Isolation & identification of staphylococcus auerus
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This document outlines the procedure to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus from an unknown sample. It lists the required materials, including nutrient agar, mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar, and reagents for Gram staining and coagulase testing. The procedure involves Gram staining, culturing on MacConkey agar, and tests for coagulase production, gelatin liquification, mannitol fermentation, and bacitracin sensitivity to identify S. aureus.
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Staphylococcus Spp
Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria that includes 35-40 species. The most common disease-causing species are S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. Staphylococci are spherical cells arranged in clusters that are catalase-positive and facultative anaerobes. They are distinguished from Micrococcus through tests like coagulase production and modified oxidase, and from streptococci by their catalase positivity.
Microbiological culture media
this slide will help you to understand the behavior of different types of bacteria in different culture media. its is made with an exmaple experiment which can provide better understadng. selective, differential and enriched media is given with detailed description in the example.
gram staining
- The Gram staining technique was developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram as a way to classify bacteria.
- Gram staining involves staining a bacterial smear with crystal violet dye followed by iodine to form a crystal violet-iodine complex. Bacteria are then decolorized with alcohol or acetone and counterstained with safranin.
- Based on whether they retain the crystal violet dye after decolorization, bacteria are classified as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet due to their thick peptidoglycan cell wall, appearing purple under the microscope, while Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the dye due to their thinner cell wall
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The document describes characteristics of microbes and how to create a dichotomous key to identify bacteria. It includes a table listing characteristics of 8 bacteria species. It then shows the dichotomous key developed from the table to identify the bacteria through a series of yes/no questions. The key begins by separating bacteria based on Gram stain, then asks about galactose fermentation, H2S production, and reaction in litmus milk to systematically identify the bacteria.
Genus staphylococcus
This document provides information on the genus Staphylococcus. It discusses the morphology, classification, virulence factors, and diseases caused by Staphylococcus species. Some key points include:
- Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms grapelike clusters and includes major human pathogens.
- Important virulence factors include toxins like alpha toxin, enterotoxins, and exfoliative toxins. Enzymes and surface proteins also contribute to pathogenesis.
- Major diseases caused by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus include mastitis, tick pyemia, exudative dermatitis, and botryomycosis in various animal
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Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria that includes 35-40 species. The most common disease-causing species are S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. Staphylococci are spherical cells arranged in clusters that are catalase-positive and facultative anaerobes. They are distinguished from Micrococcus through tests like coagulase production and modified oxidase, and from streptococci by their catalase positivity.
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this slide will help you to understand the behavior of different types of bacteria in different culture media. its is made with an exmaple experiment which can provide better understadng. selective, differential and enriched media is given with detailed description in the example.
gram staining
- The Gram staining technique was developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram as a way to classify bacteria.
- Gram staining involves staining a bacterial smear with crystal violet dye followed by iodine to form a crystal violet-iodine complex. Bacteria are then decolorized with alcohol or acetone and counterstained with safranin.
- Based on whether they retain the crystal violet dye after decolorization, bacteria are classified as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet due to their thick peptidoglycan cell wall, appearing purple under the microscope, while Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the dye due to their thinner cell wall
Dichotomous key
The document describes characteristics of microbes and how to create a dichotomous key to identify bacteria. It includes a table listing characteristics of 8 bacteria species. It then shows the dichotomous key developed from the table to identify the bacteria through a series of yes/no questions. The key begins by separating bacteria based on Gram stain, then asks about galactose fermentation, H2S production, and reaction in litmus milk to systematically identify the bacteria.
Genus staphylococcus
This document provides information on the genus Staphylococcus. It discusses the morphology, classification, virulence factors, and diseases caused by Staphylococcus species. Some key points include:
- Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms grapelike clusters and includes major human pathogens.
- Important virulence factors include toxins like alpha toxin, enterotoxins, and exfoliative toxins. Enzymes and surface proteins also contribute to pathogenesis.
- Major diseases caused by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus include mastitis, tick pyemia, exudative dermatitis, and botryomycosis in various animal
Gram stain
The document describes the Gram staining procedure, which is used to classify bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. The procedure was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884 and involves staining bacteria samples with crystal violet dye followed by iodine to form a complex within the cell. Gram-positive bacteria retain the stain due to their thicker peptidoglycan layer, while gram-negative bacteria wash out the stain more easily due to their thinner peptidoglycan layer. The document also discusses several modifications of the Gram staining technique.
