This work represents isolation of mimo antenna system with mushroom type electromagnetic band gap structure in order to reduce mutual coupling between antennas.
A rectangular patch antenna design is presented that operates at 10 GHz. The antenna consists of a rectangular metallic patch on top of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. Quarter-wave transformer impedance matching is used between the microstrip feedline and patch to address impedance mismatching. Key dimensions of the patch and matching circuit are calculated and optimized in simulation software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 10 GHz with 25dB efficiency and has typical electric and magnetic field distributions and radiation pattern for a rectangular patch antenna.
Microstrip lines are commonly used planar transmission lines. They consist of a conductor strip on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane on the other side. Effective permittivity accounts for the fields in the dielectric and air regions. Characteristic impedance and propagation constant depend on the effective permittivity and line dimensions. Attenuation is caused by dielectric and conductor losses. The document describes the theory, design formulas, and simulation of a microstrip line with specified parameters to achieve a 50 ohm impedance at 10 GHz.
The document discusses the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode, which can exist in transmission lines but not hollow waveguides. The TEM mode is characterized by the electric and magnetic fields being completely transverse to the direction of wave propagation. Analysis of the TEM mode illustrates the relationship between circuit theory and field theory. The properties of TEM modes in a lossless medium include having a cutoff frequency of zero, requiring a two-conductor transmission line system, and having a wave impedance equal to the impedance in an unbounded dielectric medium with a phase velocity equal to the speed of light in that medium.
The document discusses different techniques for matching the impedance of antennas and transmission lines, including stub matching and quarter-wavelength transformers. Stub matching uses short or open circuited stubs to match the real part of the antenna impedance to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Quarter-wavelength transformers use transmission line sections with specific characteristic impedances to transform and match impedances. Multiple section designs provide broader bandwidth matching than single sections. Binomial and Tschebyscheff designs calculate the sections to give maximally flat or equal ripple response over the bandwidth.
Microwave transmission lines include coaxial cables, waveguides, and strip lines. Strip lines have configurations like microstrip lines, parallel strip lines, coplanar strip lines, and shielded strip lines. Microstrip lines use a conducting strip separated from a ground plane by a dielectric substrate. They have quasi-TEM mode transmission and characteristic impedances typically between 50-150 ohms. Power losses in microstrip lines include ohmic, dielectric, and radiation losses. The document derives equations for microstrip line characteristic impedance and propagation properties, and discusses sources of loss and quality factors.
Impedance matching is a procedure for obtaining the maximum power transfer to a load. What is a goal for microwave design? If we can give maximum power to a load, we succeed in design. Impedance matching allows us to make that happen.
The document discusses transmission line analysis and the telegrapher's equations. It introduces transmission lines as two-conductor structures that can guide electrical energy from one point to another. At microwave frequencies, transmission lines must be analyzed using distributed element models rather than lumped element models due to effects like phase variation, radiation, and causality. The telegrapher's equations describe voltage and current propagation on a transmission line as a function of both space and time. They take the form of wave equations that can be solved for traveling wave solutions on the line.
This document contains two-mark questions and answers related to transmission lines and waveguides from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at The Indian Engineering College, Vadakankulam. It covers topics such as transmission line theory, radio frequency lines, and guided waves. Some key points addressed include defining transmission line parameters like characteristic impedance and propagation constant. It also discusses topics like standing waves, impedance matching using transmission lines, and the different types of guided wave modes.
A rectangular patch antenna design is presented that operates at 10 GHz. The antenna consists of a rectangular metallic patch on top of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. Quarter-wave transformer impedance matching is used between the microstrip feedline and patch to address impedance mismatching. Key dimensions of the patch and matching circuit are calculated and optimized in simulation software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 10 GHz with 25dB efficiency and has typical electric and magnetic field distributions and radiation pattern for a rectangular patch antenna.
Microstrip lines are commonly used planar transmission lines. They consist of a conductor strip on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane on the other side. Effective permittivity accounts for the fields in the dielectric and air regions. Characteristic impedance and propagation constant depend on the effective permittivity and line dimensions. Attenuation is caused by dielectric and conductor losses. The document describes the theory, design formulas, and simulation of a microstrip line with specified parameters to achieve a 50 ohm impedance at 10 GHz.
The document discusses the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode, which can exist in transmission lines but not hollow waveguides. The TEM mode is characterized by the electric and magnetic fields being completely transverse to the direction of wave propagation. Analysis of the TEM mode illustrates the relationship between circuit theory and field theory. The properties of TEM modes in a lossless medium include having a cutoff frequency of zero, requiring a two-conductor transmission line system, and having a wave impedance equal to the impedance in an unbounded dielectric medium with a phase velocity equal to the speed of light in that medium.
The document discusses different techniques for matching the impedance of antennas and transmission lines, including stub matching and quarter-wavelength transformers. Stub matching uses short or open circuited stubs to match the real part of the antenna impedance to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Quarter-wavelength transformers use transmission line sections with specific characteristic impedances to transform and match impedances. Multiple section designs provide broader bandwidth matching than single sections. Binomial and Tschebyscheff designs calculate the sections to give maximally flat or equal ripple response over the bandwidth.
