This document provides a cost estimation for a cashew extract evaporator plant in Nigeria. It estimates the costs of equipment using scaling factors and cost indexes from 1990 to 2013, accounting for inflation. The total fixed capital investment is estimated to be $416,272.96. An analysis is done to compare using a single effect or double effects evaporator. It is determined that a double effects evaporator would provide the highest return on investment at 37.78% compared to 29.45% for a single effect. The break-even point is calculated to be 13,369,609.7 units per year based on the annual direct production and fixed costs. The gross annual earnings are $286,714.588 and the net annual
An effective citation metadata extraction process based on BibPro parserIOSR Journals
The document describes a citation metadata extraction process called BibPro that uses a sequence alignment approach. BibPro first captures structural properties from citation strings and transforms them into sequenced templates. It then applies encoding tables and reserved words to represent fields as unique symbols. Blocking patterns are used to capture local field structures. BibPro constructs a template database and then aligns query citations to templates to extract metadata fields like author, title, publication details. The approach achieves more accurate extraction than existing systems through its use of citation string sequencing and alignment techniques.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
El documento describe las actividades agroecológicas realizadas en la Unidad Educativa Carabobo, Venezuela, incluyendo la limpieza del terreno, la participación de niños y docentes, la siembra de árboles frutales y árboles importados, con el objetivo de ofrecer una experiencia formativa, recreativa y emancipadora a través del Programa de Trabajo Manual y Semi-Manual (PTMS).
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Secure Cloud Storage Gateway using Symmetric Key AlgorithmIOSR Journals
This document presents a mechanism for securely outsourcing linear programming (LP) computations to the cloud. It aims to achieve input/output privacy, correctness of results, and efficiency. The mechanism uses problem transformation techniques that encrypt the LP problem submitted by the customer and map it to an arbitrary encrypted form. It also develops an affine mapping of the decision variables to encrypt the feasible solution space. To verify results, it utilizes the duality theorem of LP to generate necessary and sufficient conditions for a correct solution. Extensive security analysis and experiments demonstrate the practicality of the approach.
An effective citation metadata extraction process based on BibPro parserIOSR Journals
The document describes a citation metadata extraction process called BibPro that uses a sequence alignment approach. BibPro first captures structural properties from citation strings and transforms them into sequenced templates. It then applies encoding tables and reserved words to represent fields as unique symbols. Blocking patterns are used to capture local field structures. BibPro constructs a template database and then aligns query citations to templates to extract metadata fields like author, title, publication details. The approach achieves more accurate extraction than existing systems through its use of citation string sequencing and alignment techniques.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
El documento describe las actividades agroecológicas realizadas en la Unidad Educativa Carabobo, Venezuela, incluyendo la limpieza del terreno, la participación de niños y docentes, la siembra de árboles frutales y árboles importados, con el objetivo de ofrecer una experiencia formativa, recreativa y emancipadora a través del Programa de Trabajo Manual y Semi-Manual (PTMS).
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Secure Cloud Storage Gateway using Symmetric Key AlgorithmIOSR Journals
This document presents a mechanism for securely outsourcing linear programming (LP) computations to the cloud. It aims to achieve input/output privacy, correctness of results, and efficiency. The mechanism uses problem transformation techniques that encrypt the LP problem submitted by the customer and map it to an arbitrary encrypted form. It also develops an affine mapping of the decision variables to encrypt the feasible solution space. To verify results, it utilizes the duality theorem of LP to generate necessary and sufficient conditions for a correct solution. Extensive security analysis and experiments demonstrate the practicality of the approach.
A New Theoretical Approach to Location Based Power Aware RoutingIOSR Journals
This document proposes a new theoretical approach to location based power aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It aims to extend the network lifetime by improving power utilization during routing. The approach uses nodes' location information, remaining battery power, and bandwidth status to assign link stability and select routes with lower "uptime values" and minimum bandwidth over time. This is hypothesized to better utilize nodes' power sources and bandwidth. The document outlines calculating a root up time factor for each node based on its power backup and required power, and only using nodes with maximum backup. It concludes future work will design and validate a new protocol based on this approach.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a secure method for storing data in the cloud using a third party auditor. The key points are:
1) A flexible distributed storage integrity auditing mechanism (FDSIAM) is proposed that utilizes techniques like homomorphic tokens, blocking/unblocking factors, and distributed erasure-coded data to ensure data integrity and availability even when stored on untrusted servers.
2) A third party auditor (TPA) is introduced to reduce the burden on users for auditing the integrity of their cloud data. The TPA can check data integrity without learning the actual data content.
3) The proposed scheme supports secure dynamic operations on cloud data like block modifications while
MDSR to Reduce Link Breakage Routing Overhead in MANET Using PRMIOSR Journals
This document proposes a modification to the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol called Modified DSR (MDSR) to reduce routing overhead caused by frequent link breakages in mobile ad hoc networks. MDSR adds a link breakage prediction algorithm that uses signal strength measurements to predict when a link may break. Intermediate nodes monitor signal strength and warn the source node if a link may soon break. This allows the source to proactively rebuild the route or switch to a backup route to avoid disconnection. Simulation results showed MDSR can reduce the number of dropped packets by at least 25% compared to standard DSR. The document also discusses how DSR works and the proposed proactive route maintenance concept in M
Classification By Clustering Based On Adjusted ClusterIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new technique called "Classification by Clustering" (CbC) to define decision trees based on cluster analysis. The technique is tested on two large HR datasets. CbC involves running a clustering algorithm on the dataset without using the target variable, calculating the target variable distribution in each cluster, setting a threshold to classify entities, fine-tuning the results by weighting important attributes, and testing the results on new data. The paper finds that CbC can provide meaningful decision rules even when conventional decision trees fail to do so, and in some cases CbC performs better. A new evaluation measure called Weighted Group Score is also introduced to assess models when conventional measures cannot be used
A Novel PSNR-B Approach for Evaluating the Quality of De-blocked Images IOSR Journals
This document discusses evaluating the quality of deblocked images using different quality assessment metrics. It proposes a new metric called PSNR-B that includes a blocking effect factor in PSNR calculations. The document compares PSNR-B to PSNR and SSIM metrics. It studies the effect of quantization step size on measured image quality and analyzes how deblocking algorithms like lowpass filtering can reduce blocking artifacts but also introduce new distortions. Simulation results show PSNR-B correlates better than PSNR with subjective quality judgments of deblocked images.
An Overview of TRIZ Problem-Solving Methodology and its ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document provides an overview of the TRIZ problem-solving methodology. It begins with an introduction to problem solving and lists common problem-solving steps. It then introduces TRIZ as a methodology developed in Russia to systematically solve problems by applying universal invention principles. The document describes the key components of TRIZ, including its laws of evolution, standard problem-solving approaches, and inventive principles. It compares the TRIZ methodology to the conventional structured problem-solving approach. The document then discusses various applications of TRIZ, including in computer-aided design and other engineering fields. It provides examples of how TRIZ tools like the contradiction matrix are used to generate solution principles for resolving contradictions in technical systems.
The Golden Formula of Writing Article Easilybelieve52
The document provides guidelines for easily writing articles through a "golden formula". It recommends choosing a topic you have some knowledge of and researching it to outline 3-5 key points. These points should each become a paragraph in the article. A catchy title and 2-5 sentence summary below it will entice readers. Following these steps of outlining points, adding an introduction and conclusion, and connecting the points into paragraphs allows anyone to quickly write informative 500-word articles.
Assessment of Serum Gonadotrophins and Prolactin Hormone Levels in In Vitro F...IOSR Journals
1) The study assessed hormone levels in 60 women undergoing in vitro fertility treatment at clinics in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
2) Blood samples were taken on day two of the women's menstrual cycles and analyzed for FSH, LH, and prolactin levels using ELISA.
3) The results found that 31 of the 60 women (51.7%) had elevated hormone levels, including elevated prolactin in 23 women (38.3%), which is a major cause of female infertility.
Scalability Enhancement of Push/Pull Server functions by converting Stateless...IOSR Journals
This document proposes using AJAX to improve the scalability of push/pull server functions. It discusses how push and pull architectures are commonly used for client-server data transmission but have limitations like lack of acknowledgment and inability to handle large data volumes. This can cause server lag that increases with data size. The paper suggests that using AJAX can help identify data on the client-side without server involvement, reducing response times compared to traditional HTTP. It presents a prototype to calculate request/response times and scalability between clients and server. The proposed architecture uses AJAX concepts to address issues with the stateless HTTP protocol and improve server efficiency, time measurement, and overall scalability for push and pull mechanisms.
A Video Watermarking Scheme to Hinder Camcorder PiracyIOSR Journals
This document describes a video watermarking scheme to prevent camcorder piracy in movie theaters. The scheme embeds watermarks in video frames so that any compliant video player cannot play the video if recorded in a theater. The watermarking technique is robust to geometric distortions like rotation and scaling. It also prevents loss of quality from lossy compression formats. The scheme uses an integer wavelet transform for the watermark embedding and extraction processes, making it computationally efficient and lossless. Experimental results show the scheme can withstand various attacks like filtering, noise addition, resizing and rotation while accurately extracting the embedded watermarks.
Efficient Technique for Image Stenography Based on coordinates of pixelsIOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel image steganography technique based on pixel pair matching. The technique uses "diamond encoding" to embed secret data by adjusting pixel values in image blocks. It can conceal a (2k^2 + 2k + 1)-ary digit into each pixel pair by modifying at most one pixel value. The embedding and extraction processes are described. Experimental results on test images like Lena show the technique can hide more secret data while maintaining good stego-image quality as measured by PSNR, outperforming simple LSB substitution methods.
Development and Validation of prediction for estimating resting energy expend...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study conducted to develop prediction equations for estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) in Indian subjects. Researchers measured body composition parameters of 100 Indian subjects using bioelectrical impedance analysis at frequencies of 5 kHz, 50 kHz, 100 kHz, and 200 kHz. Multiple regression analysis was used to develop two sets of REE prediction equations: 1) equations estimating REE at each frequency based on sex, age, weight, and impedance index, and 2) an equation estimating overall REE based on sex, age, fat-free mass, and fat mass. The predicted REE values from the equations closely matched measured REE values from the instrument, validating the developed prediction equations as the first such equations for Indian subjects
Design and MATLAB Simulation of a Fuel Cell Based Interleaved Buck Converter ...IOSR Journals
1. The document describes the design and MATLAB simulation of an interleaved buck converter with low switching losses and an improved conversion ratio that is powered by a fuel cell.
2. A new interleaved buck converter topology is proposed that connects two active switches in series and employs a coupling capacitor. This reduces the voltage stress across the switches and improves efficiency by lowering switching losses.
3. The dynamics of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink to serve as the DC input source. Both the proposed and conventional interleaved buck converters are simulated and their outputs are compared.
Comparison of the Formal Specification Languages Based Upon Various ParametersIOSR Journals
This document compares various formal specification languages based on different parameters. It describes Z notation, OCL, VDM, SDL and Larch languages. Z notation uses set theory and logic to model state using schemas. OCL uses constraints to describe UML models. VDM uses basic types and functions to formally specify models. SDL specifies systems as communicating finite state machines. Larch uses an interface language and shared language to specify behaviors. The languages differ based on whether they are process-oriented, sequential-oriented, model-oriented or property-oriented and the underlying mathematics used like set theory, logic or algebra.
Comparative study of IPv4 & IPv6 Point to Point Architecture on various OS pl...IOSR Journals
This document provides a summary of a comparative study on the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols under different operating systems. The study analyzed bandwidth utilization, round trip time, and overhead for IPv4 and IPv6 in point-to-point configurations under Windows 2007, Mac OS, and Red Hat Linux. Experiments were conducted between 3 PCs configured for IPv4 and IPv6 communications over an unloaded network with 3 routers and 3 workstations. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as address length, header fields, and transition mechanisms are also outlined.
Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Pbsns3IOSR Journals
This study used density functional theory and density perturbation functional theory to investigate the electronic and vibrational properties of PbSnS3. The results showed that PbSnS3 is an indirect bandgap semiconductor with a fundamental bandgap of 0.71eV and optical bandgap of 0.83eV. Analysis of the phonon band structure revealed that the highest frequency mode was 317.9 cm-1 at the Γ-point, indicating that the material is polar. In general, the phonon dispersion curves showed flat optical branches with some band crossings and degeneracies at high symmetry points in the Brillouin zone.
This document discusses the fatty acid composition of melon seed oil and its application in synthesizing alkyd resins. The GC-MS analysis revealed that melon seed oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly octadec-14,17-dienoic acid, which makes up 56.86% of the oil. Four types of alkyd resins were synthesized using varying percentages of crude and refined melon seed oil. The properties of the alkyd resins and resulting paints, such as drying time, hardness, gloss, and chemical resistance, were evaluated and found to be comparable to commercially available soybean oil alkyd paints. Overall, the document examines using melon seed oil
Advance Frameworks for Hidden Web Retrieval Using Innovative Vision-Based Pag...IOSR Journals
The document proposes an innovative vision-based page segmentation (IVBPS) algorithm to improve hidden web content extraction. It aims to overcome limitations of existing approaches that rely heavily on HTML structure. IVBPS extracts blocks from the visual representation of a page and clusters them to segment the page semantically. It uses layout features like position and appearance to locate data regions and extract records. The algorithm analyzes the entire page structure rather than local regions, allowing it to retain content DOM tree methods may discard. This is expected to significantly improve hidden web extraction performance.