Salmonella spp
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Bacteriophage
Viruses that infect bacteria.
Occur widely in nature in close association with bacteria.
Readily isolated from faeces, sewage and other natural sources.
Tadpole shaped, with hexagonal head and a cylindrical tail.
Head consists of a tightly packed core of ds DNA surrounded by a protein coat or capsid.
The tail composed of a contractile sheath surrounding the hollow core
Terminal base plate having prongs or tail fibres attached.
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Clostridium tetani, botulinum, and difficile, by Dr. Himanshu Khatri
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- E. coli that causes diarrhea is divided into six groups that produce diarrhea through different pathogenic mechanisms, such as the production of heat-stable or heat-labile toxins. One group, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), commonly causes travelers' diarrhea.
- In addition to diarrhea, E. coli can cause other illnesses like urinary tract infections, wound or blood infections, and even sepsis. The type of specimen collected for testing depends on the suspected infection.
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cholera
Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae which is typically spread through contaminated food or water. It causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The classic symptoms include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and muscle cramps which can lead to severe dehydration within hours. The bacteria produce a toxin that increases cyclic AMP in intestinal cells, causing them to secrete fluids and electrolytes leading to diarrhea. Prevention focuses on proper disposal of infected waste and ensuring water and food are free from contamination. Treatment involves oral rehydration and antibiotics to kill the bacteria.
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Staphylococci.pptx
Gram positive bacteria include cocci like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, as well as rods like Bacillus. Major pathogens in the genus Staphylococcus include Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci like S. epidermidis. S. aureus is a major human pathogen capable of causing skin infections like boils and abscesses, as well as toxin-mediated diseases like food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome due to virulence factors like coagulase and various toxins. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are generally opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals.
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Staphylococci - Prac. Microbiology
1. Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci that grow in clusters and are catalase-positive. The coagulase test is used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS).
2. S. aureus causes a variety of diseases including localized skin infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and toxic shock syndrome. Identification involves culture, microscopy, and biochemical tests like coagulase and catalase.
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Salmonella spp
Salmonella spp are motile, gram-negative rods that can infect both humans and animals. They are transmitted primarily through contaminated food or water, especially undercooked eggs, poultry, and meats. In humans, Salmonella bacteria attach to intestinal cells using a type III secretion system and effector proteins that manipulate the host's actin, allowing the bacteria to invade cells. This can cause diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever and headache. While antibiotics are usually not needed for healthy individuals, treatment may involve rehydration or antibiotics if the infection spreads. Thorough cooking and cleaning can help prevent transmission.
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This document lists five types of Escherichia coli that can cause diarrhea: enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli. It then describes the laboratory diagnosis of E. coli, including collecting fecal or other samples depending on the site of infection, examining samples under microscopy and culturing them on different agar plates, conducting biochemical tests, and performing antibiotic sensitivity testing using disc diffusion. The goal is to identify the specific type of diarrheagenic E. coli.
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Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium found in soil, intestines, feces and contaminated wounds. It produces an exotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes the acute disease tetanus, resulting in painful muscle rigidity and spasms. Tetanus spores can survive for years until entering the body through a wound, where they germinate and release the toxin that is carried through the bloodstream to nerve cells.
Bacteriophage
Viruses that infect bacteria.
Occur widely in nature in close association with bacteria.
Readily isolated from faeces, sewage and other natural sources.
Tadpole shaped, with hexagonal head and a cylindrical tail.
Head consists of a tightly packed core of ds DNA surrounded by a protein coat or capsid.
The tail composed of a contractile sheath surrounding the hollow core
Terminal base plate having prongs or tail fibres attached.
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This document provides an overview of Staphylococcus bacteria, including taxonomy, characteristics, infections caused, and laboratory identification. It describes the Staphylococcus genus as including over 40 species of gram positive cocci that are an important cause of infections ranging from minor to life-threatening. Key aspects covered include morphology, colonial appearance on different media, biochemical tests for identification of S. aureus and differentiation of coagulase-negative staphylococci.
