DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants
•
2 likes•830 views
This study was designed to screen out free radical scavenging potentiality of 84 medicinal plants. Stock solution of different plant extracts and standard were diluted to achieve suitable concentrations. A control was also prepared without plant extract solution. Then 0.004% DPPH solution was added. The mixtures were incubated in the room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against solvent in UV-spectrophotometer and then IC50 was calculated. In this experiment two standard were used-ascorbic acid and BHT. Both showed a significant IC50 value of 15.5μg/mL, and 46.54μg/mL respectively. Among 84 medicinal plants Syzygim cumini, Casuarina littorea, Borassus flabellifer, Enhydra fluctuans, and Minusops elengi exhibited highest radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 12.816μg/mL, 14.467μg/mL, 15.755μg/mL, 15.653μg/mL, and 20.380μg/mL respectively. All these value are very close to the IC50 value of ascorbic acid and better than IC50 value of BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene). Syzygim cumini is the most powerful scavenger among all tested medicinal plants and also most strong scavenger than ascorbic acid and BHT. Scavenging activity was found to increase in dose dependent manner. Another 30 medicinal plants exhibited good scavenging property and 14 medicinal plants showed moderate scavenging activity. The rest presented lower scavenging activity. This present study indicates that plants having good scavenging property may have various health beneficial effects and these plants can be considered as valuable source of bioactive components with high antioxidant properties.
![IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
ISSN: 2278-3008 Volume 6, Issue 5 (May-June 2013), PP 66-73
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal
Plants
Nizam Uddin1
, Rakibul Islam1
, Nahid Hasan2
, Md. Sazzad Hossain1
, Aumit
Roy2
, Md. Monir Hossain2
, Md. Sohel Rana2
1, 2
Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
Abstract: This study was designed to screen out free radical scavenging potentiality of 84 medicinal plants.
Stock solution of different plant extracts and standard were diluted to achieve suitable concentrations. A control
was also prepared without plant extract solution. Then 0.004% DPPH solution was added. The mixtures were
incubated in the room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against
solvent in UV-spectrophotometer and then IC50 was calculated. In this experiment two standard were used-
ascorbic acid and BHT. Both showed a significant IC50 value of 15.5µg/mL, and 46.54µg/mL respectively.
Among 84 medicinal plants Syzygim cumini, Casuarina littorea, Borassus flabellifer, Enhydra fluctuans, and
Minusops elengi exhibited highest radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 12.816µg/mL,
14.467µg/mL, 15.755µg/mL, 15.653µg/mL, and 20.380µg/mL respectively. All these value are very close to the
IC50 value of ascorbic acid and better than IC50 value of BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene). Syzygim cumini is
the most powerful scavenger among all tested medicinal plants and also most strong scavenger than ascorbic
acid and BHT. Scavenging activity was found to increase in dose dependent manner. Another 30 medicinal
plants exhibited good scavenging property and 14 medicinal plants showed moderate scavenging activity. The
rest presented lower scavenging activity. This present study indicates that plants having good scavenging
property may have various health beneficial effects and these plants can be considered as valuable source of
bioactive components with high antioxidant properties.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Ascorbic acid, BHT, DPPH, Medicinal plants
I. Introduction
Oxygen, no doubt, the 3rd
most elements in the universe after Hydrogen and Helium and the most
abundant element by mass in earth crust. It plays a vital role in our breathing process. Living organism requires
ample amount of oxygen for energy production and body metabolism process. All metabolic processes in our
body depend on oxygen[1]. This indispensable element sometimes causes serious oxygen toxicity by formation
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which represents both free and non free radicals. Some common types of
encountered free radicals are hydroxyl radical (HO•), superoxide radical (O2•-), nitric oxide radical (NO•), and
lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•) while non-free radical species principally being H2O2, singled oxygen (1O2), and
hypoclorus acid (HOCl)[2]. Free radical damage is closely related to oxidative damage. These types of species
are involved in activation of many types of procarcinogens and promutagens. Free radicals react with
biomolecules like DNA, RNA, lipid, and protein and result in gene mutation and cell structure damage and lead
to development of cancer, cardiovascular disorder, neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s
disease), atherosclerosis, liver injury, diabetes mellitus[3, 4]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exerts oxidative
stress towards the cells of human to face 10000 oxidative hit per second and when this type of hit breaks
antioxidant defense mechanism, the free radicals then attack cell macromolecules and lead to a number of
physiological disorders[4].
Bangladesh has rich plant and animal sources in particular reference to the antioxidant compounds
from medicinal plants. So, well planned, careful, innovative, factual, and systemic research will be of great
benefit to our poor people who are the helpless victims to various physiological diseases caused by free radicals.
