KKKH4284 URBAN PLANNING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TASK 6 : GLOBAL WARMING
LECTURERS :
PROF. IR. DR. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH O.K RAHMAT
DR. NAZRI BORHAN
DR. NORLIZA MOHD AKHIR
Educational seminar: Remodeling Towards a Green and Healthy Home, What is building you dream green home has to wait a while? In the meantime, there are plenty of things you can do to green up what youre already got. Green and sustainable renovations, whether large or small, can help save you energy and resources. Plus, taking some simple steps towards creating a healthy home can go a long way in reducing your body burden of toxic, synthetic chemicals found in many building materials and conventional cleaning supplies. An understanding of our personal home environmental can help us make informed decisions about environmentally friendly building materials and best practices in construction. An awareness of our human ecology can reduce our body burden of environmental toxins, while also reducing our impact on the earths natural resources.
This presentation and Q & A will cover the nuts and bolts of green renovations, from both a builders perspective, and also that of a healthy home consultant. Whether youre a ahomeowner or a renter, the green strategies that will be offered in this clinic will help you synthesize the wealth of information surrounding green residential renovations.
The presenters are Laura Catanzaro from Holistic Design and Space Planning and Dan Glickman from Sustainable Construction Services, Inc.
Presentation covering:
# Greenwash theory and examples
# Main types of greener energy
# Six main energy providers in the UK and their fuel mix
# Criticism to the main six energy providers
# Government policies
# Meeting green expectations
# Consumer perspective
# Conclusion
# Some references
KKKH4284 URBAN PLANNING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
TASK 6 : GLOBAL WARMING
LECTURERS :
PROF. IR. DR. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH O.K RAHMAT
DR. NAZRI BORHAN
DR. NORLIZA MOHD AKHIR
Educational seminar: Remodeling Towards a Green and Healthy Home, What is building you dream green home has to wait a while? In the meantime, there are plenty of things you can do to green up what youre already got. Green and sustainable renovations, whether large or small, can help save you energy and resources. Plus, taking some simple steps towards creating a healthy home can go a long way in reducing your body burden of toxic, synthetic chemicals found in many building materials and conventional cleaning supplies. An understanding of our personal home environmental can help us make informed decisions about environmentally friendly building materials and best practices in construction. An awareness of our human ecology can reduce our body burden of environmental toxins, while also reducing our impact on the earths natural resources.
This presentation and Q & A will cover the nuts and bolts of green renovations, from both a builders perspective, and also that of a healthy home consultant. Whether youre a ahomeowner or a renter, the green strategies that will be offered in this clinic will help you synthesize the wealth of information surrounding green residential renovations.
The presenters are Laura Catanzaro from Holistic Design and Space Planning and Dan Glickman from Sustainable Construction Services, Inc.
Presentation covering:
# Greenwash theory and examples
# Main types of greener energy
# Six main energy providers in the UK and their fuel mix
# Criticism to the main six energy providers
# Government policies
# Meeting green expectations
# Consumer perspective
# Conclusion
# Some references
Unit vi Green buildings and Energy and Environementsandeep korake
It describes concept and importance of green building as a part of sustainable development. It also describes different types of energy sources and its impact on environment.
a ppt on the biology chapter natural resources that covers all the major points on the Carbon Cycle. For class 9 students. Hope you like it and it helps you!!
Green Building Envelopes 101 was given as a 2 hour presentation at the National Building Envelope Council Conference in Winnipeg, Manitoba in May 2011.
This document is to give an insight on green roofing system, comparing it to the traditional and modern roofing system and also enumerating some key advantages of the new or green system to the environment.
Living Roofs & Walls: Air Quality, Climate and Health & WellbeingDr Lynette Robertson
Presentation on the air quality, climate, and health and wellbeing ecosystem services afforded by living roofs and walls, presented at the Scottish Green Roof Forum (SGRF) inaugural conference - Edinburgh, March 2011.
This is a detailed presentation that looks at carbon neutral design protocol and compares it to LEED Platinum. The presentation examines the LEED credits for those useful in targeting a low carbon building.
Hii Enviromentalists, This is a presentation about How global warming affects us & our future generation!!! No one thinks about it . This is a humble request to all Watch this with full concentration!!!!!!!!
Unit vi Green buildings and Energy and Environementsandeep korake
It describes concept and importance of green building as a part of sustainable development. It also describes different types of energy sources and its impact on environment.
a ppt on the biology chapter natural resources that covers all the major points on the Carbon Cycle. For class 9 students. Hope you like it and it helps you!!
Green Building Envelopes 101 was given as a 2 hour presentation at the National Building Envelope Council Conference in Winnipeg, Manitoba in May 2011.
This document is to give an insight on green roofing system, comparing it to the traditional and modern roofing system and also enumerating some key advantages of the new or green system to the environment.