Microwave transmission lines include coaxial cables, waveguides, and strip lines. Strip lines have configurations like microstrip lines, parallel strip lines, coplanar strip lines, and shielded strip lines. Microstrip lines use a conducting strip separated from a ground plane by a dielectric substrate. They have quasi-TEM mode transmission and characteristic impedances typically between 50-150 ohms. Power losses in microstrip lines include ohmic, dielectric, and radiation losses. The document derives equations for microstrip line characteristic impedance and propagation properties, and discusses sources of loss and quality factors.
Impedance matching is a procedure for obtaining the maximum power transfer to a load. What is a goal for microwave design? If we can give maximum power to a load, we succeed in design. Impedance matching allows us to make that happen.
The document discusses transmission line analysis and the telegrapher's equations. It introduces transmission lines as two-conductor structures that can guide electrical energy from one point to another. At microwave frequencies, transmission lines must be analyzed using distributed element models rather than lumped element models due to effects like phase variation, radiation, and causality. The telegrapher's equations describe voltage and current propagation on a transmission line as a function of both space and time. They take the form of wave equations that can be solved for traveling wave solutions on the line.
This document contains two-mark questions and answers related to transmission lines and waveguides from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at The Indian Engineering College, Vadakankulam. It covers topics such as transmission line theory, radio frequency lines, and guided waves. Some key points addressed include defining transmission line parameters like characteristic impedance and propagation constant. It also discusses topics like standing waves, impedance matching using transmission lines, and the different types of guided wave modes.
Planar waveguides are an important type of waveguide that can be used in integrated circuits to connect microwave circuit elements. Examples include strip lines, microstrip lines, coplanar waveguides, and slotted lines. When designing a planar waveguide circuit, its characteristic impedance, dispersion, phase velocity, attenuation, and other parameters must be determined. Commercial software tools can help with designing waveguides to meet specifications for impedance and phase shift. Planar waveguides find applications in microwave integrated circuits, filters, phase shifters, and feeding energy from generators to antennas.
1. Cavity resonators confine electromagnetic waves inside hollow structures such as rectangular boxes or cylindrical cans through resonance.
2. The resonant modes inside the cavity depend on its geometry and are determined by solving Maxwell's equations with the appropriate boundary conditions.
3. Common modes include TE and TM, where the electric and magnetic fields are transverse to the axis of propagation.
4. Coupling mechanisms such as wires or loops are used to input and output power to selectively excite specific resonant modes within the cavity.
Analysis of MOS Capacitor Loaded Annular Ring MICROSTRIP AntennaIJMER
In this paper a new technique is proposed for achieving increased frequency agility by loading
the patch antenna with a MOS capacitor. Theoretical investigations have been carried out for the MOS
capacitor loaded Annular Ring microstrip antenna, for oxide thicknesses from 100 A to 500 A, to predict
the achievable range of operational bandwidth. In spite of numerous advantages, the simple patch antenna
has a low operational bandwidth, which limits its applicability. Hence this technique of MOS capacitor
loaded Annular Ring microstrip patch antenna is to improve the operating frequency range.
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This document provides an overview of defected ground structures (DGS) for microwave circuit applications. It discusses how DGS units are etched patterns in circuit ground planes that can alter transmission line properties like capacitance and inductance. Various DGS unit shapes are presented, including dumbbell, spiral, arrowhead, and interdigital designs. Periodic DGS involve cascading multiple DGS units and can further widen stopbands and reduce circuit size. The document outlines the basic concepts and transmission characteristics of DGS and surveys their applications in microwave components.
This document discusses different types of waveguides, including rectangular waveguides, circular waveguides, coaxial lines, optical waveguides, and parallel-plate waveguides. It describes the different modes of wave propagation including TEM, TE, TM, and HE modes. Cutoff frequencies and wavelengths are defined for rectangular and parallel-plate waveguides. Dominant TE10 mode is described for rectangular waveguides.
1) Rectangular waveguides can transmit electromagnetic waves above a certain cutoff frequency, acting as a high-pass filter. They support transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes of propagation.
2) For TM modes, the electric field is transverse to the direction of propagation, while the magnetic field has a longitudinal component. The modes are denoted TMmn, with m and n indicating the number of half-wavelength variations across the width and height.
3) For TE modes, the magnetic field is entirely transverse, while the electric field has a longitudinal component. These modes are denoted TEmn, with m and n having the same meaning as in the TM case.
The document discusses various types of aperture antennas including slot antennas, horn antennas, and corrugated horns. It explains key concepts such as Babinet's principle, which relates the fields of an antenna to its complement, and how this allows the fields of a slot antenna to be understood based on a dipole antenna. The document also discusses how horns are commonly used as feeds for large satellite and radio astronomy dishes due to their simplicity, versatility, and ability to produce a uniform phase front. Corrugated horns are highlighted as a type of horn that can improve the aperture efficiency of large reflectors.
The circular patch antenna can be analyzed as a circular cavity with the patch and ground plane acting as the top and bottom conductors. The resonant modes are TMz modes where z is perpendicular to the patch. The only design parameter that can be varied is the patch radius, which changes the resonant frequency but not the mode order. The resonant frequencies are determined by the zeros of the Bessel function derivative and can be calculated using equations that account for substrate thickness and effective patch radius. The radiated fields can be determined from an equivalent magnetic current density around the edge of the patch.
Side Lobe Level (SLL) Reduction Methods in AntennaDarshan Bhatt
Side Lobe levels are the important aspects in RADAR and navigation engineering and many other real time transmission systems. It is nothing but wastage of transmitted power in undesired direction. So, for reduction of SLL different methods are used for different types of antennas. In this presentation SLL reduction is discussed for Antenna arrays and for microstrip patch antenna arrays.
Final tssa design and realization of passive phase shiftersDr.Joko Suryana
The document describes the design and implementation of a passive phase shifter for a non-mechanical 1.8 GHz BTS antenna tilting system. It discusses using a 4-element array antenna with transmission lines covered by an alumina substrate to provide variable phase shifting and beam tilting without mechanical adjustments. Simulation results showed that longer dielectric materials and those with higher permittivity produced greater phase shifts. Two antenna models were fabricated and tested, one with standard transmission lines and one with meander lines, both showing tilting when equipped with the passive phase shifter. Measurements matched the simulations well with some minor frequency differences.
This document discusses electromagnetic field theory and computational electromagnetics. It introduces electromagnetic theory, which is divided into electrostatics, magnetostatics, and time-varying fields. Computational electromagnetics is presented as a way to numerically solve electromagnetic problems using computers. Different types of equation solvers are described, including integral equation solvers and differential equation solvers. General coordinate systems and transformations between coordinate systems are also covered.
1. The document introduces microwave engineering concepts over 4 weeks, covering Maxwell's equations, plane wave solutions, propagation in lossy media, and S-parameters.
2. It describes applications of microwave engineering like wireless devices, 5G networks, satellite links, and direct broadcast. Maxwell's equations describe macroscopic electric and magnetic phenomena.
3. Plane waves have electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The wave equation relates wavelength, frequency, and speed of waves. Plane waves in lossy media have complex propagation constants that cause amplitude changes over distance.
Investigation of Anomalous Thrust from a Partially Loaded Resonant CavityBrian Kraft
Three key points:
1) Over four months, tests were conducted to test the EM Drive propulsion concept using a partially loaded resonant cavity. A thrust measurement apparatus was built with 0.5 mN accuracy.
2) Finite element simulations informed the design of a cylindrical cavity partially loaded with dielectrics. Resonances were found using a Vector Network Analyzer. Displacements observed corresponded to 2.4 mN of thrust but perpendicular displacements of unknown cause were also observed.
3) Further funding is needed to refine the experimental apparatus and reduce uncertainties in order to fully validate or refute the EM Drive concept.
Investigation of Anomalous Thrust and Proposal for Future ExperimentationBrian Kraft
The document summarizes an experiment investigating anomalous thrust from an asymmetric resonant cavity. A second phase is proposed using a copper frustum cavity excited in the TE011 mode by a 200W solid state amplifier at 1.8-2.4GHz. Computer simulations will ensure resonance. The apparatus will use a pendulum to measure thrust to a resolution of 0.5mN. Previous experiments observed anomalous thrust but results varied due to inconsistent procedures. The second phase aims to replicate previous experiments more rigorously.
This document discusses transmission line theory and equations. It begins by introducing microwave frequencies and transmission lines. It then derives the transmission line equations that relate the voltage and current along the line to the line's per unit length resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance. These equations include the characteristic impedance and propagation constant. The document discusses how waves propagate on lossless transmission lines and the behavior of waves when the line is terminated by an impedance, including definitions of reflection coefficient and power flow.
This document discusses light propagation in dielectric waveguides and optical fibers. It explains that in dielectric waveguides, light can propagate in distinct modes determined by the boundary conditions. Each mode has a different propagation constant and field pattern across the waveguide. Higher order modes penetrate further into the cladding and travel more slowly. When a light pulse enters a waveguide, it breaks up into multiple modes that travel at different velocities, causing the output pulse to broaden in time. The document also introduces important waveguide parameters like the normalized frequency V.
Transmission lines carry various signals such as telephone, computer data, TV and telegraph. They have a characteristic impedance that is the ratio of voltage to current. If the voltage and current ratios are equal at the input and output of a transmission line, it has perfect performance. The propagation constant describes the attenuation and phase change of signals as they propagate along the transmission line. It is made up of the attenuation constant, which determines the magnitude ratio between the input and output, and the phase constant.
Aeolian vibrations of overhead transmission line bundled conductors during in...Power System Operation
The document summarizes an investigation into the frequency mobility response of excitation techniques used to induce vibration on quad-bundled overhead transmission line conductors during indoor testing. Specifically, it examines whether using a rigid connection between the shaker and conductors interferes with the vibration response. Experimental frequency response functions were measured and compared to theoretical calculations. The results from different bundle configurations were also analyzed to assess fatigue and damping performance. The mathematical modeling of the bundle-excitation system is presented, including derivations of governing equations.
1) The document discusses the design of a micro-strip slot antenna with polarization using HFSS software. It describes the basic working principles and characteristics of micro-strip patch antennas.
2) The design specifications and calculations to determine the parameters of the antenna like length, width, and frequency are shown. Various feed techniques for micro-strip antennas are also covered.
3) The document concludes that the micro-strip antenna was successfully designed using HFSS software based on the microstrip feed line technique and discusses potential applications.
Sliding motion and adhesion control through magnetic domaminsAndrea Benassi
Actuation and control of motion in micro mechanical systems are technological challenges, since they are accompanied by mechanical friction and wear, principal and well known sources of device lifetime reduction. In this theoretical work we propose a non-contact motion control technique based on the introduction of a tunable magnetic interaction. The latter is realized by coating two non-touching sliding bodies with ferromagnetic films. The resulting dynamics is determined by shape, size and ordering of magnetic domains arising in the films below the Curie temperature. We demonstrate that the domain behavior can be tailored by acting on handles like ferromagnetic coating preparation, external magnetic fields and the finite distance between the plates. In this way, motion control can be achieved without mechanical contact. Moreover, we discuss how such handles can disclose a variety of sliding regimes. Finally, we propose how to practically implement the proposed model sliding system.
Planar waveguides are an important type of waveguide that can be used in integrated circuits to connect microwave circuit elements. Examples include strip lines, microstrip lines, coplanar waveguides, and slotted lines. When designing a planar waveguide circuit, its characteristic impedance, dispersion, phase velocity, attenuation, and other parameters must be determined. Commercial software tools can help with designing waveguides to meet specifications for impedance and phase shift. Planar waveguides find applications in microwave integrated circuits, filters, phase shifters, and feeding energy from generators to antennas.
1. Cavity resonators confine electromagnetic waves inside hollow structures such as rectangular boxes or cylindrical cans through resonance.
2. The resonant modes inside the cavity depend on its geometry and are determined by solving Maxwell's equations with the appropriate boundary conditions.
3. Common modes include TE and TM, where the electric and magnetic fields are transverse to the axis of propagation.
4. Coupling mechanisms such as wires or loops are used to input and output power to selectively excite specific resonant modes within the cavity.
Analysis of MOS Capacitor Loaded Annular Ring MICROSTRIP AntennaIJMER
In this paper a new technique is proposed for achieving increased frequency agility by loading
the patch antenna with a MOS capacitor. Theoretical investigations have been carried out for the MOS
capacitor loaded Annular Ring microstrip antenna, for oxide thicknesses from 100 A to 500 A, to predict
the achievable range of operational bandwidth. In spite of numerous advantages, the simple patch antenna
has a low operational bandwidth, which limits its applicability. Hence this technique of MOS capacitor
loaded Annular Ring microstrip patch antenna is to improve the operating frequency range.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document provides an overview of defected ground structures (DGS) for microwave circuit applications. It discusses how DGS units are etched patterns in circuit ground planes that can alter transmission line properties like capacitance and inductance. Various DGS unit shapes are presented, including dumbbell, spiral, arrowhead, and interdigital designs. Periodic DGS involve cascading multiple DGS units and can further widen stopbands and reduce circuit size. The document outlines the basic concepts and transmission characteristics of DGS and surveys their applications in microwave components.
This document discusses different types of waveguides, including rectangular waveguides, circular waveguides, coaxial lines, optical waveguides, and parallel-plate waveguides. It describes the different modes of wave propagation including TEM, TE, TM, and HE modes. Cutoff frequencies and wavelengths are defined for rectangular and parallel-plate waveguides. Dominant TE10 mode is described for rectangular waveguides.
1) Rectangular waveguides can transmit electromagnetic waves above a certain cutoff frequency, acting as a high-pass filter. They support transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes of propagation.
2) For TM modes, the electric field is transverse to the direction of propagation, while the magnetic field has a longitudinal component. The modes are denoted TMmn, with m and n indicating the number of half-wavelength variations across the width and height.
3) For TE modes, the magnetic field is entirely transverse, while the electric field has a longitudinal component. These modes are denoted TEmn, with m and n having the same meaning as in the TM case.
The document discusses various types of aperture antennas including slot antennas, horn antennas, and corrugated horns. It explains key concepts such as Babinet's principle, which relates the fields of an antenna to its complement, and how this allows the fields of a slot antenna to be understood based on a dipole antenna. The document also discusses how horns are commonly used as feeds for large satellite and radio astronomy dishes due to their simplicity, versatility, and ability to produce a uniform phase front. Corrugated horns are highlighted as a type of horn that can improve the aperture efficiency of large reflectors.
The circular patch antenna can be analyzed as a circular cavity with the patch and ground plane acting as the top and bottom conductors. The resonant modes are TMz modes where z is perpendicular to the patch. The only design parameter that can be varied is the patch radius, which changes the resonant frequency but not the mode order. The resonant frequencies are determined by the zeros of the Bessel function derivative and can be calculated using equations that account for substrate thickness and effective patch radius. The radiated fields can be determined from an equivalent magnetic current density around the edge of the patch.
Side Lobe Level (SLL) Reduction Methods in AntennaDarshan Bhatt
Side Lobe levels are the important aspects in RADAR and navigation engineering and many other real time transmission systems. It is nothing but wastage of transmitted power in undesired direction. So, for reduction of SLL different methods are used for different types of antennas. In this presentation SLL reduction is discussed for Antenna arrays and for microstrip patch antenna arrays.
Final tssa design and realization of passive phase shiftersDr.Joko Suryana
The document describes the design and implementation of a passive phase shifter for a non-mechanical 1.8 GHz BTS antenna tilting system. It discusses using a 4-element array antenna with transmission lines covered by an alumina substrate to provide variable phase shifting and beam tilting without mechanical adjustments. Simulation results showed that longer dielectric materials and those with higher permittivity produced greater phase shifts. Two antenna models were fabricated and tested, one with standard transmission lines and one with meander lines, both showing tilting when equipped with the passive phase shifter. Measurements matched the simulations well with some minor frequency differences.