This study performed on medicinal plants support the proposal that plant constituents with antioxidant
properties show good free radical and non free radical scavenging property in our biological system[5]. During
our experiment we studied eighty four medicinal plants for evaluating DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl)
scavenging assay. The assessment is interesting and useful task for finding out potential natural antioxidants.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and drugs:
DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl) was obtained from Sigma chemical Co.USA. Ascorbic acid
was obtained from SD Fine chem. Ltd. Biosar, India.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j0656673-150501065235-conversion-gate01/85/DPPH-Scavenging-Assay-of-Eighty-Four-Bangladeshi-Medicinal-Plants-1-320.jpg)
![DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants
www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
2.2. Preparation of plant materials:
All the plants were collected from different districts and villages of Bangladesh. Most of the samples
were identified by experts in Bangladesh National Herbarium, Mirpur, Dhaka and the rest by Professor Dr.
Abdul Ghani (Professor of Pharmacognosy, Stamford University Bangladesh)[6]. The specimen samples are
kept in the Bangladesh National Herbarium. Suitable extraction procedures were used for these plants in
different solvents.
2.3. DPPH free radical scavenging assay:
The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts, based on the scavenging activity of the stable 1, 1-
diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was determined by the method described[7]. Solution of plant
extracts of various concentrations were properly mixed with 0.004% methanol solution of DPPH. Absorbance at
517nm was determined after 30 min, and the percentage inhibition activity was calculated from the equation
[(A0–A1)/A0] x100 i.e., (1)
Where, A0 is the absorbance of the control, and A1 is the absorbance of the extract/ standard.
2.4. Statistical analysis:
The inhibition curves were prepared and IC50 values were obtained with the help of Microsoft Excel
2007.
III. Result
Unlike other free radicals such as hydroxide ion or superoxide anion DPPH has an advantage of being
unaffected by certain side reaction such as enzyme inhibition and metal ion chelation process[7]. DPPH solution
exhibits a deep purple color with absorption maximum at 517 nm. Generally, the color disappears when
antioxidant compounds present in the medium. For this research prospect, 84 different types of plants were
tested and screened for DPPH scavenging assay. Results of all plants are given below in a table. For each plant,
eight types of information were provided including scientific name, family, local name, english name,
traditional use, part used for assay, name of solvent used and IC50 value. Most of the morphological information
were collected from Ghani A 2003[6].
TABLE 1: IC50 Value of 84 Medicinal Plants with their Traditional uses and Botanical Identity
Sl
no
Scientific name Family
Local
name
English
name
Traditional use
Part
used
Solvent
IC50
value
(µg/mL)
01
Pistia stratiotes
Linn.
Araceae
Topa
pana,
Toka pana
Water
cabbage
Used in
tuberculosis, ear
disease
Root
Methanol 3103.75
Pet ether 12700
Leaf
Methanol 963.846
Pet ether 4698.33
02
Mikania
scandens
(L).willd
Asteraceae
Asamlata
Heartleaf Used to treat
stomach ulcer,
inflammation
Leaf Hydro
methanol
104.1010
03
Punica
granatum
Punicaceae
Dalim,
Anar
Pomegran
ate
Antidiarrhoel,
anthelmintic
Rind
Hydro
methanol
35.558
04
Xanthium
induicm
koeing
Asteraceae Ghagra Rough
cocklebur
Used in urinary
compliant, sore of
lips and mouth
Leaf Hydro
methanol
70.684
05 Tinospoa crispa
Menisper-
maceae
Gada-
ncha
gachh
Heavenly
elexir
Jaundice,
rheumatic fever,
ulcer
Aerial
part
Methanol
90.074
06
Syzygim cumini
(Linn.)
Myrtaceae
Deshijam,
Kalojam
Black
plum
Used in diarrhea,
diabetes: used as
gargle, mouthwash
Leaf Methanol
12.816
07
Michelia
champaca (L.)
Magno-
liaceae
Swarna
champa
Champaca
Expectorant,
stimulant, anti
inpflammatory
Leaf Methanol
67.639
08
Ipomoea
quamoclit (L.)
Convol-
vulaceae
Kunjolata Star glory
Applied to
carbuncles, and
bleeding piles,
treatment of ulcer
and breast pain
Aerial
Part
Hydro-
Methanol 78.284
09
Hopea odorata
roxb
Dipterocarpaceae Telsur
White
thingan
Used in gingivitis,
as an ointment for
sores and wounds
Leaf Hydro-
Methanol
99.604
10
Feronia lomolia
Linn.