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- Clostridium tetani causes tetanus and enters the body through cuts or wounds in the skin. It produces a neurotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. C. botulinum causes botulism by ingesting its toxin in contaminated food which causes paralysis. C. difficile causes diarrhea and colitis when normal gut flora is disrupted by antibiotics allowing it to overgrow and produce toxins.
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The genus Neisseria includes several species that are normal flora or pathogens in humans. N. gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea. It is a gram-negative diplococcus that grows best in an atmosphere containing CO2. N. gonorrhoeae can change its surface structures to avoid the immune system. It possesses several antigens, including pili, porins, and lipooligosaccharide, that help it attach to and infect host cells. Treatment of gonorrhea has become challenging due to increasing antimicrobial resistance.
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A discussion on the media and biochemical tests as discussed by Ms. Caryl Villalon, RN, MT. Covers the descriptions of the media and biochemical tests. How to perform the tests, properties of the tests, media and reagents used, and the results of the test. Pictures of positive and negative results are also shown in the slide.
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- Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, some strains of E. coli can cause illness, including diarrhea.
- E. coli that causes diarrhea is divided into six groups that produce diarrhea through different pathogenic mechanisms, such as the production of heat-stable or heat-labile toxins. One group, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), commonly causes travelers' diarrhea.
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Lab dia of parasite
This document provides information on laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections. It discusses specimen collection and various examination techniques including microscopic examination of stool, blood, and biopsy samples. Wet mount examination, concentration methods, staining techniques, and culture methods are described to detect parasites, eggs, larvae, cysts or other structures. Examination of different specimens helps diagnose infections caused by protozoa, helminths, and other parasites. Serologic tests like indirect haemagglutination, fluorescent antibody, and indirect fluorescent antibody tests are also used for diagnosis of certain parasitic diseases.
Staphylococci.pptx
Gram positive bacteria include cocci like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, as well as rods like Bacillus. Major pathogens in the genus Staphylococcus include Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci like S. epidermidis. S. aureus is a major human pathogen capable of causing skin infections like boils and abscesses, as well as toxin-mediated diseases like food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome due to virulence factors like coagulase and various toxins. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are generally opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals.
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Clostridium
This document provides information on various Clostridium bacteria including C. septicum, C. novyi, C. histolyticum, and C. tetani. It describes their morphological characteristics, toxins produced, diseases caused such as gas gangrene, and laboratory methods for diagnosis. Gas gangrene is defined as a rapidly spreading muscle tissue death caused by clostridial bacteria. Treatment involves surgery to remove damaged tissues, antibiotics such as metronidazole, and immunization to prevent further infection.
Spore staining
This document describes the process of spore staining to differentiate bacterial spores from vegetative cells. It explains that spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by bacteria during adverse environmental conditions for survival. The spore staining technique uses malachite green as the primary stain for spores and safranin as the counterstain for vegetative cells. Heat is applied to help the malachite green penetrate the spore walls. Vegetative cells are decolorized but spores retain the green stain. This allows spores and vegetative cells to be distinguished microscopically.
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3. Strain typing methods are used to trace outbreak sources and identify toxin-producing strains causing food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
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s
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. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Isolation & identification of staphylococcus auerus
- 1. ISOLATION & IDENTIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
- 3. AIM: To isolate and identify bacterial pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus
- 4. MATERIALS REQUIRED: 1. SAMPLE: UNKNOWN SAMPLE. 2. MEDIA: NUTRIENT AGAR, MANNITOL SALT AGAR, MACCONKEY AGAR. 3. REAGENTS: CRYSTAL VOILET, GRAM’S IODINE, ETHANOL, SAFFARNIN, HYDROGEN PER OXIDE SOLUTION. 4, GLASSWARES & EQUIPMENTS: GLASS SLIDES, TEST TUBES, PETRIDISHES, BUNSEN BURNER, ph METER,FILTER PAPER, PRESSURE COOKER, HOT AIR OVEN, ERLEN MEYER FLASK.
- 5. PROCEDURE: STAINING [GRAM’S STAINING] MACCONKEY AGAR PLATES SLIDE & TUBE COAGULASE TEST GELATIN LIQUIFICATION
- 8. 2. MACCONKEY AGAR PLATES:
- 9. 3. SLIDE AND TUBE COAGULASE TEST: Plasma of human is taken the slide. Its is mixed well with the culture. Then observe for clump formation.
- 10. 4. GELATIN LIQUIFICATION TEST: