The Islamic Empire expanded trade networks by establishing stability and low taxes along trading routes. It gained control over Mediterranean, Silk Road, and Indian Ocean trade. This spread of Islam influenced other cultures as Arabic culture was adopted, while Islamic cultures also borrowed from places like Persia. Core beliefs in Islam like the Quran, Five Pillars, and figure of the Caliph provided continuity, though a split emerged between Sunni and Shia views of leadership succession after Muhammad.