Rutaceae
Kodbel Wood
apple
Remedy for
venomous insect,
and reptiles
Aerial
part
Hydro-
Methanol
53.073](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants
Similar to DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants (20)
More from IOSR Journals
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants
- 1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) ISSN: 2278-3008 Volume 6, Issue 5 (May-June 2013), PP 66-73 www.iosrjournals.org www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants Nizam Uddin1 , Rakibul Islam1 , Nahid Hasan2 , Md. Sazzad Hossain1 , Aumit Roy2 , Md. Monir Hossain2 , Md. Sohel Rana2 1, 2 Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh Abstract: This study was designed to screen out free radical scavenging potentiality of 84 medicinal plants. Stock solution of different plant extracts and standard were diluted to achieve suitable concentrations. A control was also prepared without plant extract solution. Then 0.004% DPPH solution was added. The mixtures were incubated in the room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against solvent in UV-spectrophotometer and then IC50 was calculated. In this experiment two standard were used- ascorbic acid and BHT. Both showed a significant IC50 value of 15.5µg/mL, and 46.54µg/mL respectively. Among 84 medicinal plants Syzygim cumini, Casuarina littorea, Borassus flabellifer, Enhydra fluctuans, and Minusops elengi exhibited highest radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 12.816µg/mL, 14.467µg/mL, 15.755µg/mL, 15.653µg/mL, and 20.380µg/mL respectively. All these value are very close to the IC50 value of ascorbic acid and better than IC50 value of BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene). Syzygim cumini is the most powerful scavenger among all tested medicinal plants and also most strong scavenger than ascorbic acid and BHT. Scavenging activity was found to increase in dose dependent manner. Another 30 medicinal plants exhibited good scavenging property and 14 medicinal plants showed moderate scavenging activity. The rest presented lower scavenging activity. This present study indicates that plants having good scavenging property may have various health beneficial effects and these plants can be considered as valuable source of bioactive components with high antioxidant properties. Keywords: Antioxidant, Ascorbic acid, BHT, DPPH, Medicinal plants I. Introduction Oxygen, no doubt, the 3rd most elements in the universe after Hydrogen and Helium and the most abundant element by mass in earth crust. It plays a vital role in our breathing process. Living organism requires ample amount of oxygen for energy production and body metabolism process. All metabolic processes in our body depend on oxygen[1]. This indispensable element sometimes causes serious oxygen toxicity by formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which represents both free and non free radicals. Some common types of encountered free radicals are hydroxyl radical (HO•), superoxide radical (O2•-), nitric oxide radical (NO•), and lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•) while non-free radical species principally being H2O2, singled oxygen (1O2), and hypoclorus acid (HOCl)[2]. Free radical damage is closely related to oxidative damage. These types of species are involved in activation of many types of procarcinogens and promutagens. Free radicals react with biomolecules like DNA, RNA, lipid, and protein and result in gene mutation and cell structure damage and lead to development of cancer, cardiovascular disorder, neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease), atherosclerosis, liver injury, diabetes mellitus[3, 4]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exerts oxidative stress towards the cells of human to face 10000 oxidative hit per second and when this type of hit breaks antioxidant defense mechanism, the free radicals then attack cell macromolecules and lead to a number of physiological disorders[4]. Bangladesh has rich plant and animal sources in particular reference to the antioxidant compounds from medicinal plants. So, well planned, careful, innovative, factual, and systemic research will be of great benefit to our poor people who are the helpless victims to various physiological diseases caused by free radicals. This study performed on medicinal plants support the proposal that plant constituents with antioxidant properties show good free radical and non free radical scavenging property in our biological system[5]. During our experiment we studied eighty four medicinal plants for evaluating DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl) scavenging assay. The assessment is interesting and useful task for finding out potential natural antioxidants. II. Materials and Methods 2.1. Chemicals and drugs: DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl) was obtained from Sigma chemical Co.USA. Ascorbic acid was obtained from SD Fine chem. Ltd. Biosar, India.