Image Steganography Based On Hill Cipher with Key Hiding TechniqueIOSR Journals
This document presents a method for image steganography using Hill cipher encryption with a hidden key. It begins with background on steganography, cryptography, and the Hill cipher algorithm. The proposed method hides an encrypted ciphertext and encrypted key within the pixel values of a cover image. To encrypt, it applies Hill cipher to the plaintext, hides the ciphertext in the cover image pixels, and encrypts and embeds the key. It transmits the steganographic image. To decrypt, it extracts the key from the pixel values, decrypts the key, and uses the inverse Hill cipher to recover the original plaintext. The key is transformed and diffused within the pixel values, hiding it and making the system more secure for network transmission without
Adaptive Search Based On User Tags in Social NetworkingIOSR Journals
This document summarizes an article about adaptive search based on user tags in social networking. It discusses using tags that users apply to images in social media sites like Flickr to improve image search and personalize results. It proposes using topic models to identify different meanings of ambiguous tags and a user's interests to display more relevant images. The framework involves reranking images based on aesthetics scores predicted from user comments, and using tag-based and group-based metadata to discover topics and personalize search results. Future work could further analyze community-generated metadata to identify interests and refine search algorithms.
21 hand out on waste quantification -samanthazubeditufail
This document provides guidance on quantifying waste and conducting material and energy balances to identify cleaner production opportunities. It outlines a multi-step process:
1. Develop a process flow diagram to map material and energy flows and identify where wastes are generated.
2. Collect data on material and energy inputs and outputs through measurements, records and estimates to perform material and energy balances.
3. Record measurement data in worksheets to track material and energy usage over time and identify opportunities to reduce waste.
A New Theoretical Approach to Location Based Power Aware RoutingIOSR Journals
This document proposes a new theoretical approach to location based power aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It aims to extend the network lifetime by improving power utilization during routing. The approach uses nodes' location information, remaining battery power, and bandwidth status to assign link stability and select routes with lower "uptime values" and minimum bandwidth over time. This is hypothesized to better utilize nodes' power sources and bandwidth. The document outlines calculating a root up time factor for each node based on its power backup and required power, and only using nodes with maximum backup. It concludes future work will design and validate a new protocol based on this approach.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a secure method for storing data in the cloud using a third party auditor. The key points are:
1) A flexible distributed storage integrity auditing mechanism (FDSIAM) is proposed that utilizes techniques like homomorphic tokens, blocking/unblocking factors, and distributed erasure-coded data to ensure data integrity and availability even when stored on untrusted servers.
2) A third party auditor (TPA) is introduced to reduce the burden on users for auditing the integrity of their cloud data. The TPA can check data integrity without learning the actual data content.
3) The proposed scheme supports secure dynamic operations on cloud data like block modifications while
MDSR to Reduce Link Breakage Routing Overhead in MANET Using PRMIOSR Journals
This document proposes a modification to the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol called Modified DSR (MDSR) to reduce routing overhead caused by frequent link breakages in mobile ad hoc networks. MDSR adds a link breakage prediction algorithm that uses signal strength measurements to predict when a link may break. Intermediate nodes monitor signal strength and warn the source node if a link may soon break. This allows the source to proactively rebuild the route or switch to a backup route to avoid disconnection. Simulation results showed MDSR can reduce the number of dropped packets by at least 25% compared to standard DSR. The document also discusses how DSR works and the proposed proactive route maintenance concept in M
Classification By Clustering Based On Adjusted ClusterIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new technique called "Classification by Clustering" (CbC) to define decision trees based on cluster analysis. The technique is tested on two large HR datasets. CbC involves running a clustering algorithm on the dataset without using the target variable, calculating the target variable distribution in each cluster, setting a threshold to classify entities, fine-tuning the results by weighting important attributes, and testing the results on new data. The paper finds that CbC can provide meaningful decision rules even when conventional decision trees fail to do so, and in some cases CbC performs better. A new evaluation measure called Weighted Group Score is also introduced to assess models when conventional measures cannot be used
A Novel PSNR-B Approach for Evaluating the Quality of De-blocked Images IOSR Journals
This document discusses evaluating the quality of deblocked images using different quality assessment metrics. It proposes a new metric called PSNR-B that includes a blocking effect factor in PSNR calculations. The document compares PSNR-B to PSNR and SSIM metrics. It studies the effect of quantization step size on measured image quality and analyzes how deblocking algorithms like lowpass filtering can reduce blocking artifacts but also introduce new distortions. Simulation results show PSNR-B correlates better than PSNR with subjective quality judgments of deblocked images.
An Overview of TRIZ Problem-Solving Methodology and its ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document provides an overview of the TRIZ problem-solving methodology. It begins with an introduction to problem solving and lists common problem-solving steps. It then introduces TRIZ as a methodology developed in Russia to systematically solve problems by applying universal invention principles. The document describes the key components of TRIZ, including its laws of evolution, standard problem-solving approaches, and inventive principles. It compares the TRIZ methodology to the conventional structured problem-solving approach. The document then discusses various applications of TRIZ, including in computer-aided design and other engineering fields. It provides examples of how TRIZ tools like the contradiction matrix are used to generate solution principles for resolving contradictions in technical systems.
The Golden Formula of Writing Article Easilybelieve52
The document provides guidelines for easily writing articles through a "golden formula". It recommends choosing a topic you have some knowledge of and researching it to outline 3-5 key points. These points should each become a paragraph in the article. A catchy title and 2-5 sentence summary below it will entice readers. Following these steps of outlining points, adding an introduction and conclusion, and connecting the points into paragraphs allows anyone to quickly write informative 500-word articles.
Assessment of Serum Gonadotrophins and Prolactin Hormone Levels in In Vitro F...IOSR Journals
1) The study assessed hormone levels in 60 women undergoing in vitro fertility treatment at clinics in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
2) Blood samples were taken on day two of the women's menstrual cycles and analyzed for FSH, LH, and prolactin levels using ELISA.
3) The results found that 31 of the 60 women (51.7%) had elevated hormone levels, including elevated prolactin in 23 women (38.3%), which is a major cause of female infertility.
Scalability Enhancement of Push/Pull Server functions by converting Stateless...IOSR Journals
This document proposes using AJAX to improve the scalability of push/pull server functions. It discusses how push and pull architectures are commonly used for client-server data transmission but have limitations like lack of acknowledgment and inability to handle large data volumes. This can cause server lag that increases with data size. The paper suggests that using AJAX can help identify data on the client-side without server involvement, reducing response times compared to traditional HTTP. It presents a prototype to calculate request/response times and scalability between clients and server. The proposed architecture uses AJAX concepts to address issues with the stateless HTTP protocol and improve server efficiency, time measurement, and overall scalability for push and pull mechanisms.
A Video Watermarking Scheme to Hinder Camcorder PiracyIOSR Journals
This document describes a video watermarking scheme to prevent camcorder piracy in movie theaters. The scheme embeds watermarks in video frames so that any compliant video player cannot play the video if recorded in a theater. The watermarking technique is robust to geometric distortions like rotation and scaling. It also prevents loss of quality from lossy compression formats. The scheme uses an integer wavelet transform for the watermark embedding and extraction processes, making it computationally efficient and lossless. Experimental results show the scheme can withstand various attacks like filtering, noise addition, resizing and rotation while accurately extracting the embedded watermarks.
Efficient Technique for Image Stenography Based on coordinates of pixelsIOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel image steganography technique based on pixel pair matching. The technique uses "diamond encoding" to embed secret data by adjusting pixel values in image blocks. It can conceal a (2k^2 + 2k + 1)-ary digit into each pixel pair by modifying at most one pixel value. The embedding and extraction processes are described. Experimental results on test images like Lena show the technique can hide more secret data while maintaining good stego-image quality as measured by PSNR, outperforming simple LSB substitution methods.
Development and Validation of prediction for estimating resting energy expend...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study conducted to develop prediction equations for estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) in Indian subjects. Researchers measured body composition parameters of 100 Indian subjects using bioelectrical impedance analysis at frequencies of 5 kHz, 50 kHz, 100 kHz, and 200 kHz. Multiple regression analysis was used to develop two sets of REE prediction equations: 1) equations estimating REE at each frequency based on sex, age, weight, and impedance index, and 2) an equation estimating overall REE based on sex, age, fat-free mass, and fat mass. The predicted REE values from the equations closely matched measured REE values from the instrument, validating the developed prediction equations as the first such equations for Indian subjects
Design and MATLAB Simulation of a Fuel Cell Based Interleaved Buck Converter ...IOSR Journals
1. The document describes the design and MATLAB simulation of an interleaved buck converter with low switching losses and an improved conversion ratio that is powered by a fuel cell.
2. A new interleaved buck converter topology is proposed that connects two active switches in series and employs a coupling capacitor. This reduces the voltage stress across the switches and improves efficiency by lowering switching losses.
3. The dynamics of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink to serve as the DC input source. Both the proposed and conventional interleaved buck converters are simulated and their outputs are compared.
Comparison of the Formal Specification Languages Based Upon Various ParametersIOSR Journals
This document compares various formal specification languages based on different parameters. It describes Z notation, OCL, VDM, SDL and Larch languages. Z notation uses set theory and logic to model state using schemas. OCL uses constraints to describe UML models. VDM uses basic types and functions to formally specify models. SDL specifies systems as communicating finite state machines. Larch uses an interface language and shared language to specify behaviors. The languages differ based on whether they are process-oriented, sequential-oriented, model-oriented or property-oriented and the underlying mathematics used like set theory, logic or algebra.
Comparative study of IPv4 & IPv6 Point to Point Architecture on various OS pl...IOSR Journals
This document provides a summary of a comparative study on the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols under different operating systems. The study analyzed bandwidth utilization, round trip time, and overhead for IPv4 and IPv6 in point-to-point configurations under Windows 2007, Mac OS, and Red Hat Linux. Experiments were conducted between 3 PCs configured for IPv4 and IPv6 communications over an unloaded network with 3 routers and 3 workstations. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 such as address length, header fields, and transition mechanisms are also outlined.
Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Pbsns3IOSR Journals
This study used density functional theory and density perturbation functional theory to investigate the electronic and vibrational properties of PbSnS3. The results showed that PbSnS3 is an indirect bandgap semiconductor with a fundamental bandgap of 0.71eV and optical bandgap of 0.83eV. Analysis of the phonon band structure revealed that the highest frequency mode was 317.9 cm-1 at the Γ-point, indicating that the material is polar. In general, the phonon dispersion curves showed flat optical branches with some band crossings and degeneracies at high symmetry points in the Brillouin zone.
This document discusses the fatty acid composition of melon seed oil and its application in synthesizing alkyd resins. The GC-MS analysis revealed that melon seed oil contains high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly octadec-14,17-dienoic acid, which makes up 56.86% of the oil. Four types of alkyd resins were synthesized using varying percentages of crude and refined melon seed oil. The properties of the alkyd resins and resulting paints, such as drying time, hardness, gloss, and chemical resistance, were evaluated and found to be comparable to commercially available soybean oil alkyd paints. Overall, the document examines using melon seed oil
Advance Frameworks for Hidden Web Retrieval Using Innovative Vision-Based Pag...IOSR Journals
The document proposes an innovative vision-based page segmentation (IVBPS) algorithm to improve hidden web content extraction. It aims to overcome limitations of existing approaches that rely heavily on HTML structure. IVBPS extracts blocks from the visual representation of a page and clusters them to segment the page semantically. It uses layout features like position and appearance to locate data regions and extract records. The algorithm analyzes the entire page structure rather than local regions, allowing it to retain content DOM tree methods may discard. This is expected to significantly improve hidden web extraction performance.
Image Steganography Based On Hill Cipher with Key Hiding TechniqueIOSR Journals
This document presents a method for image steganography using Hill cipher encryption with a hidden key. It begins with background on steganography, cryptography, and the Hill cipher algorithm. The proposed method hides an encrypted ciphertext and encrypted key within the pixel values of a cover image. To encrypt, it applies Hill cipher to the plaintext, hides the ciphertext in the cover image pixels, and encrypts and embeds the key. It transmits the steganographic image. To decrypt, it extracts the key from the pixel values, decrypts the key, and uses the inverse Hill cipher to recover the original plaintext. The key is transformed and diffused within the pixel values, hiding it and making the system more secure for network transmission without
Adaptive Search Based On User Tags in Social NetworkingIOSR Journals
This document summarizes an article about adaptive search based on user tags in social networking. It discusses using tags that users apply to images in social media sites like Flickr to improve image search and personalize results. It proposes using topic models to identify different meanings of ambiguous tags and a user's interests to display more relevant images. The framework involves reranking images based on aesthetics scores predicted from user comments, and using tag-based and group-based metadata to discover topics and personalize search results. Future work could further analyze community-generated metadata to identify interests and refine search algorithms.
21 hand out on waste quantification -samanthazubeditufail
This document provides guidance on quantifying waste and conducting material and energy balances to identify cleaner production opportunities. It outlines a multi-step process:
1. Develop a process flow diagram to map material and energy flows and identify where wastes are generated.
2. Collect data on material and energy inputs and outputs through measurements, records and estimates to perform material and energy balances.
3. Record measurement data in worksheets to track material and energy usage over time and identify opportunities to reduce waste.
Analyze Production Efficiency and Scale Efficiency of Rice Farming Households...ijtsrd
Data Envelopment Analysis DEA was used in this study to evaluate the production efficiency of rice farming households in Hau Giang Province. Research data were collected from 250 rice farming households. DEA method was used in the studyto measure the cost effectiveness based on aggregating the technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. Besides, the study estimated and compared the scale efficiency of rice farming households. The research results indicated that rice farmers in Hau Giang achieved technical efficiency at a pretty good level whereas the allocative efficiency was at a fairly goodlevel, and the cost efficiency was at an average level. The results also showed that the majority of rice farming households reached high scale efficiency, particularly, many households got the optimal scale efficiency. Nguyen Quoc Nghi | La Nguyen Thuy Dung "Analyze Production Efficiency and Scale Efficiency of Rice Farming Households in Hau Giang Province" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31887.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/31887/analyze-production-efficiency-and-scale-efficiency-of-rice-farming-households-in-hau-giang-province/nguyen-quoc-nghi
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF GREENHOUSE CULTIVATIONpramodrai30
The document discusses the economic analysis of greenhouse tomato cultivation using different cultivation methods. It analyzes the costs and returns of conventional open field cultivation, drip irrigation, and drip irrigation with plastic mulch. The key findings are:
1) Drip irrigation with plastic mulch has the highest net present value (Rs. 536726), benefit-cost ratio (2.5), production (8820 kg), and lowest payback period (8 months) compared to other methods.
2) Drip irrigation performs better than conventional cultivation with higher net return (100.2%), gross return (64.9%), and net present value (100.2%).
3) Conventional cultivation has the lowest
Process Design and Economics for Conversion of Algal Biomass to HydrocarbonsBiorefineryEPC™
Process Design and Economics for Conversion of Algal Biomass to Hydrocarbons
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ENVOGUE is the official newsletter of E-Cube Energy Trading Private Limited. It intends to bring in some fresh and independent perspective on the energy efficiency markets in India.
The document analyzes Champion's paper mill business and opportunities in dairy, orange juice, and export markets. It finds that Champion captures a small portion of margins in the dairy market but an even smaller portion in the branded orange juice market due to buyer power. The optimal investment of $61.5 million is in the differentiated orange juice and export markets to gain higher margins and returns.
Cost reduction in sugar mill a case studyDilip Patil
“Cost reduction in sugar industry is need of time in uncertainty of situation. This
Paper is focusing on formula method of analyzing final manufacturing report in
terms of rupees by making comparative study of manufacturing performance
and its financial implications on cost. Cost cutting is no longer the solution to
sustainable profitability, the key to success is finding creative ways to prevent
cost”
ENERGY USE PATTERN IN FLOUR MILL INDUSTRY.pptxManeeshSonkar
The presentation entitled "ENERGY USE PATTERN IN FLOUR MILL" discussed the energy balance, process of milling, input and output energy in flour milling with calculation formula. Energy is a crucial component in industrial background. In flour mill various operation takes place like transportation, cleaning of grains, milling packaging and storage etc. Which requires amount of energy. A hundred percent conversion of energy into work is not possible but we minimise the losses and efficiency of energy use.
The Simulation and Economic Analysis of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches Gasifica...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the simulation and economic analysis of palm oil empty fruit bunches gasification as a renewable energy source. The study models the gasification of empty fruit bunches using Aspen Plus software to determine optimal operating conditions. Simulation results found that a gasification temperature of 800°C, equivalence ratio of 0.2, and moisture content of 30% produced syngas with the highest heating value. A techno-economic analysis then determined that a 152 MW biomass power plant using this gasification process in Riau Province, Indonesia had an investment cost of IDR 2,750,015,292,173 and could achieve a 47.68% internal rate of return with a 3 year pay
NAP Training Viet Nam - Cost Benefit Analysis and Development Adaptation OptionsUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
This presentation on maize drying in Ghana was given at the 2nd All Africa Post-Harvest Congress & Exhibition. The lead researchers from KNUST, who prepared this presentation, are making it available via the Consortium for Innovation in Post-Harvest Loss and Food Waste Reduction slideshare account. KNUST is a member of the Consortium.
This document discusses activity-based costing and its advantages over traditional costing methods. It covers key concepts such as tracing overhead costs to activities and products using cost drivers, calculating activity and product unit costs, and addressing issues like product cost distortions that can occur when products consume overhead activities in different proportions. The document provides examples of calculating predetermined overhead rates and variances, and assigning costs using multiple cost drivers and activity rates. It explains how activity-based costing can provide more accurate product costing than traditional methods.
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This document presents a project profile for establishing a mustard oil processing plant. It provides details on the market opportunity for mustard oil in India, basis and assumptions for the project, implementation schedule, production process, machinery requirements, and financial analysis. The total project cost is estimated at Rs. 69.64 lakhs with fixed capital investment of Rs. 18.25 lakhs and working capital of Rs. 51.39 lakhs for 3 months. The financial analysis estimates annual turnover of Rs. 232 lakhs and net profit of Rs. 14.96 lakhs, giving a 6.44% net profit ratio and 21.48% rate of return.
This document proposes a project for a cashew nut processing unit. It provides details on the scope, market opportunity, implementation requirements, manufacturing process, project costs, means of finance, equipment needs, cashew varieties, process flow diagrams, by-products, growth strategy, and investor exit strategy. The key points are that the proposed plant would have an annual capacity of 300,000 kg of raw cashews, cost around 9.2 crore rupees to set up, generate 35-40% returns on investment, create local employment, and have potential for exporting by-products like cashew nut shell liquid.
Standard costing is a technique that involves setting standards for costs, comparing actual costs to standards, investigating variances, and taking corrective action. It involves establishing standard costs per unit for direct materials, direct labor, and overhead. Actual costs are then compared to standards and any differences or variances are identified. Variances can be investigated to determine where costs differed from standards and actions can be taken to remedy issues. Standard costing can be used with both absorption and marginal costing systems.
This project aimed to reduce consumable costs at a department over 2 months. The team listed all consumables, recorded their monthly usage and costs, and tabulated this data. They found that the top 3 consumables - Spark Spray, Windowlene, and Silicone Spray - accounted for over 80% of total costs. Alternative cheaper products were identified and implemented, resulting in projected monthly savings of 65.8% for Spark Spray, 87.9% for Windowlene, and 71.4% for Silicone Spray.
Further Evaluation of Organics Management Options v13 (3)Will Dickinson
This document provides a final report on options for managing organic materials from the Western Placer Waste Management Authority. It evaluates source separation collection costs, feedstock recovery methods and estimates, digestion technologies, contaminant removal options, and marketing requirements. Financial projections are presented for 6 options involving anaerobic digestion or composting. The report recommends a strategy to recover organics from the mixed waste stream and produce marketable compost through positive-pick hand sorting of large food items from the container line.
This presentation discusses the cost benefit analysis of an ideal prawn hatchery in Bangladesh. It provides details on the capital costs, operating costs, revenue, and profit analysis. The capital costs include expenditures for land, buildings, equipment, and infrastructure. Operating costs cover expenses like labor, feed, electricity. Revenue is generated from the sale of hatchlings produced. The analysis finds that total costs are lower than total revenues, resulting in a net profit for hatchery owners. Therefore, the cost benefit ratio of the hatchery is satisfactory. The document concludes that prawn hatcheries can help meet protein demand and improve livelihoods through aquaculture if best management practices are followed.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 4, Issue 2 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 79-85
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
Cost Estimation of Cashew ExtractEvaporator Using Scaling Factors and
Cost Index
1
Abdulraheem, M.O., 2
Aberuagba, F., 3
Okafor, J.O. and 4
Otaru, A.J.
1
(99, Amac Health Clinic Road, Zone 6, Lugbe, FCT – Abuja)
2,3&4
(Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria).
Abstract: Lot of accuracy is required in estimating capital investment costs. A tabular form is suggested for
estimating total product cost and constitutes a valuable checklist to foreclosed omissions. Using annual profit of
$1,182,340.46 ($3,593.74 x 329days). Assumed feed rate of 14,400ltrs; composition cashew source 62.05 per
cent, water 37.95per cent. Estimated cost of equipment using scaling factors and cost index, from the equipment
Vs capacity exponent, was given as 0.54 and gotten as $28,159.49 as at 1990 and calculated as $109,545.7 in
2013 assumed 9% inflation to date. The total fixed-capital investment using ranges of process-plant component
costs give us $416,272.96. Where the double effects evaporators was proven to be better. Break-even point,
gross earnings, and net profit for the process plant where given thus: The direct production cost/unit is
$0.226’unit, number of units needed for a break-even point (n), is 13,369,609.7units/year. The plant operates at
74% of the present plant operating capacity. Gross annual earnings is $286,714.588, Net annual earnings is
$566,227.22. Pay – back Time, Savings is 1,856,890 units/year with Rate of Return as 74.11per cent and as
1.35years.
Keywords: Cashew, Cost, Evaporator, Extract and Nigeria.
I. Introduction
The cost estimation which involves capital investment, operation costs and sales of products can be
grouped under the general heading of total product cost. The largest sources of error in total-product- cost
estimation are overlooking elements of cost. Continuous processes are economical for a large scale production.
Batch processes are used where some flexibility is wanted in production rate or product specification. Annual
profit at 329days per year was adopted out of 365days in the year, considering holidays and weekends. Assume
the feed rate be 14,400ltrs; with composition of cashew source 62.05 per cent and water 37.95per cent. To
estimate the cost of equipment scaling factors and cost index will be used, from the equipment Vs capacity
exponent, this is given as 0.54 at $28,159.49 in 1990. The total fixed-capital investment using ranges of
process-plant component costs. The investment comparison for required the operation with limited number of
choices. The effective effects of evaporators would be determined. Break-even point, gross earnings, and net
profit for the process plant would also be calculated. The direct production cost per unit, number of units
needed for a break-even point (n),units per year. The plant present operating capacity is put at 74%. Gross
annual earnings, Net annual earnings, Pay – back Time, Savings and Rate of return on the investment.
II. Research materials and methodolgy
Cashew apple juice extraction
Cashew fruits, red elongated type is plunged from the isolated tree, carry to the laboratory. The plunged
cashew was carefully selected to remove the infected and damaged ones, average weight of a cashew is taken
along with the cashew nut and without the nut. The following average weight of the cashew without the nuts
was obtained = 82.88gu637666666mm66666.9666rtvb966
Figure 1. Red elongated Cashew Apple Fruit
2. Cost Estimation Of Cashew Extract Evaporator Using Scaling Factors And Cost Index
www.iosrjournals.org 80 | Page
Cashew extract juice modification.
Rice gruel was used which is another clarifying agent for raw cashew apple juice and is another
contribution of Indian research scientists. There are other three agents that can be used also but, rice gruel
happened to be the quickest way to obtain clear cashew apple juice - with the simplest of means
3g/litre, 4g/litre 5g/litre.
Figure 2. Jars of Cashew with settlement of tannin content
III. Working design
Material balance
A material balance taken over the complete process will determine the quantities of raw materials
required and products produced. Balances over individual process units set the process stream flows and
compositions. A good understanding of material balance calculations is essential in process design. Material
balances are also useful tools for the study of plant operation and trouble shooting. They can be used to check
performance against design; to extend the often limited data available from the plant instrumentation; to check
instrument calibrations; and to locate sources of material loss. (Coulson & Richardson, 1998)
Conservation of mass
The general conservation equation for any process system can be written as: Material out = Material in
+ Generation — Consumption — Accumulation For a steady-state process the accumulation term will be zero.
Mass is neither generated nor consumed; but if a chemical reaction takes place a particular chemical species
may be formed or consumed in the process. If there is no chemical reaction the steady-state balance reduces to; (
Wiley, 1978.)
Material out = Material in
Material balance
It is necessary to make a material balance to determine the top and bottoms product flow rates. Balance on
cashew, cashew loss in bottoms neglected.
Distillate, (D) water, 80%,
Feed, (F)
Cashew 62.05.0%
Water 37.95
70O
C
Bottoms, (w)
Cashew 80% wt
Water 20% wt
14,400 x 0.621 = D x 0.8
Distillate, D = 11,178.4ltr
Bottoms, W = 14,400 – 11,178 = 3,2227ltr
Figure 3: Evaporator for the concentration of cashew apple juice
3. Cost Estimation Of Cashew Extract Evaporator Using Scaling Factors And Cost Index
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Annual profits earnings calculation
The total cost of producing a crate, assuming 15% of the cost production was taken as handling and
packaging charges = N1,250.89
Table 1. Present market price of other malt drinks
Brand /Crate Market value/Bottle
Maltina =N2,000 N100 x 24 N2,400
High-Malt =N1,900 N100 x 24 N2,400
Nasmalt =N1,750 N100 x 24 N2,400
Mucamalt =N1,600 N80 x 24 N1,920
Profitability analysis on a crate of Mucamalt
Profit to the company = Sales cost per crate - Cost of production per crate
N1,600 – N1,250.89 = N349.11/crate.
While the retailers profit per crate will be = N320.00
Hence, 160HL tank which is equivalent to 16,000litres equals to 2020.2 crates of 33cl bottle.
Assume the plant is working at 80% capacity,
Therefore 2020.2 x 0.8 = 1,616.16 crates will be produced per day.
At N1,250.89 per crate x 1,616.16 crates = N2,021,638.38
Cost of producing 1,616.16 crates of mucamalt will therefore be
(@Assume N157 is to a Dollar) = $12,876.678
Supposed a crate of mucamalt is sold for $10.191
Therefore, 1,616.16 crates will cost = $16,470.42
Profit per brew on 160HL per day will be:
$(16,470.42 - 12,876.678) = $3,593.74
Annual profit at 329days per year = $3,593.74 x 329
= $1,182,340.46
Number of independent components
A balance equation can be written for each independent component. Not all the components in a material
balance will be independent.
Physical systems, no reaction
If there is no chemical reaction the number of independent components is equal to the number of distinct
chemical species present.
Chemical systems, reaction
If the process involves chemical reaction the number of independent components will not necessarily be equal to
the number of chemical species, as some may be related by the chemical equation.
Consider a separation unit, such as a distillation column, which divides a process stream into two product
streams. Let the feed rate be 14,400ltrs; composition cashew source 62.05 per cent, water 37.95per cent.
To estimate cost of equipment using scaling factors and cost index.
The purchased cost of a 227.5litre glass-lined, jacketed reactor (without drive) was $8,350 in 1981. Estimate the
purchased cost of a similar 13,65litre, glass-lined, jacketed reactor (without drive) in 1990. Using the annual
average Marshall and Swift equipment-cost index (process industry) to update the purchase cost of the reactor.
Marshall and Swift equipment-cost index (process industry)
For 1981 721 and For 1990 924 (Plant Design & Economics for chemical Engineers, M S Peters & K D
Timmerhaus pg ” Cost Estimation” Pp 163 )
The equipment Vs capacity exponent is given as 0.54
1990, Cost of Evaporator = ($8350)(924/721)(1,365/227.5)0.54
= $28,159.49
For the cost of 14,400litres in January 2013 = $28,159.49, equivalent to the cost of 1,365litres of
Hence, 14,400litres will cost = $28,159.49(14,400/1,365)0.54
= $100,500.7
Allowing for 9% inflation from 1990 to 2013, cost
4. Cost Estimation Of Cashew Extract Evaporator Using Scaling Factors And Cost Index
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= $100,500.7 x (1.09) = $109,545.7
Estimate a fixed-capital investment using ranges of process-plant component costs.
A fixed-capital investment for a process plant for a purchased-equipment cost of $109,545.7 Process-
plant component cost outlined in 167 for a process plant handling fluids with a high degree of automatic
controls and essentially outdoor operation is used with lowest range.
(Plant design & economic for chemical engineers, Timmerhaus, cost estimation pp 167) Table 2. Cost of
individual components for the fixed capital investment
Components Assumed% of total Cost Ratio% of total
Purchased equip. 15 $109,545.7 26.3
Purchased-equip. install. 643,818.28 10.5
Instrumentation (installed) 2 14,606 3.5
Piping (installed) 3 21,909 5. 3
Electrical (installed) 2 14,606 3.5
Buildings (including serv.) 3 21,909 5.3
Yard improvements 2 14,606 3.5
Service facilities (installed) 8 58,424.37 13.8
Land 1 7,303 1.75
Engineering and superv. 429,212.19 7.0
Construction expense 4 29,212.19 7.0
Contractor’s fee 2 14,606 3.5
Contingency 5 36,515.23 8.75
$416,272.96
$416,272.96 for the assumed conditions if economy is stable. However, it may vary within the given range.
Investment comparison for required operation with limited number of choices.
A plant is being designed in which 160HL per 24-h day of a cashew juice extract containing 62.05
percent by weight is to be concentrated to 30 percent by weight. A single-effect or multiple-effect evaporator
will be used, and a single-effect evaporator of the required capacity requires an initial investment of
$416,272.96 This same investment is required for each additional effect. Let the service life be 14 years, and the
salvage value of each effect at the end of the service life $20,000. Fixed charges minus depreciation amount to
20 percent yearly, based on the initial investment. Steam costs $0.60 per 4,546litres, and administration, labor,
and miscellaneous costs are $6.688 per day, no matter how many evaporator effects are used.
Where X is the number of evaporator effects, 0.9X equals the number of pounds of water evaporated per pound
of steam. There are 329 operating days per year. If the minimum acceptable return on any investment is 15
percent, how many effects should be used?
Basis: 1 operating day
X = total number of evaporator effects
Depreciation per operating day (straight-line method)
= X(416,272.96 – 20,000)
(14)(329)
= $86.03/day
Fixed charges - depreciation = X(416,272.96)(0.2)
329
= $253.05/day
Pounds of water evaporated per day =
(1,600,000)(0.625)(37.95/62.05) – (1,600,000)(0.625)(30/70)
= 611,600 – 428,570ltr/day
= 183,030ltr/day
Steam costs = (183,030)(0.60) = $26.84 per day
X(O.9)(4,546) X
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Table 3. Investment comparison for required operation
X=
no.of
effects
Steam
costs
perday
Fixed charges -
Depreciation per
day
Depreciation per
day
Labour Per
day
Total cost Per
day
1
2
3
4
5
$26.84
13.42
8.947
6.710
5.368
$253.05
658.01
759.15
1,012.21
1,265.27
$86.03
172.01
258.10
344.14
430.17
$6.688
6.688
6.688
6.688
6.688
$372.61
850.13
1,032.89
1,369.75
1,707.50
Percent return = (372.61)(329)(100) = 29.45%
416,272.96
Comparing two effects with one effect,
Percent return = (850.13 – 372.61)(329)(100) = 37.78%
832,545.92 – 416,272.96
Comparing three effects with two effects,
Percent return = (1,032.89 – 850.13)(329)(100) = 14.44%
832,545.92 – 416,272.96
Comparing four effects with three effects
Percent return = (1,369.75 –1,032.89)(329)(100) = 26.62%
416,272.96
Comparing five effects with four effects,
Percent return = (1,707.5 – 1,369.75)(329)(100) = 26.69%
416,272.96
Therefore, two effects are better than one, three, four and five effects.
Since a return of at least 15 percent is required on any investment, all the effects except three effects are good
whether single or multiple effects. Two effects evaporator can be maintain because of; 1) Good percentage
return on the investment and 2) daily pay which is considerably moderate, which is enough criteria for
comparisons on the effects.
Break-even point, gross earnings, and net profit for a process plant.
The annual direct production costs for a plant operating at 80 percent capacity are $4,236,427.06 while
the sum of the annual fixed charges, overhead costs, and general expenses is $847,285.412. The break-even
point in units of production per day if total annual sales are $5,418,768.18 and the product sells at $0.289 per
unit. The annual gross earnings and net profit for this plant at 100 percent capacity in 2013 when corporate
income taxes required a 15 percent tax on the first $50,000 of annual gross earnings, 20 percent on annual gross
earnings of $50,000 to $80,000, 30 percent on annual gross earnings above $80,000, and 5 percent on gross
earnings from $100,000 to $300,000
Solution. The break-even point occurs when the total annual product cost equals the total annual sales. The total
annual product cost is the sum of the fixed costs (including fixed charges, overhead, and general expenses) and
the direct production costs for n units per year. The total annual sales is the product of the number of units and
the selling price per unit.
Thus Direct production cost/unit = 4,236,427.06
(5,418,768.18/0.289)
= $0.226’unit
and the number of units needed for a break-even point is given by 847,285.412 + 0.226n = 0.289n
n = 847,285.412 =
13,369,609.7units/year
0.063
This is [(13,369,609.7)/(14,400,000/0.8)]100 = 74% of the present plant operating capacity.
6. Cost Estimation Of Cashew Extract Evaporator Using Scaling Factors And Cost Index
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Gross annual earnings = total annual sales - total annual product cost = 14,400,000 units
(0.289/unit )
0.8
= 5,202,000 - [847,285.412 + 14,400,000 ($0.226/unit)
0.8
= 5,202,000 – 4,915,285.412
= $286,714.588
Net annual earnings = gross annual earnings - income taxes
= 847,285.41 - [(0.15)(50,000) + (0.20)(30,000)
+ (0.30)(847,285.41 - 80,000)
+ (0.05)(847,285.41 – 100,000]
= 847,285.41 -281,058.19
= $566,227.22
Pay – back Time.
If the plant is producing 13,369,609.7units/y of a product with overall yield of 80 per cent, on a mass
basis (litre of product per ltr raw material). The raw material costs $0.226/unit, and the product sells for
$0.289/unit. If a modification is devised to increase the yield to 90 per cent. Assume the net annual earnings of
$566,227.22 is to be re- invested back into the business, with negligible operating costs. Will the modification
be worth making?
Solution
Two ways are applicable to earn gain in the modification: 1. If the additional production given by the
yield increase can be sold at the current price, the earnings on each additional litre of production will equal the
sales price less the raw material cost.
2. If the additional production cannot be readily sold, the modification results in a reduction in raw material
requirements, rather than increased sales, and the earnings (savings) are from the reduction in annual raw
material costs.
The second way gives the lowest figures and is the safest basis for making the evaluation.
At 13,369, 609.7 units/y production
Raw material requirements at 80 per cent yield
= 13,369,609.7/0.8 = 16,712,012
At 90 per cent yield = 13,369,609.7/0.9 = 14,855,122
Savings 1,856,890 units/year
Cost savings, at $0.226/litre, = 1,856,890 x 0.226
=$419,657.14/ year
Rate on return (ROR) = (419,657.14/566,227.22 )100
= 74.11per cent
Pay-back time (as the annual savings are constant, the pay-back time is the reciprocal of the Rate of return )
= 100/74.11 = 1.35years
The modification is worth embarking on.
IV. Results And Discussion Of Results
Cashew apple juice extraction
The red elongated cashew average weight obtained without nuts = 82.88g, Physical and water content
of the red elongated cashew apple: Ave. wt., 82.88g, PH 5.4, Juice cont. 62.05g, Substrate cont. 20.83g, Water
cont. 74.87%
Annual profits earnings calculation
From the grand total cost of N9,345.45 to produced 206.2bottles,(8.6crates) while cost of producing a
bottle stood at N45.32 and crate cost N1,087.73. Assumed 15% of the cost of production is used as handling and
packaging charges, therefore, the cost per crate now will be N1,250.89
Six (6) crates of mucamalt will therefore be,
= N2,021,638.38 and @ N157 to Dollar = $12,876.678
Supposed a crate of mucamalt is sold for N1,600 ($10.191) per crate
Therefore, 1,616.16 crates will cost (1,616.16 x 1,600)
7. Cost Estimation Of Cashew Extract Evaporator Using Scaling Factors And Cost Index
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= $16,470.42
Profit per brew on 160HL per day will be:
$(16,470.42 - 12,876.678) = $3,593.74
Annual profit at 329days per year = $3,593.74 x 329 = $1,182,340.46
Estimating the cost of equipment using scaling factors and cost index.
Using the annual average Marshall and Swift equipment-cost index (process industry) to update the
purchase cost of the reactor.
From Table 5, the equipment Vs capacity exponent is given as 0.54
1990, Cost of Evaporator = ($8350)(924/721)(1,365/227.5)0.54
= $28,159.49
To estimate the cost of 14,400litres in January 2013,
14,400litres will cost, $28,159.49(14,400/1,365)0.54
= $100,500.7
Allowing for 9% inflation from 1990 to 2013, cost = $100,500.7 x (1.09) = $109,545.7
Using the cost of $109,545.7 obtained above to calculate for the fixed capital investment with ranges of process
– plant component costs. Fixed capital investment with ranges of process-plant component costs was obtained as
$416,272.96 for the assumed conditions with stable economy. This capital can vary within the given range.
On the investment comparison for required operation with limited number of choices, two effects(37.78%) are
better than one(29.45%), three(14.44%), four(26.62%) and five(26.69%) effects respectively.
Since a return of at least 15 percent is required on any investment, all the effects except three effects are good
whether single or multiple effects. Two effects evaporator can be maintain because of; 1) Good percentage
return on the investment and 2) daily pay which is considerably moderate, which is enough criteria for
comparisons on the effects.
Break-even point, gross earnings, and net profit for a process plant at 80 percent
The direct production cost/unit is $0.226’unit, the required number of units 13,369,609.7units/year
while the real operating plant capacity is 74%. The gross annual earnings obtained as $286,714.588 and net
annual earnings $566,227.22 which is not bad at all. Pay – back Time is 1.35years after re-investment of
$566,227.22 into the plant, you need 1.35years to pay back which is commendable before profit start to come in
and the modification is worth embarking on.
Acknowledgements
In the name of Allah (SWT), the most beneficent, the most merciful. Glory is to him for his guidance toward the
successful completion of this research work
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