This document discusses electromagnetic field theory and computational electromagnetics. It introduces electromagnetic theory, which is divided into electrostatics, magnetostatics, and time-varying fields. Computational electromagnetics is presented as a way to numerically solve electromagnetic problems using computers. Different types of equation solvers are described, including integral equation solvers and differential equation solvers. General coordinate systems and transformations between coordinate systems are also covered.
1. The document introduces microwave engineering concepts over 4 weeks, covering Maxwell's equations, plane wave solutions, propagation in lossy media, and S-parameters.
2. It describes applications of microwave engineering like wireless devices, 5G networks, satellite links, and direct broadcast. Maxwell's equations describe macroscopic electric and magnetic phenomena.
3. Plane waves have electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The wave equation relates wavelength, frequency, and speed of waves. Plane waves in lossy media have complex propagation constants that cause amplitude changes over distance.
Investigation of Anomalous Thrust from a Partially Loaded Resonant CavityBrian Kraft
Three key points:
1) Over four months, tests were conducted to test the EM Drive propulsion concept using a partially loaded resonant cavity. A thrust measurement apparatus was built with 0.5 mN accuracy.
2) Finite element simulations informed the design of a cylindrical cavity partially loaded with dielectrics. Resonances were found using a Vector Network Analyzer. Displacements observed corresponded to 2.4 mN of thrust but perpendicular displacements of unknown cause were also observed.
3) Further funding is needed to refine the experimental apparatus and reduce uncertainties in order to fully validate or refute the EM Drive concept.
Investigation of Anomalous Thrust and Proposal for Future ExperimentationBrian Kraft
The document summarizes an experiment investigating anomalous thrust from an asymmetric resonant cavity. A second phase is proposed using a copper frustum cavity excited in the TE011 mode by a 200W solid state amplifier at 1.8-2.4GHz. Computer simulations will ensure resonance. The apparatus will use a pendulum to measure thrust to a resolution of 0.5mN. Previous experiments observed anomalous thrust but results varied due to inconsistent procedures. The second phase aims to replicate previous experiments more rigorously.
This document discusses transmission line theory and equations. It begins by introducing microwave frequencies and transmission lines. It then derives the transmission line equations that relate the voltage and current along the line to the line's per unit length resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance. These equations include the characteristic impedance and propagation constant. The document discusses how waves propagate on lossless transmission lines and the behavior of waves when the line is terminated by an impedance, including definitions of reflection coefficient and power flow.
This document discusses light propagation in dielectric waveguides and optical fibers. It explains that in dielectric waveguides, light can propagate in distinct modes determined by the boundary conditions. Each mode has a different propagation constant and field pattern across the waveguide. Higher order modes penetrate further into the cladding and travel more slowly. When a light pulse enters a waveguide, it breaks up into multiple modes that travel at different velocities, causing the output pulse to broaden in time. The document also introduces important waveguide parameters like the normalized frequency V.
Transmission lines carry various signals such as telephone, computer data, TV and telegraph. They have a characteristic impedance that is the ratio of voltage to current. If the voltage and current ratios are equal at the input and output of a transmission line, it has perfect performance. The propagation constant describes the attenuation and phase change of signals as they propagate along the transmission line. It is made up of the attenuation constant, which determines the magnitude ratio between the input and output, and the phase constant.
Aeolian vibrations of overhead transmission line bundled conductors during in...Power System Operation
The document summarizes an investigation into the frequency mobility response of excitation techniques used to induce vibration on quad-bundled overhead transmission line conductors during indoor testing. Specifically, it examines whether using a rigid connection between the shaker and conductors interferes with the vibration response. Experimental frequency response functions were measured and compared to theoretical calculations. The results from different bundle configurations were also analyzed to assess fatigue and damping performance. The mathematical modeling of the bundle-excitation system is presented, including derivations of governing equations.
1) The document discusses the design of a micro-strip slot antenna with polarization using HFSS software. It describes the basic working principles and characteristics of micro-strip patch antennas.
2) The design specifications and calculations to determine the parameters of the antenna like length, width, and frequency are shown. Various feed techniques for micro-strip antennas are also covered.
3) The document concludes that the micro-strip antenna was successfully designed using HFSS software based on the microstrip feed line technique and discusses potential applications.
Sliding motion and adhesion control through magnetic domaminsAndrea Benassi
Actuation and control of motion in micro mechanical systems are technological challenges, since they are accompanied by mechanical friction and wear, principal and well known sources of device lifetime reduction. In this theoretical work we propose a non-contact motion control technique based on the introduction of a tunable magnetic interaction. The latter is realized by coating two non-touching sliding bodies with ferromagnetic films. The resulting dynamics is determined by shape, size and ordering of magnetic domains arising in the films below the Curie temperature. We demonstrate that the domain behavior can be tailored by acting on handles like ferromagnetic coating preparation, external magnetic fields and the finite distance between the plates. In this way, motion control can be achieved without mechanical contact. Moreover, we discuss how such handles can disclose a variety of sliding regimes. Finally, we propose how to practically implement the proposed model sliding system.
Gradient coils are used in MRI to spatially encode the MRI signal by creating linear magnetic field gradients in the x, y, and z directions. They are made of conducting loops or strips arranged in patterns like fingerprints that produce calibrated distortions of the main magnetic field. Modern scanners typically use distributed windings in copper sheets etched into complex patterns. Gradient coils are driven by powerful gradient amplifiers and require cooling to handle the heat from switching high currents rapidly. Proper gradient design and performance is crucial for achieving good spatial resolution and image quality in MRI.
EVALUATION OF RADIATED EMISSIONS FROM PCB AND CABLES AT POST-LAYOUT LEVELPiero Belforte
This document presents a study evaluating methods to predict radiated emissions from printed circuit boards (PCBs) and attached cables at the design stage. It tests models of the radiated emissions of simple two-layer PCBs with and without an attached cable by comparing simulations to measurements. For PCBs alone, a model using Hertzian dipoles accurately predicts differential mode emissions. A more accurate model is then presented which considers both differential and common mode emissions, where common mode radiation is caused by ground noise on the PCB. The document finds that accounting for this ground noise is important when a cable is attached to the PCB, as the cable can be excited by this common mode signal. Improving the models to predict emissions earlier
The document summarizes research on understanding charge transport in low dimensional semiconductor nanostructures embedded in an insulating matrix. Specifically, it examines current-voltage characteristics of germanium nanowire arrays in an alumina matrix as a function of temperature. Key findings include:
1) At room temperature, conduction follows Ohm's law at low voltages and Mott-Gurney's space charge limited current law at higher voltages.
2) With decreasing temperature, conduction transitions from a trap-free regime to an exponentially distributed trap regime.
3) Mobility decreases with decreasing temperature, and activation energy is extracted from an Arrhenius plot, found to be 85 meV at low temperatures and 301 meV
broadbanding technique for microstrip patch antennaAshit Tomar
This document discusses techniques for broadbanding microstrip patch antennas. It describes how patch antennas have a narrow bandwidth due to their high quality factor Q. Various techniques are presented to decrease Q and increase bandwidth, including increasing the substrate height and lowering the dielectric constant, using multiple resonators coupled electromagnetically in one plane or stacked vertically, and electromagnetically coupled patch antennas. The document concludes by noting the ongoing search for an ideal wideband printed microstrip antenna.
Crystal structure determination uses X-ray diffraction to analyze the arrangement of atoms in crystals. X-rays are diffracted by the periodic lattice of a crystal in predictable ways. Bragg's law describes the conditions under which constructive interference occurs between X-rays reflected from different crystal lattice planes, producing intense diffracted beams. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, researchers can determine the size and shape of the unit cell and deduce the positions of atoms within the cell. The reciprocal lattice formalism relates diffraction phenomena to the periodicity of the crystal lattice.
The document summarizes a research paper on the design of a frequency reconfigurable monopole antenna with a switchable symmetric slot structure. The antenna is designed to operate across multiple frequency bands by using p-i-n diodes to switch the state of the symmetric slot structure on the ground plane. Five diode combinations are identified that allow the antenna to operate at different single and dual frequency bands between 1.72-9.57 GHz. The simple and compact antenna design makes it suitable for applications requiring reconfiguration across multiple frequency bands like cognitive radio and multi-radio wireless systems.
Two, four, eight, and sixteen-element patch array antennas for beam switching are presented in this study. For a 1×2 array, an aperture-coupled feeding mechanism is used to feed patches while a slot line on the ground plane provides the phase delay between antenna elements. The 1×2 array is used to create the 2×2, 4×2, and 8×2 arrays, and an equal power divider provides the signal for each. For applications in the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency spectrum, the antennas are modeled. With -37.14 dB, -17.85 dB, -21.51 dB, and -26.03 dB return loss for two, four, eight, and sixteen-element array antennas respectively the simulation demonstrates that the antennas are properly matched at the resonant frequency. The antennas can switch its radiated beam to ±24 ◦ , ±24 ◦ , ◦ ±28 , and ±26 ◦ with gains of 8.97 dBi, 11.19 dBi, 13.23 dBi, and 16.24 dBi, respectively at the resonance frequency. The directivity of the proposed antenna is found to be 9.17 dBi, 11.20 dBi, 13.40 dBi, and 16.45 dBi respectively. The antennas are constructed with two 0.8 mm-thick Teflon substrate layers. The ground plane between the two substrate layers contains the aperture and the slot line that generates the phase delay.
A compact printed wideband antenna with circular polarization is designed and the antenna parameters are analyzed in this work. Finite Element method based HFSS tool is used to design and simulate the antenna model. A basic structure of rectangular monopole is converted into a trapezoidal shape with tapered step ground. Different iterations of radiating element as well as defected ground structures are examined in this work to analyze the circular polarization characteristics of the antenna. A peak realized gain of 4.3dB and peak directivity of 3.8dB is attained from the current designed models. The design models are optimized and prototyped on FR4 substrate for measurement validation. By incorporating Split ring resonator (SRR) notch band characteristics are attained in the proposed wideband antenna.
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface or Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces Or So...AshishKumarMeena16
The document discusses reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), also known as intelligent reflecting surfaces. It provides details on:
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2. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SYSTEM
➢ A single antenna design leads the way for investigation of MIMO system for this project.