- 2. DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page 2.2. Preparation of plant materials: All the plants were collected from different districts and villages of Bangladesh. Most of the samples were identified by experts in Bangladesh National Herbarium, Mirpur, Dhaka and the rest by Professor Dr. Abdul Ghani (Professor of Pharmacognosy, Stamford University Bangladesh)[6]. The specimen samples are kept in the Bangladesh National Herbarium. Suitable extraction procedures were used for these plants in different solvents. 2.3. DPPH free radical scavenging assay: The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts, based on the scavenging activity of the stable 1, 1- diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was determined by the method described[7]. Solution of plant extracts of various concentrations were properly mixed with 0.004% methanol solution of DPPH. Absorbance at 517nm was determined after 30 min, and the percentage inhibition activity was calculated from the equation [(A0–A1)/A0] x100 i.e., (1) Where, A0 is the absorbance of the control, and A1 is the absorbance of the extract/ standard. 2.4. Statistical analysis: The inhibition curves were prepared and IC50 values were obtained with the help of Microsoft Excel 2007. III. Result Unlike other free radicals such as hydroxide ion or superoxide anion DPPH has an advantage of being unaffected by certain side reaction such as enzyme inhibition and metal ion chelation process[7]. DPPH solution exhibits a deep purple color with absorption maximum at 517 nm. Generally, the color disappears when antioxidant compounds present in the medium. For this research prospect, 84 different types of plants were tested and screened for DPPH scavenging assay. Results of all plants are given below in a table. For each plant, eight types of information were provided including scientific name, family, local name, english name, traditional use, part used for assay, name of solvent used and IC50 value. Most of the morphological information were collected from Ghani A 2003[6]. TABLE 1: IC50 Value of 84 Medicinal Plants with their Traditional uses and Botanical Identity Sl no Scientific name Family Local name English name Traditional use Part used Solvent IC50 value (µg/mL) 01 Pistia stratiotes Linn. Araceae Topa pana, Toka pana Water cabbage Used in tuberculosis, ear disease Root Methanol 3103.75 Pet ether 12700 Leaf Methanol 963.846 Pet ether 4698.33 02 Mikania scandens (L).willd Asteraceae Asamlata Heartleaf Used to treat stomach ulcer, inflammation Leaf Hydro methanol 104.1010 03 Punica granatum Punicaceae Dalim, Anar Pomegran ate Antidiarrhoel, anthelmintic Rind Hydro methanol 35.558 04 Xanthium induicm koeing Asteraceae Ghagra Rough cocklebur Used in urinary compliant, sore of lips and mouth Leaf Hydro methanol 70.684 05 Tinospoa crispa Menisper- maceae Gada- ncha gachh Heavenly elexir Jaundice, rheumatic fever, ulcer Aerial part Methanol 90.074 06 Syzygim cumini (Linn.) Myrtaceae Deshijam, Kalojam Black plum Used in diarrhea, diabetes: used as gargle, mouthwash Leaf Methanol 12.816 07 Michelia champaca (L.) Magno- liaceae Swarna champa Champaca Expectorant, stimulant, anti inpflammatory Leaf Methanol 67.639 08 Ipomoea quamoclit (L.) Convol- vulaceae Kunjolata Star glory Applied to carbuncles, and bleeding piles, treatment of ulcer and breast pain Aerial Part Hydro- Methanol 78.284 09 Hopea odorata roxb Dipterocarpaceae Telsur White thingan Used in gingivitis, as an ointment for sores and wounds Leaf Hydro- Methanol 99.604 10 Feronia lomolia Linn. Rutaceae Kodbel Wood apple Remedy for venomous insect, and reptiles Aerial part Hydro- Methanol 53.073
- 3. DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page 11 Curcuma alismatifolia Gangnep. Zingiberaceae Summer tulip Applied to bruise, sprain, snake bite Leaf 80% methanol 58.4513 12 Commelina benghalensis Linn. Commelinaceae Dholpata, Kanchira Venus bath Demulcent, emollient, laxative Aerial part Chloroform 28.9087 Pet ether 43.7936 n-butanol 106.285 Hydrometh anol 78.7301 13 Cocos nucifera Linn. Arecaceae Narikel, Daab Coconut Used in dysentery, hair nutrient alopecia Kernel 80% methanol 41.2227 14 Caesalpinia plucherrima Linn. Caesalpiniceae Krisnachu ra Peacock flower Liver disorder, cough, bronchitis, asthma Leaf Hydrometh anol 48.2490 15 Butea monosperma (Lam) Taub Papilionaceae Polash Flame of forest Used as anti ovulatory, anthelmintic, laxative Leaf Hydrometh anol 78.284 16 Baccurea ramiflora Lour. Phyllanthaceae Lotkon Burmese grape Young leaves as vegetables, flavoring agent with curries Fruit pericarp Hydrometh anol 94.6248 17 Artocarpus lacucha Buch. Ham Moraceae Daowa Monkey jack Applied to pimple, cracked skin and sores Pulp Methanol 24.9315 Pericarp Methanol 33.501 Leaf Methanol 50.5641 18 Cyperus rotundus Linn. Cyperaceae Motha, Mustak Nut grass Active against kapha and pitta suppressant, cure