
Miscanthus across Europe. Source: Kassel
University
In Ireland the government has recently announced its intention to set up an energy crop
establishment support scheme, with EU funding for willow SRC and Miscanthus planting.
Possible uses would be the conversion of the current peat burning fluidized bed power
stations to biomass, at least in part, and there are also possibilities to co-fire Miscanthus
with coal in large modern plants. Both uses would improve carbon mitigation. Ireland’s
pastureland produces heavy emissions of methane from the ruminant livestock. There
are possibilities for profitable conversion of this land to Miscanthus for energy cropping
with concurrent reductions in GHG emissions, and good soil carbon sequestration
potential.
In the Ukraine, Miscanthus is being planted on a 5000 ha energy park, but little other
information is currently available.
Back in the UK, the DTI and the Carbon Trust have forecast that energy crops could
supply 5%-6% of electricity demand by 2020, through a combination of combustion and
gasification technologies. This assumes the planting of 350,000 ha (35% of the DEFRA
estimated available space) of energy crops, and could save emissions up to 8 million
tonnes of CO2/year. The DTI estimates suggest that Miscanthus (22-27 g/kWh net CO2)
gives lower emission rates than SRC willow or straw.
European Union Biomass Plan
Considering the EU-25 as a whole, the European Biomass Plan (published in December
2005) shows very high requirements for energy crops from agriculture and biomass in
total across the EU-25 from 2010 to 2030 (Table 2). This suggests colossal rates of
increase in biomass cropping for electricity, transport fuels and heating. In total, the
biomass plan would reduce emissions by 209 million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year, and
would provide employment for 250,000-300,000 people, mainly in rural areas. As much
as one quarter of the cropping could be provided by Miscanthus, if sufficient rhizome
stock were available.
8. Potential for Miscanthus in the USA
Trial yields of Miscanthus in the USA have been very high, reaching over 40 tonnes dry
matter/hectare in Illinois. Indeed, Illinois used to be called ‘The Prairie State’ with over
60% of the state covered in grassland, until it was ploughed up for arable farming.
Illinois University (Steve Long and Emily Heaton) has led this work on Miscanthus, and
commercial uses are being developed. These could include co-firing in local coal power
stations, and use as pellets for pellet stoves. Pellet stoves that handle grain, corn stover
and switchgrass are available and being further developed for Miscanthus. It is known
that there is significant potential, particularly for cellulosic bioethanol and biodiesel
production, in the USA, from a range of technologies, including gasification and pyrolysis
conversions as well as novel enzymatic systems. Illinois farm management budgets
suggest much higher net margins from Miscanthus than from corn and soya bean
rotations.
CERES, a California-based biotechnology company, is involved in breeding new varieties
or multiplication (increasing plant stocks) of switchgrass and Miscanthus, while BICAL is
working with Illinois University, and has farming partners establishing commercial
Miscanthus production. BICAL has also formed a partnership with Environmentally
Correct Concepts Inc in Illinois, to utilize their patented technology for carbon
sequestration quantification.
USDOE energy crop national forecasts
The US Department of Energy, along with its Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL),
forecasts the requirement for energy crops by 2008 at 188 million tonnes (at less than
$50 per tonne dry matter). Other ORNL data suggests that if perennial energy crop yields
are high (as they have been so far for Miscanthus) the requirement for all uses could be
377 million tonnes dry matter, and with moderate yields 150 million tonnes of dry
matter.
USDOE forecasts total potential biomass production (all sources) of 1 billion tonnes dry
matter per year by 2030. These quantities are of similar orders of magnitude to those
forecast by the EU over the same period.
Achievement of these requirements, with Miscanthus, will be difficult, due to the shortage
of Miscanthus rhizome for planting currently available in the USA. However with sufficient
government determination towards liquid fuel self- sufficiency, and increasing awareness
of the need for carbon mitigation, these targets could be reached.
Jonathan Harvey is an agronomist with experience in the introduction of novel crops to
UK agriculture. He operates a consultancy organization, Crops for Industry, specializing
in agricultural energy crops and, recently, algaeculture.
e-mail: JONHATKENN@aol.com
The author wishes to thank Dr Paul Carver, technical director of BICAL Ltd, for
information provided for this article.