➢ Two different single rectangular patch antennas have been placed in the same plane with a distance, l1.
➢ Same conditions what it was used during the simulation of a single rectangular patch antenna has applied in
order to investigate MIMO antenna characteristics.
➢ The port of right-handed antenna, Port 2, has been used to feed antennas as it is seen below figure.
MIMO Antenna system.
3. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SYSTEM
➢ As a result of simulations, it is seen that while the right-handed antenna radiates properly at 10 GHz,
S22, the left-handed one, S12, cannot.
➢ This situation can be explained by antenna to antenna mutual coupling.
• S1,2 and S2,2 parameters for MIMO Antenna system.
4. ➢ Mutual coupling can be described as energy absorption by an antenna’s receiver while the other nearby
antenna is operating.
➢ The energy supposed to be radiated is absorbed by nearby antenna, so it is very unpleasant situation.
➢ Hence, the antenna efficiency and performance are degraded because of the mutual coupling. This case
can be easily observed below figures.
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SYSTEM
• E-field and H-field distributions for MIMO Antenna system.
5. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SYSTEM
Various techniques can be applied to decrease the mutual coupling among adjacent
elements.
These techniques can be listed like:
• Metamaterial insulator
• Slotted Complementary split-ring resonator
• Cavity backed
• Substrate removal
• Defected ground structures (DGS)
• Defected Wall structure
• Employing Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structure among two sheets for microstrip
antennas [1].
6. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) SYSTEM
➢ For instance, mutual coupling could have handled by two different techniques.
➢ Firstly, the antenna could be located further from each other, so l1 could be increased.
➢ However, as a result of this the cell size of the antennas is increased and caused another
undesirable situation. Today’s technology requires everything is as small as.
➢ Band gap structures placed between antennas can be used to reduce the surface waves.
8. TWO DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES
➢ A mushroom-like periodic structure has been investigated in terms of parameters and dispersion
characterization of surface waves propagation in this chapter.
➢ The propagation property of electromagnetic waves is described by wavenumber, k.
➢ The phase constant, β, is equal to k in a lossless condition.
➢ Phase constant, β, is a function of frequency, ω.
➢ For a plane wave in free space, the linear function relationship between these two parameters is:
β(ω)=k=ω√𝜇0 𝜀0
➢ If the phase constant is already obtained, it helps for the derivation of the group velocity, vg,
and the phase velocity.
𝑉𝑝 =
𝜔
𝛽
and 𝑉𝑔 =
𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝛽
➢ The wavenumber, k, can be barely explained for the surface wave propagates along an EBG
structure. Fortunately, it can be determined well with either eigen-value solver of full wave
simulation.
9. ➢ In other words, several different propagation constants can exist at the same frequency. It means
that each one will refer to a particular mode with a specific own phase velocity, group velocity and
field distribution.
➢ The relationship for β and ω has been plotted and this graphic is called as dispersion diagram.
TWO DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES
➢ EBG structure has a periodicity, so a surface wave’s field distribution is periodic as well.
➢ The periodicity is related to phase delay decided by the wavenumber, k, and the structure’s
periodicity.
➢ Also, each surface wave mode could be disintegrated in an infinite series of space harmonic waves.
10. TWO DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES
➢ It is presumed that the direction of either periodicity and propagation is on the x direction.
➢ Same group velocity has been shared ever though there is a difference on phase velocities for each space
harmonics.
➢ Furthermore, the summation of space harmonics is required to satisfy the boundary conditions. If they are
individual, they are not satisfying for the boundary condition of the periodic structure.
➢ To sum up, they are considered to be the same mode.
𝐸⃗ (𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)=
−∞
+∞
𝐸⃗ 𝑛(𝑦, 𝑧)𝑒−𝑗𝛽 𝑥𝑛 𝑥
𝛽 𝑥𝑛 𝑤 = 𝛽 𝑥 𝑤 + 𝑛
*
*
➢ Another observation from marked equation is related to the Brillouin Zone.
➢ The dispersion curve 𝛽𝑥(𝜔) has periodicity along the β-axis with a periodicity 2𝜋𝑝.
➢ Thus, only a single period ( 0≤𝛽𝑥𝑛≤2𝜋𝑝𝑥 ) is enough while plotting dispersion
diagram.
➢ This single period range is called as Brillouin Zone and builds the main concept of
two-dimensional periodic structures.
11. TWO DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES
➢ Variation of the surface wave phase is known as Brillouin Zone.
➢ This phase variation is marked like; Г to Х, Х to М and М to Г.
➢ A simple illustration of the dispersion diagram for two-
dimensional periodic configuration based on Brillouin Zone
definition can be seen.
• Brillouin Zone definition for a 2D-periodic structure
Г X
M
Г to Х Х to М М to Г
Phase_x 0 to 180 deg 180deg 0 to 180 deg
Phase_y 0 0 to 180 deg 0 to 180 deg
• Phase Shift of a Brillouin Zone on a Graph
12. ➢ The unit cell of the structure is investigated by periodic boundary circumstance.
➢ Along Brillouin Zone the phase shift is changed, so thanks to eigenvalue solver
frequencies of eigenmodes are obtained for each step.
➢ Band gaps arise in frequency interval where there are not any dispersion curves in the
slow-wave region.