infection Whole bush Ethanol 35.9439 19 Dillenia indica Linn. Dilleniaceae Chalta Elephant tree Used in stomach disorder; anti microbial Leaf Methanol 32.622 20 Brassica nigra Brassicaceae Kalo sorisa Black mustard Seedlings used in salad; plant used in rheumatism Whole plant Ethanol 63.045 21 Raphanus sativus var.sativus Brassicaceae Mula Raddish Added in salad; have tonic and laxative effect Celery with root Ethanol 398.11 22 Raphanus sativus subsp.longi pinnatus Brassicaceae Sada mula White raddish White radish juice used to expel phlegm Celery with root Ethanol 398.107 23 Ficus racemosa (L.) Moraceae Dumur Cluster tree Latex alleviate edema; applied in skin Fruit Ethanol 8459.663 24 Geodorum densiflorum (Lam) Schltr Orchidaceae Shonkho mul, Kukumari a Diarrhea, regularize menstrual cycle Whole plant Methanol 177.089 Ethyl acetate 609.2692 Pet ether 103.479 25 Scoparia dulcis Linn. Scrophulariaceae Misridana , Chinighur a Sweet broom weed Burn, infection, hypertension, insect bite, gastric disorder Whole weed 95% ethanol 577.8608 26 Terminalia bellerica roxb Combretaceae Bohera, Bhaira Belleric myrobala n Useful in hemorrhage; dried fruit in the treatment of dysentery Bark Methanol 47.21 27 Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Dundul Sponge gourd Used in syphilis, rheumatism Leaf Methanol 38730.08 25 28 Momordica cochinchinensis Cucurbitaceae Kakrol Sweet gourd Used in anemia; seed membrane aid in relief of dry eye Leaf Methanol 38731.4 29 Centella asiatica (L.) Apiaceae Thankuni Indian penny worth Leaf juice in cataract and eye trouble; whole plant is tonic Whole plant Methanol 162.18 30 Coccinea cordifolia Linn. Cucurbitaceae Telakucha Ivy gourd Treatment of diabetes; infusion used in anorexia, epilepsy, asthma Whole herb Methanol 251.18
- 4. DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page 31 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Convolvulaceae Kalmi sak Water spinach Plant is useful in leprosy and fever Leaf and stem Methanol 295.12 32 Lannea coromandelica (houtt)Merr. Anacardiaceae Jika, Jiga, Kamila Wodier Bark used in leprous and obstinate ulcer; decoction in toothache Bark methanol 21.37 33 Lawsonia inermis(L.) Lythraceae Mehedi Samphire Leaf paste used in skin disease Leaf Methanol 83.37 34 Nymphaea nouchalli Burm.f. Nymphaceae Shapla, Shaluk gachh Water lily Powered form in piles and dysentery; show good activity in cough Rhizome Methanol 75.85 35 Oxalis corniculata Linn. Oxalidaceae Amrul Wood sorrel Leaf juice in dysentery; leaf juice with onion removes corns and warts Leaf Methanol 162.18 36 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach Polygonaceae Pakarmul Smart weed Leaf : inflammation, stomachic, Seed: carminative, stimulant Whole plant Methanol 34.8623 37 Phyllanthus fraternus auct.Non linn. Euphorbiaceae Bhuin amla Blackcatn ip Treatment of jaundice, leucorrhea, stomachache, dyspepsia Whole plant Ethanol 21.387 38 Triumfetta rhomboidae N.Jacq Tillaceae Ban okra Burbush, Burweed Fruits and leaves as demulcent and astringent Leaf Ethanol 65.748 Bark Ethanol 22.851 Root Ethanol 45.5132 39 Celastrus paniculatus willd. Celastraceae Shonkhu Black oil tree In the treatment of epilepsy, gout, rheumatism; seed used as anti emetic Seed Methanol 35.9439 Ethanol 33.8060 Pet ether 35.9439 Water 35.9439 40 Casuarina littorea (L.) Casurinaceae Jhau, Belati jhau She-oak. Bark is astringent and has traditional use in diarrhea Bark Ethanol 14.467 41 Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Molluginaceae Jima, Gima Sweet juice Used to abdominal pain, jaundice, inflammation Whole plant Methanol 489.77 42 Cardiospermum halicacabum (L.) Sapindaceae Kopal Futki Heart pea Traditional medicine for rheumatism, nervous disease, demulcent,malaria Whole plant Methanol 38.2241 43 Calamus tenuis Roxb Arecaceae Bet, Jail bet, Pati bet Rattan Useful in diarrhea; used as vegetables for edema, intrinsic hemorrhage Fruit Methanol 29.7941 Pet ether 32.6258 Ethyl acetate 67.5115 44 Trema orientalis (L.) Ulmaceae Jibon gachh Indian nettle tree Leaf and bark work against cough, sore Leaf Methanol 110.25 45 Musa sapientum L.subsp.sylvestr is. Musaceae Ramkola Apple banana Used in diarrhea, dysentery, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, hypertension, gout Peel Methanol 5907.53 Pulp Methanol 95669.52 Seed Methanol 54.92 46 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Rubiaceae Pitpapra Diamond flower Applied in fever, depression, flatulence Whole plant Methanol 48.4076 Pet ether 44.0618 47 Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Chirota Green chirota Exhibit anti fungal, anti malarial, anti inflammatory Whole Plant Methanol 414.245 48 Spinacea oleracea Linn. Amaranthaceae Palong shak Garden spinach Green plant eaten for urinary calculi and act as mild laxative Whole plant Methanol 58.2666 Water 149.607 49 Amaranthus blitum (L.) Amaranthaceae Lalshak Joseph’s coat Plant used as astringent in Whole plant Methanol 68.8376