Living Roofs & Walls: Air Quality, Climate and Health & WellbeingDr Lynette Robertson
Presentation on the air quality, climate, and health and wellbeing ecosystem services afforded by living roofs and walls, presented at the Scottish Green Roof Forum (SGRF) inaugural conference - Edinburgh, March 2011.
This is a detailed presentation that looks at carbon neutral design protocol and compares it to LEED Platinum. The presentation examines the LEED credits for those useful in targeting a low carbon building.
Hii Enviromentalists, This is a presentation about How global warming affects us & our future generation!!! No one thinks about it . This is a humble request to all Watch this with full concentration!!!!!!!!
Sony Design Workshop - Playt PresentationSam Dunne
One week
+
Helsinki
+
Finnish design students(Taik,Helsinki)
+
Japanese design students(Chiba Uni.)
+
A variety of exchange students from around the world (eg Latvia, Germany, Scotland, Taiwan)
+
Sony R&D team
=
A whole set of toys for children between the ages of 3-5 that challenge the norms of play by augmenting imagination with the use of technolgy and internet connectivity as well as linking the physical product with service provision.
Many thanks to the Sony guys for the week.
Today’s TV consumer is a highly demanding one. Not only do they want to watch video on any number of screens - from a 50” flat panel to an iPad to the smartphone in their pockets - they want to find, recommend and view TV content using new software frameworks being made available on new connected devices. This coming explosion in software-centric viewing, sharing and consumption will change the digital living room forever. Long standing norms around content discovery, interaction and monetization will change dramatically in coming years.
This is the (slightly modified) presentation that I gave to the US Telecom Association on April 25th, 2013.
For more info, visit www.nextmarket.co
Cut out in Carbon Emisson is one of the most important topic amongst all the countries.This presentation emphasis on methods by which Carbon emssion can be reduce..
This presentation debunks many of the common misconceptions about forests, carbon, and climate change. [A few of the slides did not convert very well. Contact me at dh@oregonwild.org if you want me to send you a link to the latest powerpoint.]
Trees and Vegetation: Reducing Urban Heat Islands - Compendium of Strategies
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The increase of peak and energy demand during the cooling and warming seasons is becoming a critical
issue, as well as air pollution and the intensification of the urban heat island effect. Green roof has been identified as a solution to mitigate the above-mentioned issues and implement principles of sustainable development in building features. There are many operational and environmental benefits of green roofs such as enhancement of buildings’ energy efficiency, improvement of storm water management, decrease of urban heat island effects, decline of air and noise pollutions, and increase of urban wild life habitats.
This paper discusses the current literature and evidence for the benefits of green roofs while highlighting the influences of green roofs on buildings’ energy efficiency. Researches conducted on the potential benefits of green roofs have proved that they can enhance energy performance of buildings in summer and winter as well as improving indoor air temperature.
<a href="https://balancedearth.org//"> Carbon Emissions </a> control is the process of reducing the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. There are a number of ways to achieve this, including using renewable energy sources, planting trees, and improving energy efficiency. Finally, you can offset your carbon emissions by planting trees. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and help to combat climate change.
Sustainable design for a low carbon footprint by Fabiano XimenesFWPA
Sustainable design for a low carbon footprint
Fabiano Ximenes, NSW Department of Primary Industries
Carbon positive wood and wood products are enabling architects and designers to create buildings with low or zero (negative is possible!) carbon footprints.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdf
Psw cufr684 trees_andghg
1. CO2 Urban Tree Planting and
Greenhouse Gas Reductions
ing. While these pop-media pieces represent the views of a few
researchers, an overwhelming body of peer-reviewed research from
By Greg McPherson
Several stories have appeared recently in popular news outlets sug-
gesting that trees are not a solution in the fight against global warm-
forest scientists around the world points to the importance of forests
It is certainly true, as Dr. Duffy states, that not emitting carbon
dioxide in the first place is a good strategy. Lowering summertime
temperatures by planting trees in cities is one way to reduce energy
use and thereby reduce carbon dioxide emissions. And planting trees
is an immediate solution. Even if we were able to switch immediately
in reducing carbon dioxide in our atmosphere and slowing the to fuel sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, the levels in the air
buildup of that greenhouse gas. will remain high for decades or even centuries because of the long
The pop-media pieces include a report from Reuters (Gardner “lifetime” of carbon dioxide. Urban forestry doesn’t require the
2007) in which Ken Caldeira, a Carnegie Institute climate scientist, development of new technologies or massive investment in alter-
was reported to say, “It’s probably a nice thing to do, but planting native energy sources. Planting a tree to shade a building is some-
trees is not a quantitative solution to the real problem.” In the same thing all of us can do now.
article, Philip Duffy of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory said, The following sections address the other claims previously made.
“If you plant a tree [CO2 reductions are] only temporary for the
life of the tree. If you don’t emit in the first place, then that perma-
nently reduces CO2.” Dr. Caldeira had made similar arguments
Are Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gas
previously in an op-ed in the New York Times (Caldeira 2007). A Reductions from Tree Planting Temporary?
New Scientist article (Brahic 2006) reports results from a study by In a sense, yes. Greenhouse gas reductions are temporary if trees
ecologist Govindasamy Bala of Lawrence Livermore National are removed and not replaced. To achieve long-term reductions, a
Laboratory. The model developed by Bala and colleagues indicates population of trees must remain stable as a whole. This requires a
that, while trees planted in tropical regions have a clear net cooling diverse mix of species and ages so that the overall tree canopy cover
effect, trees planted in mid-latitudes may absorb so much heat remains intact, even as individual trees die and are replaced. Although
from the sun that they actually contribute to warming. sequestration rates will level off once an urban tree planting project
Because these reports fail to capture the com- reaches maturity, the reduced emissions due to
plexity and the potential of the role that trees play energy savings will continue to accrue annually.
in fighting global climate change, they have moti-
vated rebuttals from the scientific community. I Lowering Dead trees can be converted to wood products or
used as bioenergy, further delaying, reducing, or
wrote this column to assure the public that trees
do indeed reduce carbon dioxide in the air, there- summertime avoiding greenhouse gas emissions.
Dr. Caldeira suggests in the Super Bowl article
by reducing the warming “greenhouse” effect of
the gas, and to explain that urban trees in partic- temperatures (Gardner 2007) that tree planting projects are “risky.”
They may appear more risky than reducing emis-
ular are valuable because they provide that bene-
fit in more than one way. by planting sions by building solar or wind farms because the
tree-related climate benefits are less easy to docu-
First, as they grow, trees take carbon dioxide
out of the air and transform it into roots, leaves, trees in cities is ment and because the 50- to 200-year life span of a
tree seems less permanent than a new power
bark, flowers, and wood. Over the lifetime of a
tree, several tons of carbon dioxide are taken up one way to plant. This uncertainty can
be offset by legally bind-
(McPherson and Simpson 1999). Second, by pro-
viding shade and transpiring water, trees lower air reduce energy ing instruments
such as con-
temperature and, therefore, cut energy use, which
reduces the production of carbon dioxide at the use and thereby tracts, ordi-
nances, and
power plant. Two-thirds of the electricity pro-
duced in the United States is created by burning reduce carbon ease-
ments
a fuel (coal, oil, or natural gas) that produces car-
bon dioxide. On average, for every kilowatt hour dioxide that
of electricity created, about 1.39 pounds of car-
bon dioxide are released (eGRID 2002). emissions.
32 www.isa-arbor.com ARBORIST • NEWS
2. guarantee tree canopy in perpetuity. And, of course, trees and alter- dioxide by about 1 million tons over the next 35 years, equivalent
native energy sources are not mutually exclusive—both have a place to taking 7,000 cars off the road each year (McPherson et al. 2007).
in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Since 1990, Trees Forever, an Iowa-based nonprofit organization, has
planted trees for energy savings and atmospheric carbon dioxide
Will Urban Tree Planting in Mid-Latitude Cities reduction with utility sponsorships (McPherson et al. 2006). More
than 1 million trees have been planted in 400 communities with
Result in Zero or Even Negative Climate Benefits? the help of 120,000 volunteers. These trees are estimated to offset
Dr. Bala’s study discussed in the New Scientist article (Brahic 2006) carbon dioxide emissions by 50,000 tons annually.
describes two main ways trees lower temperature: they remove
carbon dioxide from the air, reducing the greenhouse effect, and
they release water vapor, which increases cloudiness and helps cool
Do Tree Planting Projects Give People a Feel-Good
the earth’s surface. But because tree leaves are dark, they also absorb Illusion That They Are Slowing Global Warming?
sunlight, which increases the temperature near the earth’s surface. The climate benefits of trees in mid-latitude cities are not an illu-
The difference between trees in tropical latitudes and those in mid- sion, although they certainly feel good. Reductions in atmospheric
latitudes has to do with the difference in how much sunlight forests carbon dioxide are achieved directly through sequestration and
reflect compared to other possible surfaces, such as grass or crops. indirectly through emission reductions. Still, planting trees in cities
“Shiny” surfaces reflect more sunlight back into the atmosphere should not be touted as a panacea to global warming. It is one of
than forest vegetation, resulting in less heat trapped near the earth’s many complementary bridging strategies, and it is one that can be
surface. Large-scale tree planting projects that replace highly reflec- implemented immediately. Moreover, tree planting projects provide
tive surfaces with forests will result in more heat trapped near the myriad other social, environmental, and economic benefits that make
ground during winter. communities better places to live. Of course, putting the right tree
The startling conclusion that tree planting increases global warm- in the right place remains critical to optimizing these benefits and
ing by absorbing more heat, especially in temperate latitudes, is based minimizing conflicts with other aspects of the urban infrastructure.
