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The IT security challenge is immense as the global digital attack surface has expanded vastly while attackers are relentless and seek huge rewards. To address this challenge, a diversity of technical and organizational security solutions must be employed, including encryption, steganography, path encoding, trap and honeypot deployment, and constantly questioning security needs and risks from all perspectives. Most importantly, security defenses can never be relaxed as hackers continue getting younger and more capable over time.
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The Philosophy of Science
Past civilisations have nurtured small populations of those trying to understand and manipulate nature to some advantage in materials, tools, weapons, food, and wealth. However, they never formed communities and lacked the means of recording, communicating, and sharing successes and failures. They also lacked a common framework/philosophy to qualify them as scientists, but that all began to change in the 16th Century. In this lecture we consider the progression to a philosophy of science, and the underlying principles and assumptions that now guide scientific inquiry.We also examines the nature of scientific knowledge, the methods of acquisition, evolution, and significance over past centuries, and reflect on the value to society.
In the struggle to solve problems, deliver understanding, and reveal the truth about our universe, science had to suffer and survive: ignorance, bigotry, established superstitions, and the ‘diktats’ of religions and politics, and latterly, falling education standards mired by social media. We chart that ‘scientific’ journey emphasising the importance of observation, experimentation, and the search for universal laws. Ultimately, this essentially Aristotelian perspective was challenged and overtaken by the rise of empiricism, which emphasised the importance of sensory experience and the limitations of human knowledge.
Science continues to evolve and provide us with the best truths attainable with our leading edge technologies of observation and experimentation. Today, it stands as the greatest and richest contributor to human knowledge, understanding, progress, and wellbeing. In turn, debates and controversies are ongoing, shaping the field and philosophy which remains essential for understanding the nature of scientific knowledge and the models it creates. But unlike any belief system, the answers and models furnishers by science are not certain and invariant, they tend to be stochastic and incomplete - ‘the best we can do’ at a given time.
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Quantifying Artificial Intelligence and What Comes Next!
It should be no surprise that AI is treading a similar path to computing which began with single-purpose machines tasked for payroll calculations, banking transactions, or weapons targeting et al, but nothing more! It took decades for General Purpose Computing to emerge in the form of the now ubiquitous PC. Today, AI is still in a single-purpose/task-specific phase, and we have no general-purpose platforms, but their emergence is only a matter of time!
Recent AI progress has seen a repeat of the media debate and alarmist warnings for our computing past, compounded by consequential advances in robotics. In turn, this has promoted numerous attempts to draw biological equivalences defining the time when machines will overtake humans. But without any workable definitions or framework that tend to little more than un/educated guesses. Recourse to IQ measures and the Touring test have proved to be irrelevant, and without a reference framework or formal characterisation, continued discussion and debate remain futile
We therefore approach this AI problem from the bottom up by defining the simplest of machines and lifeforms to derive clues, pointers and basic boundary conditions . This sees a fundamental Entropic description emerge that is applicable to both machine and lifeforms.
This presentation is suitable for professionals and the public alike, and is fully illustrated by high-quality graphics, animations and, movies. Inevitably, it contains some mathematics that non-practitioners will have to take on trust, but the focus is on defining the key characteristics, parameters, and important features of AI, our total dependence, and the future!
Note: A 40 min session for a predominantly ley audience and not all the slides presented here were used on the day. Their inclusion here is in response to those audience members requesting more detail at the end of/during the event.
The Philosophy of Science
Past civilisations have nurtured small populations of those trying to understand and manipulate nature to some advantage in materials, tools, weapons, food, and wealth. However, they never formed communities and lacked the means of recording, communicating, and sharing successes and failures. They also lacked a common framework/philosophy to qualify them as scientists, but that all began to change in the 16th Century. In this lecture we consider the progression to a philosophy of science, and the underlying principles and assumptions that now guide scientific inquiry.We also examines the nature of scientific knowledge, the methods of acquisition, evolution, and significance over past centuries, and reflect on the value to society.
In the struggle to solve problems, deliver understanding, and reveal the truth about our universe, science had to suffer and survive: ignorance, bigotry, established superstitions, and the ‘diktats’ of religions and politics, and latterly, falling education standards mired by social media. We chart that ‘scientific’ journey emphasising the importance of observation, experimentation, and the search for universal laws. Ultimately, this essentially Aristotelian perspective was challenged and overtaken by the rise of empiricism, which emphasised the importance of sensory experience and the limitations of human knowledge.
Science continues to evolve and provide us with the best truths attainable with our leading edge technologies of observation and experimentation. Today, it stands as the greatest and richest contributor to human knowledge, understanding, progress, and wellbeing. In turn, debates and controversies are ongoing, shaping the field and philosophy which remains essential for understanding the nature of scientific knowledge and the models it creates. But unlike any belief system, the answers and models furnishers by science are not certain and invariant, they tend to be stochastic and incomplete - ‘the best we can do’ at a given time.
Future Telecoms Challenges & Opportunities
In this workshop session we identify aging technology design concepts, old business and operating models, plus energy supply limits as the prime constraints of 6G and beyond. We also identify the notion of an erroneous spectrum shortage born of the bands and channel mode of operation which is fundamentally unsuited to 6G and IoT demands in the near and far future.
We strongly link optical fibre in the local loop with future wireless systems and the need for very low-energy ‘tower-less’ systems. We also postulate a future demanding UWB and HWB (Hyper) with transmission energies ~𝛍W and signals below the ambient noise level. This will be necessary to power an IoT of >2.4Tn Things which we estimate to be necessary for Industry 4/5 and sustainable societies.
Thermodynamics - Laws Embracing Our Universe
It is hard to understate the importance of ‘Thermodynamics’ in providing an almost complete (Grand Unified Theory) picture of the inner physics of energy transfer spanning machines and chemistry thro information.
Apparently, Einstein had two favourite theories: General Relativity and Thermodynamics! He championed both because of their ‘beauty’, completeness, and emergent properties purely derived from the fundamental consideration of how the universe works.
The origins of this topic mainly reside in the Industrial revolution and the realisation that the early machinery was grossly inefficient. E.G. Engines were only converting the energy consumed to ~2% of useful work output. This drew the attention of Savery (1698), Newcomen (1712), Carnot (1769), and for the next 200 years the conundrum of lost energy occupied many of the greatest scientific minds. This culminated in Rudolf Clausius (~1850)publishing his theory of Thermodynamics with further refinement by Boltzmann (1872).
Why was all this so important? In the 1700s a ‘beam engine’ weighing in at >20 tons consumed vast amounts of coal, to deliver an output ~10hp. Today a Turbofan jet Engine can deliver >30k hp at a weight of ~6 tons. This is the difference between working with little understanding, and today where our knowledge is far more complete. Our latest challenges tend around non-linear loss mechanisms associated with turbulent air and fuel flow.. And like many other fields we have to step beyond our generalise mathematical models and turn to the power of our computers for deeper insights.
Ultimately all machines, mechanisms, computing processes and information itself, involve the transformation of matter and/or bits, and thus they are Entropic and subject to the theory of Thermodynamics. This lecture therefore presents a foundation spanning the history and progress to date in preparation for the embracing other science and engineering disciplines.
Applied Science - Engineering Systems
Engineering might be defined as the judicial application of science and scientific knowledge, but with the rider that unlike science and scientific studies, engineering always has to deliver a solution and a result. There are therefore aspects of engineering that stretch and challenge, the accepted, wisdom and knowledge of science. To purists, this might appear outrageous, but it is no more so than the works of Erwin Schrödinger or Leonhard Euler et al
In this lecture we examine many of the established engineering basics whilst being mindful that most of our education, techniques, and working solutions are founded on the assumption of well behave linear environments. As our entire universe, and everything in it, is inherently complex and non-linear, we have to salute the powers of approximation and iteration for our many engineering success to date. However, we are increasingly being challenged by complexities of the fundamental non-linear nature of the problems confronting us. ( E.G. Politics, Conflict, Global Warming, Sustainability, Medicine, Fusion Power, Logistics, Networks, Depletion of Resources, Accelerating Tech Driven Change +++)
We start by tracing history from the foundations up to the present day, including modern analytical nomenclature and techniques, system reliability, resilience and costs, we highlight the the basic human limitations that necessitate multi-disciplinary teams that include AI and vast computing power.
The overall treatment includes our analogue past, digital today, and analogue/digital hybrid future of computing, robots, networks and systems of all kinds. It also includes animations, movies and sound files to demonstrate the realities of modern system design including the inherent complexities. To further highlight, and exemplify this projected future, we examine a real engineering project concerned with acoustic sniper spotting under battlefield conditions and extreme noise. Here a combination of digital modelling sees the use of analogue acoustic filter arrays, analogue signal amplification, and digital signal processing doubling the range of sniper detection and location.
IoT Yet to Come
IoT growth forecasts currently tend to span 30 – 60 Bn ‘Things’ by 2030. However, this ignores the central IoT role in realising sustainable societies where raw materials and component use have to see very high levels of reuse, repurposing, and recycling. In such a world almost everything we possess and use will have to be tagged and be electronically addressable as a part of the IoT. Such a need immediately sees growth estimates of 2Tn or more over the span of Industry 4 and 5. On the basis of energy demands alone, it is inconceivable that the technologies of BlueTooth, WiFi, 4, 5, and 6G could support such demand, and nor are the signaling and security protocols viable on such a scale.
The evolution of the IoT will therefore most likely see a new form of dynamic network requiring new lightweight protocols employing very little signal processing, together with very low energy wireless technologies (in the micro-Watt range) operating over extremely short distances (~10m). This need might be best satisfied by a new form of ‘Zero Infrastructure Mesh Networks’ that engage in active resource sharing, lossy probabilistic routing, and cyber security realised through an integrated ‘auto-immunity’ system. Ultimately, we might also envisage data amalgamation at key nodes that have a direct connection into the internet along with an additional layer of cyber checks and protection.
We justify the above assertions by illustrating the energy and network limitations of today’s 5G networks and those already obvious in current 6G proposals. We then go on to detail how a suitable IoT MeshNet might be configured and realised, along with a few solutions and emergent outcomes on the way.
The Scientific Meme
Recently, it has become increasingly evident that we have engineers and scientists reaching a professional level of practice without a clear understanding of the scientific method, its origins, and its fundamental workings. There also appears to be a lack of appreciation of our total dependence on the truths that science continually reveals. How this situation ensued appears to vary from country to country, and the flavour of education system encountered by students. But a common complaint is the progressive dumbing down of the science curriculum along with a dire shortage of qualified teachers. This also seems to be compounded with the increasing speciation of science and engineering into narrower and narrower disciplines. So this situation (crisis?) prompted a request for a corrective series of foundation lectures focussed on healing these educational flaws across relevant disciplines, graduating and practicing levels. This then is the first in this foundation series.
Uncanny Valley and Human Destiny
Uncanny Valley addresses our reactions to humanoid objects, such as robots, a video game characters, or dolls, and how they look and act ‘almost’ like a real human. Feeling of uneasiness or disgust in the observer are addressed directly, rather than familiarity or attraction. The theory was proposed by Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori in 1970 and has been explored by many researchers and artists since. It has application in AI, robotics, MMI, and human-computer interaction, and helps designers to create more appealing devices that can interact with people in various domains, such as industry, education, entertainment, defence, health care, et al.
In this lecture we explain and demonstrate the fundamentals before extending the principle to sound, motion, actions, and eyes as an output mechanism. We also note that all this poses some challenges and risks in the potential for reduced the emotional connections, empathy, acceptance, and trust between humans and machines. On a further dimension the potential to create threat and terror can be useful opportunity in the military domain. It is thus important to understand the causes and effects of the uncanny valley in the wider sense in order to meet the needs of each application space
Resurgence of Technology Driven Change
Only 40 years ago, the rate of technologically driven change was such that companies could re-organize efficiently and economically over considerable periods of time, but about 30 years ago this changed as the arrival of new technologies accelerated. We effectively moved from a world of slow periodic changes to one where change became a continuum. The leading-edge sectors were fast to recognize and adopt this new mode of continual adaptation driven by new technologies. This saw these ever more efficient and expansive companies dominating some sectors. For the majority, however, it seems that this transition was not recognized until relatively recently, and a so new movement was born under the banner of digitalization. This not only impacts the way people work, it affects company operations and changes markets, and it does so suddenly!.