- 5. DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page ulcerated mouth and throat; mouthwash for ulcer and sores Water 1780.216 50 Daucus carota (L.) Apiaceae Gazor Carrot Possess good activity against tumor, piles Fruit Methanol 69.373 Water 146.3943 51 Brassica olearacea Var.capitata Cruciferae Badha kopi Cabbage Cabbage leaves are used to treat acute inflammation Plant without root Water 190.636 Ethanol 47.472 52 Polyalthia suberosa Annonaceae Kukuriam Corky debber tree Act against microbial infection, inflammation in eye Leaf Hydrometh anol 161.365 Bark Hydrometh anol 65.265 Fruit Hydrometh anol 102.126 53 Trichosanthes dioica Roxb Cucurbitaceae Potol , Palval Pointed gourd Used in inflammation, jaundice; act as antipyretic, diuretic, laxative Aerial Part Water, Ethyl acetate, Pet ether, Methanol Very low 54 Aloe indica (L.) Amaryllidaceae Ghrita kumari Indian aloe Juice of leaf act in stomachic; plant is useful in the treatment of piles and fissure, menstrual suppression Plant material without leaf Water 189.753 Methanol 99.163 55 Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Mahwa, Mahua Butter tree Seed cake is good fertilizer; oil applied in skin, useful in constipation, hemorrhoid Fruit Methanol 217.3437 Seed Methanol 346.1518 Pet ether 172.125 56 Vitex negundo (L) Verbenaceae Nishinda, Samalu Negundo chaste tree Used in headache; juice of fresh leaves removes worms from ulcer Leaf Ethanol 81.080 57 Momordica charantea Cucurbitaceae Corolla Bitter gourd Bitter melon is used as a folk medicine in to treat gastrointestinal disease and diabetes Fruit Methanol 1685.6(ho t extraction n) 4185.6(co ld extraction ) 58 Borassus flabellifer (L.) Arecaceae Tal gachh Palmyra palm tree Root has anthelmintic property Root Ethanol 15.755 59 Stephania japonica (Thumb) Miers. Menispermaceae Akanadi, Nimuka Snake vine, Tape vine Leaves and roots are bitter and astringent and used in fever, diarrhea, dyspepsia Whole plant Ethanol 422.321 60 Lablab purpureus subsp.bengalens is. fabaceae Sadiron sim Bean, Indian butter bean Anthelmintic; used to treat infection Bin pod Methanol 2511.85 61 Smilax zeylanica Linn. Liliaceae Kumarica, Kumarilat a Black creeper, Wild sarsaparill a Roots used in the treatment of veneral disease; decoction is applied for rheumatism Whole plant Pet ether 11274.75 62 Lablab purpureus Fabaceae Beguni sim Lablab bin Leaf juice and root are used to treat infected area Bin pod Methanol 1298.263 63 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae Shefali, Sheuli Night flowering jasmine Paste of leaves is used specifically in treatment of ring worm Leaf ethanol Ethanol 133.116 64 Psidium guaiava (L.) Myrtaceae Peyara, Goam Guava Leaves used as astringent for Leaf Ethanol 48.906
- 6. DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page bowels, wounds 65 Rumex maritimus Polygonaceae Bon palong Golden dock Plant is useful in the treatment of cough, and pertussis; paste of leaf is applied to swelling Whole plant Ethyl acetate 1369.493 Pet ether 1309.318 Methanol 416.552 66 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Menispermiacea e Jalajmoni Broom creeper, Ink berry Juice of leaf mixed with water used as cooling and soothing medicine for gonorrhea Leaf Ethyl acetate 287.960 Pet ether 1701.19 Methanol 257.419 67 Eclipta prostata (L.) Compositae Kalokeshi , Keshraj False daisy Plant is useful in liver and gall bladder ailment and act as anthelmintic Leaf Methanol 27.00 68 Derris trifolia Lour. Fabaceae Gila lata, Pan lata Derris Bark is stimulant, antispasmodic, and counter irritant Whole plant Methanol 287.611 69 Thea sinensis Theaceae Cha White tea Treating infection of digestive tract; leaves are CNS stimulant Leaf Water 23.333 Ethanol 20 70 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Euphorbiaceae Orbori, Horbori Star goose berry Fruit is tonic to liver and used in bronchitis piles; it is useful in vomiting Fruit Pet ether 1382.204 71 Capsicum annum Solanaceae Marich, Jhal morich Chilies, Red pepper Capsicum is used to treat arthritis and chilbans to colic Fruit part Ethanol 1849.076 72 Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Purnalata Pig-weed Root are useful in jaundice, anemia, ascites, ophthalmia Root Methanol 902.901 73 Acalypha indica Linn. Euphorbiaceae Muktajhur i Indian nettle Plant is effective in bronchitis; fresh leaf juice is useful in arthritis and scabies Whole plant Ethanol 484.1279 74 Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Badar lathi, Sonalu Golden shower Pulp of fruit is laxative and used in heart disease Bark Ethanol 233.1 75 Saraca indica Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Ashok Asoka tree Bark is used in menorrhagia, cures biliousness, dyspepsia Bark Ethanol 484.1279 76 Caesalpiniacea e bonduc (Linn.) Roxb Caesalpiniaceae Nata karanja Molucca bean