on modeling of the reflectance (albedo) of forest canopies that are
darker than snow, grass, or crops and, therefore, absorb more heat. The solutions to the problem of climate change are as complicated
The models rely on various assumptions, such as widescale afforesta- as the mechanisms of global warming itself. It is far too early, and
tion (in other words, broad plantings of trees on grass and croplands). we have too little information to have decided to invest only in strat-
While more precise measurements may be warranted, the necessary egies that reduce fossil fuel emissions. Certainly we must transform
conclusion that the earth would be cooler if the forests were cut the way we produce and consume energy. Doing so will require the
down defies common sense and is neither realistic nor ecologically brightest minds of science, the staunchest will of politicians, and a
desirable. great deal of time, effort, and money.
In cities, the climate effects of incremental darkening from increased In the meantime, we can all plant a tree.
tree canopy cover are even less relevant. Asphalt, concrete, and
References
roof surfaces account for 50 to 70 percent of urban areas, with the
Akbari, H., and H. Taha. 1992. The impacts of trees and white
remaining area covered by trees, grass, and bare soil. The difference
surfaces on residential heating and cooling energy use in four
in the albedos of the different urban surfaces is small. Vegetation
Canadian cities. Energy 17(2):141–149.
canopies have albedos of 0.15 to 0.30, the albedo of asphalt is
Brahic, C. 2006. Location is key for trees to fight global warming. New
0.10, that of concrete and buildings is 0.10 to 0.35, and the overall
Scientist, December 15, 2006. http://environment.newscientist.com/
albedo in low-density residential areas is 0.20 (Taha et al. 1988).
channel/earth/dn10811-location-is-key-for-trees-to-fight-global-
In cities, increasing urban tree canopy cover does not appreciably
warming.html.
alter surface reflectance or increase heat trapping.
Caldeira, K. 2007. When being green raises the heat. New York Times,
At the same time, as previously described, a number of field and
January 16, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/16/opinion/
modeling experiments have found that urban trees reduce summer-
16caldeira.html?ex=1173502800&en=f38494123b1c3df0&ei=
time air temperatures through evapotranspiration and direct shad-
5070.
ing (Akbari and Taha 1992, Rosenfeld et al. 1998, McPherson and
California Climate Action Team. 2006. California Climate Action
Simpson 2003). This reduces energy consumption and the emis-
Team Report to Governor Schwarzenegger and the California
sions related to energy generation. Recognizing the
Legislature. California Environmental Protection Agency,
climate benefits of trees, the California Climate
Sacramento, CA. http://climatechange.ca.gov/climate_action_team/
Action Team report (2006) recom-
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mended planting 5 million trees in
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cities to reduce 3.5 million met-
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ric tons of carbon dioxide.
Gardner, T. 2007. Trees Take on Greenhouse Gases at Super Bowl.
Our recent study found
February 1, 2007. http://www.stopglobalwarming.org/swg_
that by planting 1 mil-
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lion trees, the Million
McPherson, E.G., and J.R Simpson. 1999. Guidelines for calculating
Trees LA program
carbon dioxide reductions through urban forestry programs.
will reduce atmos-
pheric carbon ∂
JUNE 2007 www.isa-arbor.com 33
3. Urban Tree Planting and Greenhouse Gas Reductions (continued) Report. Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Department of
Agriculture Forest Service. Albany, CA. 48 pp.
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Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. Cool communities: Strategies for heat island mitigation and
McPherson, E.G., and J.R Simpson. 2003. Potential energy savings smog reduction. Energy and Buildings 28:51–62.
in buildings by an urban tree planting programme in California. Taha, H., H. Akbari, A. Rosenfeld, and J. Huang. 1988. Residential
Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 2(2):73–86. cooling loads and the urban heat island—the effects of albedo.
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S.E. Maco, and Q. Xiao. 2006. Midwest Community Tree Guide:
Benefits, Costs and Strategic Planting. PSW-GTR-199. Pacific Greg McPherson is director of the Center for Urban Forest Research,
Southwest Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Davis,
Forest Service. Albany, CA. 85 pp. California. He conducts research that measures and models the
McPherson, E.G., J.R. Simpson, Q. Xiao, and C. Wu. 2007. Los benefits and costs of urban forests.
Angeles One Million Tree Canopy Cover Assessment—Final
34 www.isa-arbor.com ARBORIST • NEWS