➢ On the contrary, dispersion curves are presented under the light line due to the slow-
wave behaviour of surface waves. Below figure represents a sample of dispersion
diagram and Phase shift distribution along the graph.
• Phase Shift of a Brillouin Zone on a Graph
TWO DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES
13. Model and Dimension
➢ The design of a mushroom type electromagnetic band gap structure starts with a design of a unit cell.
➢ Resonant circuit model has been used to investigate the size of the unit cell.
➢ Substrate thickness and permittivity were already given parameters before starting.
Substrate : ISOLA-IS680-345
Dielectric Constant : 3.45 (ISOLA-IS680-345 )
Substrate Tickness :0.76 mm (ISOLA-IS680-345 )
➢ For this reason, the design procedure has started with equation solving via MATLAB, in order to get an
optimistic result to start simulation process.
➢ The first obtained parameters which is required for EBG unit cell design.
➢ There is an important point which has to be put into consideration that the via radius effect
is neglected in these equations, therefore they are helpful at the beginning to have an idea
about geometry design.
Width Gap Via
3.5 mm 0.05 mm 0.3mm
14. Model and Dimension
➢ A mushroom type electromagnetic band gap structure is a
combination of a grounded ISOLA substrate and a periodic
square patch above.
➢ The via is located in the middle of the patch to connect
grounded substrate and patch.
via
Rectangular Patch
Isola Substrate
d=W+g
d
15. Model and Dimension
Geometry design has followed this step:
• Define template: Dispersion Diagram
• Define material for the substrate ISOLA-IS680-345.
• Load COPPER from material library
• Define brick for substrate
• Define ground plane
• Define brick for patch
• Define cylinder for via
• Insert substrate and via by Boolean function
• Background properties has been set in NORMAL material
type; the height of the air box has been set ten times the
substrate thickness.
• Boundary conditions are set to periodic for each side walls
surrounding of the calculation box. Meanwhile, the boundary
conditions are defined as electric conductor. It is known that
open boundaries are not supported through the Eigenmode
Solver of CST MWS, for this reason the boundary condition for
unit cell side walls should be set periodic.
• Frequency setting from 0 to 12 GHz.
Periodic Boundary
Et=0
16. Model and Dimension
!
• CST MWS 2014 provides an easy way for phase shift functionality.
• Phase shift has a relation automatically with PathPara parameters sweeping from
0.1 to 2.9 cover whole Brillouin Zone and the dispersion diagram can be obtained
immediately.
• In older version, phase shifting has to be completed for three different routes
respectively and the results have to be gathered to complete dispersion diagram.
17. Model and Dimension
W g h εr via
4.13 mm 1 mm 0.76 mm 3.45 0.3 mm
• Dimensions for the unit cell of a mushroom type structure.
18. Implementation of the mushroom type EBG Structure on MIMO Antennas
➢ Designed mushroom type electromagnetic band gap structure has been placed in the middle of two designed
rectangular patch antennas.
➢ The geometry design has been done through CST MWS with following steps:
• Define Template: Planar Antenna.
• Define material: ISOLA-IS680-345.
• Define material from library: Copper (Annealed).
• Define brick for Patch1.
• Define brick for quarter wave transformer for Patch1.
• Define transmission line for Patch1.
• Define brick for Patch2.
• Define brick for quarter wave transformer for Patch2
• Define transmission line for Patch2
• Add shapes of Patch1 by Boolean function
• Add shapes of Patch 2 by Boolean function
• Define wave guard port1 and Patch2
• Define brick for the patch of a mushroom type EBG Structure
• Define cylinder for via of a mushroom type EBG Structure
• Translate the cell to complete the isolation between antennas along
y, +x and-x direction. 3 columns along x direction is enough.
• Add shapes by Boolean function
• Insert shapes by Boolean function
• Define boundaries
• Define background
• Define frequency range: 4-12 GHz
• Define field monitor for E-field-field and far field.
19. ➢ Later on, mentioned design steps above, the last geometry has been obtained and first simulation has been
run. The goal of it is observing the effect of mushroom type Electromagnetic Band Gap structure on mutual
coupling.
Implementation of the mushroom type EBG Structure on
MIMO Antennas
• MIMO Antenna System • MIMO Antenna System with EBG
21. ➢ Mutual coupling problem has been solved by
isolation of mushroom type electromagnetic
structure between two patches antennas.
➢ Previous slide shows the mushroom type EBG
structure effect on antennas’ performance.
➢ The red line represents the case of isolation by
mushroom type EBG structure while blue line
shows first designed antenna without any isolation
➢ Upper lines on the graph represents the right-handed antenna
and its S-parameter, S2,2.
➢ It can be easily seen that isolation did not help to increase its
performance. On the contrary, it is decreased by 4dB.
Unfortunately, it was slightly expected result.
➢ Today’s technology in order to reduce mutual coupling can
cause such that result, fortunately the antenna still resonates
10 GHz with a suitable performance.
➢ Below lines on the graph shows the left-handed antenna
which was suffer from mutual coupling.
➢ Thanks to designed mushroom like electromagnetic band gap
structure a band gap occurs at 10 GHz and helps to reduce
mutual coupling. Earlier S1,2 parameter was -40 dB, now it
went below to 75.03 dB