Decoction of seeds useful against asthma, effective in blood dysentery Seed Ethanol 1561.323 77 Alocasia decipiens Araceae Bish kachu This plant claimed to have analgesic and anti inflammatory property Trunk Ethyl acetate 274.478 Pet ether 696.276 Methanol 499.518 Root Ethyl acetate 640.395 Pet ether 665.888 Methanol 171.862 78 Bacopa monniera (L.) pennel Scrophulariaceae Brhami sak Herb of grace Plant is used for neuralgia, epilepsy, and mental illness Whole plant Ethanol 401.0093 79 Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. Mimosaceae Shirish, Koroi Flea tree, Parrot tree Bark cures toothache and disease of gum Bark Ethanol 401.0093 80 Coriandrum sativum (L.) umbelliferae Dhonia, Dhoney Coriander Infusion of the herb is gentle remedy for flatulence, bloating, and cramp Leaf Water 591.812 Pet. ether 758.046 Rectified spirit 450.543
- 7. DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page 81 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Compositae Hincha shak Water cress Plant is nutritious and used in ascites, dropsy Leaf Ethanol 15.653 82 Cassia sophera Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Chhota, Jhigni Senna sohpera Leaves are used in cough, asthma, bronchitis Leaf Ethanol 1504.583 83 Minusops elengi (L.) Sapotaceae Bakul Indian medaller Bark and fruit are used in the treatment of diarrhea Leaf Methanol 20.380 84 Opuntia dillenii (Ker. Gawl) Haw. Cactaceae Phonimon osa Pricly pear Leaves are poultice to reduce inflammation, and ophthalmia Leaf Methanol (80%) 22.426 TABLE 2: IC50 value of two standards used Standard IC50 value(µg/mL) Ascorbic acid 15.5 BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene) 46.54 IV. Discussion In traditional society health and nutrition are interconnected and many medicinal plants are consumed both for food and medicinal purposes. This type of consumption played a great role in diet but there are very few ethnopharmacological phytopharmacological studies that dealt with potential health benefits of such diets. In this study total 84 medicinal plants were evaluated. Free radicals exist in our body with one or more unpaired electrons. Propagation of free radicals can cause thousands of reactions in our body which could result in cell membrane disintegration, protein, and lipid damage, DNA mutation which can lead to propagation of many diseases like cancer, ulcer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorder etc.[8]. Antioxidants play beneficial role by scavenging free radicals. For medicinal plants, to find out antioxidant potency, DPPH scavenging assay is the procedure[9, 10]. It is a direct test for free radical scavenging. DPPH (purple colored) is a stable free radical which is reduced to α, α-diphenyl-β-picryl hydrazine (yellow colored) by converting unpaired election to paired one. Antioxidants act by converting unpaired election to paired one. DPPH containing odd electron is responsible for the absorbance at 517 nm and also for a deep purple color and when it gets neutralized by accepting electron from an antioxidant compound it becomes decolorized which can be measured from the change in absorbance. From this study we could conclude that, around 84 medicinal plants Syzygim cumini, Commelina benghalensis, Lannea coromandelica, Phyllanthus fraternus, Triumfetta rhomboidae, Casuarina littorea, Calamus tenuis, Borassus flabellifer, Artocarpus lacucha, Eclipta prostata, Enhydra fluctuans, Minusops eleng, Opuntia dilleni, and Thea sinensis showed excellent DPPH scavenging property (90% or more). Syzygim cumini, Casuarina littorea, Borassus flabellifer, Enhydra fluctuans, and Minusops elengi exhibited highest radical scavenging potentiality with an IC50 value of 12.816µg/mL, 14.467µg/mL, 15.755µg/mL, 15.653µg/mL, and 20.380µg/mL respectively. These results are presented in the diagram below; Fig.1: IC50 value of some medicinal plants showing highest scavenging property All these value are very close to the IC50 value of 15.5 presented by ascorbic acid and better than IC50 value of 46.537 presented by BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene). Syzygim cumini is the most powerful and
- 8. DPPH Scavenging Assay of Eighty Four Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page excellent scavenger of DPPH free radical among all tested plants. 30 plants presented good scavenging property. Among them Punica granatum (35.558µg/mL), Commelina benghalensis (aerial part-pet ether fraction=43.7936 µg/mL), Cocos nucifera (41.2227µg/mL), Artocarpus lacucha (pericarp-methanol fraction=33.501µg/mL), Cyperus rotundus (35.9439µg/mL), Dillenia indica (32.622µg/mL), Persicaria hydropiper (34.8623µg/mL), Triumfetta rhomboidae (root-ethanol=45.5132µg/mL), Celastrus paniculatus (seed-methanol=35.9439µg/mL, seed- Ethanol=33.8060µg/mL, seed- Pet ether=35.9439µg/mL, seed- Water=35.9439µg/mL), Cardiospermum halicacabum (38.2241µg/mL), Calamus tenuis (fruit-pet ether=32.6258µg/mL), and Hedyotis corymbosa (whole part-pet ether=44.0618µg/mL) exhibited good scavenging property than standard reference BHT which presented IC50 value of 46.537µg/mL. 14 plants showed moderate scavenging property between 80 to 150µg/mL, the rest showed low scavenging property. 3 out of 84 medicinal plants presented lowest and very poor scavenging potency. Luffa cylindrical and Momordica cochinchinensis have IC50 value of 38730.0825µg/mL and 38731.4µg/mL respectively. Pulp (methanol) fraction of Musa sapientum showed the lowest potency among the 84 medicinal plants with an IC 50 value of 95669.52µg/mL. It has been stated that radical scavenging property is due to phenolic compounds like flavonoid, polyphenol, and tannin[11]. Free radical neutralizing, quenching singlet or triplet oxygen is due to electron donating activity of phenolic compounds[12]. Oxidative damage is basic reason which leads to various disorders like inflammation, viral inflammation, autoimmune diseases and ulcer[13]. Reactive oxygen species are responsible for triggering carcinogenesis process starting with DNA damage and triggers irregular genetic events which lead to uncontrolled cell division. Finally carcinoma develops[13]. Hence free radical scavengers have potentiality to prevent, delay or stop these disorders. Evaluating the laboratory and epidemiological study of antioxidant potentiality of various plants in last 24 years, scientists experienced that whole edible plants or their active components like flavonoid, tannin, volatile oil, glycoside, alkaloids etc have substantial and protective effect on human carcinogenesis[13, 14, 15]. V. Conclusion From the above result and discussion tested plants have moderate to excellent free radical scavenging activity and selected medicinal plants which have very good antioxidant property can be used as a source of newer antioxidant preparation in future. So, further research project should be run to find out the active components present in these plants which are responsible for playing life saving role in human body. Acknowledgement I am greatly thankful to Dr. Md. Sohel Rana, Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, for providing necessary facilities, logistic support, and continuous encouragement to carry out this research. References [1] Packer L, The antioxidant miracle: Your complete plan for total health and healing, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Canada, 1999. [2] Yildirim A, Mavi A, Oktay M, Kara AA, Algur OF, Bilaloglu V, Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activitiesof tilia (Tilia argenta Desf Ex DC), sage (Salvia triloba L.) and black tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 (2000) 5030-5034. [3] Mantle D, Eddeb F, Pickering A, Comparison of relative antioxidant activities of British medicinal plant species in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72 (2000) 47-51. [4] Campbell IC, Abdulla EM, Strategic approaches to in vitro neurotoxicity, in approaches and methods, in, Neurotoxicology, Academic press London, 1995, pp. 495. [5] G Cao, ER Sofic, RL Prior, Antioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44 (1996) 3426-3431. [6] A Ghani, Medicinal plants of Bangladesh 2nd ed., Asiaticsociety of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2003. [7] Braca A, Tommasi ND, Bari LD, Pizza C, Politi M, Morelli I, Antioxidant principles from Bauhinia terapotensis. Journal of Natural Products 64 (2001) 892-895. [8] Liao KL, Yin MC, Individual and combined antioxidant effects of seven phenolic agents in human erythrocyte membrane ghosts and phosphatidylcholine liposome systems: Importance of partition co-efficient. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 (2000) 2266-2270. [9] Koleva II, Van Beek TA, Linseen JPH, Groot A, Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: A comparative study of three testing methods. Phytochemical Analalysis 13 (2002) 8-17. [10] Suresh PK, Sucheta S, Sudarshana VD, Selvamani P, Latha S, Antioxidant activity in some selected Indian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (2008) 1826-1828. [11] Rahman MAA, Moon SS, Antioxidant polyphenol glycosides from the plant Draba niomrasa. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 28 (2007) 827-831. [12] Hasan SM, Hossain, A Faruque, Comparison of antioxidant potential of different fractions of Commelina benghalensis Linn. Bangladesh Journal of Life Science 20 (2008) 9-16. [13] P Greenwald, Science, medicine, and the future of cancer chemoprevention. British Medical Journal 324 (2002) 714-718. [14] Tsao TS, Kim ES, Hong WK, Chemoprevention of cancer. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 54 (2004) 150-180. [15] Metha RG, Pezzuto JM, Discovery of cancer preventive agents from natural products: from plants to prevention. Current Oncology Reports 4 (2002) 478-486.