Perhaps the most impactive and recent driver of change in this regard has been COVID which saw the adoption of video conferencing and working as a survival imperative in much less than a month. This now stands as a beacon of proof that companies, organizations, and society, can indeed change and adapt to the new at a rate previously considered impossible. The big danger for digitalization programmes now is the simple-minded view that there are singular (magic) solutions that fit every company and organization, but this is not the case. The reality is that the needs and culture of an organization are not the same and may not be uniform from top to bottom.
Manufacturing necessitates very steep hierarchical management structures and tight control to ensure the consistency of the quality of products. On the other hand, a research laboratory or design company requires a low flat management hierarchy and an apparently relaxed level of control. This is absolutely necessary to foster creativity, innovation, and invention. This presentation gives practical examples of management and organizational, extremes. We then go on to highlight the need to embrace AI and Quantum Computing over the coming decade to deal with future technologies, operating
and market complexity.
Society 5.0: A Vital Symbiosis
The aspirational visions of Society 5.0 coined by many nations around 2015/16 have now been eclipsed by technological progress and world events including another European war, global warming, climate change and resource shortages. In this new context, the published 5.0 documents now seem naive and simplistic, high on aspiration, and very short on ‘the how’. The stark reality is that the present situation has been induced by our species and our inability to understand and cope with complexity.
“There are no simple solutions to complex problems”
What is now clear is that our route to survival and Society 5.0 will be born of Industry 4.0/5.0 and a symbiosis between Mother Nature, Machines, and Mankind. Today we consume and destroy near 50% more resources than the planet might reasonably support, and merely improving the efficiency of all our processes and what we do will only delay the end point. And so I4.0 is founded on new materials and new processes that are far less damaging, inherently sustainable, and most importantly, readily dispensable across the planet.
“Reversing global warming will not see a climatic reversal to some previously stable state”
In this presentation, we start with the nature of climate change, move on to the technology changes that might save the day, the impact of Industry 4.0/5.0, and then postulate what Society 5.0 might actually look like.
Cyber Portents and Precursors
In a world of accelerating innovation and increasingly complex digital services, applications, appliances, and devices, it seems unreasonable to expect customers to understand and maintain their own cyber security. We are way past the point where even the well educated can cope with the compounded complexity of an ‘on-line-life’. The reality is, today's products and services are incomplete and sport wholly inadequate cyber defence applications.
Perhaps the single biggest problem is that defenders have never been professional attackers - and they don’t share the same level of thinking and deviousness, or indeed, the inventiveness of their enemies. Apart from an education embracing the attack techniques, and in some cases, engaging in war games, the defenders remain on the back foot However, there a number of new, an potentially significant, approaches yet to be addressed, and we care to look at the problem from a new direction.
In the maintenance of high-tech equipment and systems across many industries, identifiable precursors are employed to flag impending outages and failures. This realisation prompted a series of experiments to see if it was possible to presage pending cyber attacks. And indeed it was found to be the case!
In this presentation we give an overview of our early experimental and observational results, long with our current thinking spanning networks through to individual hackers, and inside actors.
Technology Overlords Or A Symbiosis ?
When people are exposed to the new for the first time their reaction, quite rightly, is generally one of caution and perhaps a degree of suspicion. And, when that ‘new born’ is a novel technology, reactions can quickly become amplified and biased toward the dystopian by the sensationalism of media and mis-information of social networks. In this modern era I think we can also safely assume that Hollywood has more than a ‘bit part’ in nurturing extreme reactions with movies such as Terminator, AI and Ex-Machina.
Our purpose here is to dispel the modern myth that technology is, or can be, inherently evil and a direct threat to humanity. We do so by positing three basic axioms:
“Without technology we would know and understand
almost nothing”
“The greatest threat to humanity is humanity”
“If technology progress and societal advance stall, then civilisations collapse”
Having briefly establishing these in the context of our wider history, we focus on the Industrial Revolutions and their beneficial upside and consequential negatives. We then move on to examine Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Life, and Quantum Computing in the context of our current needs and realising sustainable futures, and the survival of our civilisation.
THE FUTURE OF MOBILE NETWORKS
Connecting Everything Vital to Sustainability
Mobile network evolution has followed a reasonably predictable path almost entirely focused on the needs of human communication. The transition from 1 to 2G was dictated by the economics of reliability, performance, and scale, whilst 3, 4, and 5G saw the transition to mobile computing with full internet access, AI and an ever-expanding plethora of applications. But 5G could be the end of the line as cell-site energy demands have become excessive at ~10kW.
Midway between the migration from 4G to 5G, M2M and the IoT machines overtook the human population of 8Bn people with near (estimated) 20Bn devices. Current IoT growth rates suggest a 40 - 60Bn population by 2030 to 2050. However, we present evidence that it could be far more ~ 1,000Bn ‘Things’. This is based on the observation of the number of IoT components populating modern vehicles, homes, offices, factories and plants, along with smart ‘human implants’ and ‘smart bolts’ plus the instrumentation of civil; structures.
The bold assumption that 5G would be a dominant player in the IoT is now patently one of naivety and the world has become far more complex with over 10 wireless standards currently in use. So, this poses the question; will 6G rise to the challenge? We see this as highly unlikely as the diversity of need is extremely broad, and we propose that it could be the end of tower based networks for a lot of applications. A migration to mesh-nets, UWB and (Hyper Wide Band) for the IoT at frequencies above 100GHz seems the most obvious engineering choice as it allows for far simpler designs with extremely low power at sub $0.01/device cost. 5G is already on the margins of being sustainable, and a ‘more-of-the-same’ thinking 6G can lonely be far worse!
Quantifying Machine Intelligence Mathematically
Seventy years on from AI appearing on the public scene and all the optimistic projections have been largely overtaken with systems outgunning humans at all board, card and computer games including Chess, Poker and GO. Of course; general knowledge, medical diagnosis, genetics and proteomics, image and pattern recognition are now all firmly in the grasp of AI.
Interestingly, AI is treading a similar path to computing in that it began with single purpose/task machines that could only deal with a company payroll calculations or banking transactions and nothing more! General purpose computing emerged over further decades to give us the PCs and devices we now enjoy. So, AI currently runs as task specific applications on these general purpose platforms, and no doubt, general purpose AI will also become tractable in a few decades too!
Recent progress has promoted a deal of debate and discussion along with hundreds of published papers and definitions that attempt to characterise biological and artificial intelligence. But they all suffer the same futility and fail! Without reference to any formal characterisation, all discussion and debate remains relatively meaningless.
Somewhat ironically, it was the defence industry that triggered the analysis work here. Two of key steps to success were: the abandonment of all performance comparisons between biological and machine entities; and the avoidance of using the human brain as some ‘golden’ intelligence reference.
This presentation is suitable for professionals and public alike, and comes fully illustrated by high quality graphics, animations and movies. Inevitably, it contains (engineering) mathematics that non-practitioners will have to take on trust, whilst professionals may wish challenge on the basis that the focus on getting a solution rather than the purity of the process!
Technologies That Will Change Everything
For millennia we have crafted artifacts from bulk materials that we have progressively refined to produce ever more precision tools and products. Latterly, we have crossed a critical threshold where our abilities now eclipse Mother Nature. For example; the smallest transistors in production today have feature sizes down to 2nm which is smaller than a biological virus ~20 - 200nm. The implications for ITC, AI, Robotics, and Production are ever more profound as we approach, and most likely undercut, the scale of the atom ~ 0.1-0.4nm. Not only does this open the door to new technologies, it sees new and remarkable capabilities. So, in this presentation we look at this new Tech Horizon spanning robotics to quantum computing and sensory technologies, and how they will help us realise sustainable futures germane to Industry 4.0, 5.0, and beyond.
Cyber Security - Thinking Like The Enemy
We are engaged in a war the like of which we have never seen or experienced before. Our enemies are invisible and relentless; with globally dispersed forces working at all levels and in all sectors of our societies. They are better organised, resourced, motivated, and adaptive than any of our organisations or institutions, and they are winning. This war is also one of paradox!
“The cost to many nations is now on a par with their GDP”
“No previous war has seen so many suffer so much to (almost) never retaliate”
“We are up against attackers who operate as a virtual (ghost-like) guerrilla army”
“No state can defend its population and organisations, and they stand alone - isolated and exposed”
“A real army/defence force would rehearse and play all day and very occasionally engage in warfare. We, on the other hand, are at war every day but never play, war-game, or anticipate new forms of attack”
To turn this situation around we need to understand our enemies and adopt their tactics and tools as a part of our defence strategy. We also have to be united, and organised so the no one, and no organisation, stands alone. We also have to engage in sharing attack data, experiences and solutions.
All this has to be supported by wargaming, and anticipatory solutions creation.
The good news is; we have better, and more, people, machines, networks, facilities, and expertise than our enemies. All it requires is the embracing of advanced R&D, leadership, sharing, and orchestration on a global scale.
Society 5.0 Redefined
In 2015/16 a number of bodies/nations set about defining societies they would aspire to in the near future. Each vision document similarly described some idealistic, egalitarian, super-smart, human centred, state providing a near uniformity of living conditions, and opportunity. At the same time, each society would be free of adversity, with economic development guided by ecological and human need. Of course, economic growth was defined to continue in line with the past. Very nice, but a product of old linear thinking and modelling!
It is now approaching 2022 and in the past 5/7 years our base silicon technology has advanced to enjoy a >30 fold increase in computing power. Our top end mobile devices would now challenge a super computer of 1996/7 era, whist AI systems now pervade our homes, offices, vehicles, professions and all our on-line services. At the same time, information overload has started to rival some medical conditions!
All of this has also been compounded by two years of COVID-19 lockdowns and restrictions that have seen the normalisation of social isolation, limited travel, working and eduction from home, virtualised medicine and care, support services, shopping and meetings. In turn, this has resulted in empty offices, towns and cities. Concurently, climate change, global warming, pollution, finite resources, a stressed planetary system, and social unrest have suddenly become urgent issues. Against this backdrop it really seems to be time to revisit those Society 5.0 Visions and the limited linear thinking that contrived them!
In this presentation we examine many of the core parameters and assumptions to highlight existing, or soon to be realised, solutions and remedies. In doing so, a different picture of Society 5.0 emerges.
The Future WorkScape
The biggest force for social change since the first industrial revolution has been adjusting to, and taking advantage of, the new and accelerating capabilities of our advancing technologies. And in our entire history, the dominant technology driver has been silicon-based electronics. It has prompted revolutions in Computing, Telecoms, Automation, AI, and Robotics that radically changed the human condition. Today, that same exponential revolution is accelerating us into Industry 4.0 and onto Industry 5.0.
The consequential transformation of medicine, industrial design and production, farming, food, processing, supply and demand has seen living standards improve and life expectancy widen. Many of our institutions have also seen tech-driven transformations in line with industry. If there has been a down-side to this progression, it has been our inability to transform the workforce ahead of new demands. Unemployment has persisted whilst reeducation and retraining have been on the back foot, whilst, the net creation of new jobs has always exceeded the demise of the old. As a result, leading countries in the first world now have labour shortages at all levels right across the spectrum.
Recently, COVID-19 has demonstrated that we have the technology and we can rapidly reorganise and change society if we have to. So in this presentation, we examine ‘the force functions’ and changes engineered to date, and then peer over the horizon to sample what is to come in terms of technologies and working practices…
Engineering Reliability and Resilience
Throughout my career in science, engineering and management I attended numerous meeting where many misconceptions and misinterpretations were evident. Perhaps the most expansive and expensive were the probabilities assumed and calculated for system reliability and/or product manufacturing quality. Eventually, I began to refer to this as ‘five nines’ problem!
Not fully understanding the origins of the reliability measures, it is so easy to demand a 99.999% instead of 99.99% up time for an electronic system. What could be easier? At face value it appears to be trivial and straightforward! Likewise, taking a 5s manufacturing plant up to a 6s defect level turns out to be a monumental engineering challenge! And at the time of writing 6s has never been achieved!
It appears that to few engineering and management courses address this topic, and if they do, it is as a scant reference of insufficient depth. So, we see far too many students understand in any depth, if at all! And when they become managers they just ‘don’t get it’!
This presentation and the associated lecture have been specifically created to address this problem with relevance to BSc, BA, MSc and MBA students along with anyone needing a refresher or explicit introduction to the topic. In addition to the graphics, animations and movies, the lecture is also littered with practical examples and the outcomes of case studies.
Smart Materials and Structures
Industries 1.0, 2.0 (and most of) 3.0, saw manufacturing and construction using natural materials readily extracted, refined, amalgamated, machined, and molded. In general, these exhibited fixed mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. However, the latter stages of Industry 3.0 embraced synthetics exhibiting superior properties to afford new degrees of freedom in the design of structures and products.
Today Industry 4.0 sees further advances with metamaterials, dynamic coatings, controllable properties, and additive manufacturing. Embedded smarts have also made communication between components, products and structures possible under the guise of the IoT. Adaptable materials with a degree of self-repair are also opening the door to further freedoms and less material use. In combination, these represent a big step toward sustainable societies with highly efficient ReUse, RePurposing, and Recycling (3R).
At the leading edge, we are now realising active surfaces that can reflect, absorb, or amplify wireless signals, offer programmable colour, and integral energy storage. But amongst a growing list of possibilities, it is integral sensing & communication that may define this new era. In this presentation, we look at these advances in the context of smart design, cities & societies.
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
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It security
- 1. The IT Security Challenge Peter Cochrane ca-global.org COCHRANE cochrane.org.uk a s s o c i a t e s
- 2. Attack Surface = The Planet
- 3. Target Profile = Vast
- 4. Attackers = Relentless
- 7. Solutions? “keeping at least one move ahead”
- 8. Digital Camouflage “everything is on-line and accessible, but it doesn’t have to be obvious/explicit”
- 9. Encryption “is never 100% secure”
- 10. Hidden in Pictures ‘steganography’
- 11. Disassociation “of everything at all levels is very confusing for the enemy”
- 12. Fractalization “repeated patterns that look almost the same are very difficult to deal with”
- 13. Path Encoding “dynamically fast or slow path changes by message, part message or the byte”
- 14. Path Diversity & Dependence “routings are agreed and dynamically randomised to act as a path hiding & authentication mechanisms with split data, coding and decoding information”
- 15. Form Diversity “all are flowers, but not all are the same”
- 16. A priori Knowledge “something only you know”
- 17. Smoke Screens & False Trails
- 19. Split Media “perhaps the ultimate jigsaw”
- 20. No Hierarchy “flat structures give few if any clues”
- 21. Location Spreading & Encoding “multi-location & addressed components required to rebuild the whole”
- 22. Snares, Traps & Honey Pots “we don’t have to be totally passive - we can be nasty”
- 23. Damaging Response & Retaliation “return fire could take down servers, sites, machines, but risks escalation in return”
- 24. Cochrane’s Laws of Security 1) Resources are deployed inversely proportional to actual risk 2) Perceived risk never = actual risk 3) Security people are never their own customer 4) Cracking systems is 100x more fun than defending them 5) Security standards are an oxymoron 6) There is always a threat 7) The biggest threat is always in a direction you’re not looking 8) You need two security groups - one to defend & one to attack
- 25. Cochrane’s Laws of Security 9) People expect 100% electronic security 10) Nothing is 100% secure 11) Security and operational requirements are mutually exclusive 12) Hackers are smarter than you - they are younger! 13) Legislation is always > X years behind 14) As life becomes faster and chaotic - it becomes less secure - but the good news is - half lives are getting shorter too! 15) People are the number 1 risk factor - machines are perverse - but they aint devious - yet!
- 26. ID Extras ! Something you: - are - exhibit - know - posses - share
- 27. We cannot afford to relax, ever!
- 28. Most Importantly - always ask the right questions: - does it need to be secure? - how secure? - what is the risk? - what is the cost? - who is the attacker? - where are they? - what is their capability?
- 29. Thank You ca-global.org cochrane.org.uk COCHRANE a s s o c i a t e s