1) The document summarizes a presentation on ischemic heart disease given by Zewude M to nursing students.
2) It covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis and management of ischemic heart disease.
3) The objectives of the presentation were to define ischemic heart disease, describe its pathophysiology, list its classification and complications, mention its clinical manifestations, and describe both the medical and nursing management of ischemic heart disease.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and ischemic heart disease. It includes objectives, outlines, definitions, etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, investigations, management, and nursing considerations for each topic. Group members introduced the anatomy and physiology of the pericardium and heart. They discussed causes, signs, diagnostic tests and treatment for pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade and ischemic heart disease.
Dresslers syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain, especially in patients at late stages of the progression of the ischemic process. Myocardial rupture is a rare event often associated with sudden death after myocardial infarction. This case report describes the 56 years age old man who present in persistent chest pain with radiating in shoulder and breathlessness with high grade fever. He had previously myocardial infraction in one month back and treated with reperfusion therapy and also history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus under medications. He finally diagnosed in evidence of ECG and CT findings. K Karpagam | Deepan M "Dressler’s Syndrome: Case Report" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53868.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/53868/dressler’s-syndrome-case-report/k-karpagam
1) The document describes a case presentation of an 81-year-old male admitted with acute chest pain. Physical examination and investigations confirmed ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with hyperkalemia.
2) It then provides an overview of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) management, covering topics like pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of unstable angina/NSTEMI and STEMI.
3) Key diagnostic tests for ACS evaluation discussed include ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and stress testing. Management involves risk factor modification, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and revascularization when appropriate.
Pharmacotherapy of ischemic heart diseasetolcha regasa
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD). It defines IHD and divides it into stable angina and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with ACS further divided into non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)/unstable angina (UA) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The causes of ACS are also discussed, with plaque rupture being identified as the predominant cause in over 90% of patients. Clinical features, diagnostic workup, and treatment approaches for the different classifications of IHD are described.
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD). It defines IHD as a syndrome arising from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the myocardium. IHD is broadly divided into stable angina and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ACS includes non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), unstable angina (UA), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The document discusses the causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these IHD conditions.
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that can cause mechanical and electrical dysfunction. It has many causes including genetic disorders, infections, and metabolic issues.
The prognosis for cardiomyopathy is generally poor if left undiagnosed until advanced stages. Diagnostic tools include echocardiography, chest x-rays, and cardiac catheterization.
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type and is characterized by the enlargement of heart chambers and thinning of the walls. It can lead to heart failure if not properly managed with medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices like defibrillators if needed. The prognosis is poor with 50% of patients dying within
1) Myocardial infarction occurs when blood supply to the heart is interrupted, causing heart muscle cell death. This is commonly due to a blockage in a coronary artery from a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque.
2) Risk factors include diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history of heart disease, obesity, stress, and older age.
3) Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, weakness and nausea. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, cardiac enzyme levels and imaging tests.
1. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a range of conditions caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
2. ACS is classified based on ECG findings into ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. The most common symptoms are chest pain and discomfort.
3. Diagnosis involves evaluating the patient's history, symptoms, ECG, and cardiac biomarker levels. Together these can confirm if myocardial necrosis has occurred. Treatment depends on the classification but generally involves antiplatelet agents, statins, and revascularization if indicated.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, and ischemic heart disease. It includes objectives, outlines, definitions, etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, investigations, management, and nursing considerations for each topic. Group members introduced the anatomy and physiology of the pericardium and heart. They discussed causes, signs, diagnostic tests and treatment for pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade and ischemic heart disease.
Dresslers syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain, especially in patients at late stages of the progression of the ischemic process. Myocardial rupture is a rare event often associated with sudden death after myocardial infarction. This case report describes the 56 years age old man who present in persistent chest pain with radiating in shoulder and breathlessness with high grade fever. He had previously myocardial infraction in one month back and treated with reperfusion therapy and also history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus under medications. He finally diagnosed in evidence of ECG and CT findings. K Karpagam | Deepan M "Dressler’s Syndrome: Case Report" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53868.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/53868/dressler’s-syndrome-case-report/k-karpagam
1) The document describes a case presentation of an 81-year-old male admitted with acute chest pain. Physical examination and investigations confirmed ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with hyperkalemia.
2) It then provides an overview of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) management, covering topics like pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of unstable angina/NSTEMI and STEMI.
3) Key diagnostic tests for ACS evaluation discussed include ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and stress testing. Management involves risk factor modification, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and revascularization when appropriate.
Pharmacotherapy of ischemic heart diseasetolcha regasa
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD). It defines IHD and divides it into stable angina and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with ACS further divided into non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)/unstable angina (UA) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The causes of ACS are also discussed, with plaque rupture being identified as the predominant cause in over 90% of patients. Clinical features, diagnostic workup, and treatment approaches for the different classifications of IHD are described.
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD). It defines IHD as a syndrome arising from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the myocardium. IHD is broadly divided into stable angina and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ACS includes non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), unstable angina (UA), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The document discusses the causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these IHD conditions.
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that can cause mechanical and electrical dysfunction. It has many causes including genetic disorders, infections, and metabolic issues.
The prognosis for cardiomyopathy is generally poor if left undiagnosed until advanced stages. Diagnostic tools include echocardiography, chest x-rays, and cardiac catheterization.
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type and is characterized by the enlargement of heart chambers and thinning of the walls. It can lead to heart failure if not properly managed with medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices like defibrillators if needed. The prognosis is poor with 50% of patients dying within
1) Myocardial infarction occurs when blood supply to the heart is interrupted, causing heart muscle cell death. This is commonly due to a blockage in a coronary artery from a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque.
2) Risk factors include diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history of heart disease, obesity, stress, and older age.
3) Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, weakness and nausea. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, cardiac enzyme levels and imaging tests.
1. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a range of conditions caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
2. ACS is classified based on ECG findings into ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. The most common symptoms are chest pain and discomfort.
3. Diagnosis involves evaluating the patient's history, symptoms, ECG, and cardiac biomarker levels. Together these can confirm if myocardial necrosis has occurred. Treatment depends on the classification but generally involves antiplatelet agents, statins, and revascularization if indicated.
This document provides an overview of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD), including their definition, clinical manifestations, and pathophysiology. CAD/IHD results from an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand. It is most commonly caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries. The two main clinical manifestations are: 1) Angina pectoris, which presents as chest pain that occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest, and 2) Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, which is caused by cell death in the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen. MI is a medical emergency and a leading cause of death worldwide.
Inflammatory heart disease refers to inflammation of the heart muscle caused by infection, bacteria, viruses, or internal issues. There are three main types: endocarditis, which is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart; myocarditis, which is inflammation of the heart muscle; and pericarditis, which is inflammation of the sac around the heart. Infective endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the heart valves. Myocarditis can be caused by various infections, toxins, drugs, radiation, and immune reactions. Pericarditis can develop from bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, as well as immunological conditions and injuries. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, pericardi
LVNC is a rare genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by a spongy appearance of the myocardium due to incomplete compaction of the embryonic myocardium. It can present with heart failure, arrhythmias, or thromboembolism. Echocardiography and cardiac MRI are used to diagnose LVNC based on identifying a two-layered myocardium. Management involves treating heart failure and preventing thromboembolism with anticoagulation in high-risk patients. While the cause of LVNC is thought to be due to an arrest in normal myocardial compaction during embryonic development, the pathophysiology is not fully understood.
This document provides objectives and content about acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart attack. It begins with objectives of explaining AMI and its various aspects. It then defines AMI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or thrombus. It discusses the incidence, classifications, risk factors like hypertension and smoking, etiological factors, pathophysiology of plaque buildup and thrombus formation blocking blood flow. It covers clinical features like chest pain, diagnostic evaluation including ECG, cardiac enzymes and angiography. It outlines management including pharmacological treatments, angioplasty, and other surgical procedures to reopen blocked arteries and restore blood flow to the heart.
The document discusses stroke, including its definition, causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- Stroke is caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can be due to blockage (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic).
- Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension.
- Symptoms depend on the affected brain region and can include weakness, speech problems, sensory issues and more.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and MRI to identify lesions and rule out other causes.
- Treatment aims to improve functions like strength, balance and mobility through physical therapy and manage
Atherosclerosis obliterans is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of plaque within arteries. Risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol cause endothelial damage, allowing LDL to enter the arterial wall. LDL undergoes oxidation and recruits inflammatory cells, forming foam cells and plaque. Plaque growth narrows and blocks arteries, reducing blood flow. It commonly affects leg arteries but can impact heart and brain arteries. Symptoms range from mild discomfort to leg pain with exertion or at rest. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, imaging tests, and blood flow measurements. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and procedures to open blocked arteries.
Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, results from prolonged ischemia due to a blockage in a coronary artery that supplies blood to heart muscle. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol intake, and family history. Diagnosis involves electrocardiogram changes, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and symptoms like chest pain. Management focuses on oxygen, pain relief, antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs, revascularization, and lifestyle changes to prevent future heart attacks.
Takotsubo syndrome diagnostic criteria.
position papers :Mayo clnic ,HFA and InterTAK Diagnostic Criteria.Takotsubo Syndrome and COVID-19.Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging
in the Diagnosis and Management
of Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome
The document discusses several cardiovascular disorders including pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis. Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium and can be caused by infections, injuries, or autoimmune disorders. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium that may cause heart dilation and damage. Endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the heart valves that can develop over weeks or months from organisms entering the bloodstream.
The document summarizes pericardial diseases. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pericardium, acute pericarditis including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, and pericardial effusion and tamponade. Acute pericarditis is usually self-limited and treated with NSAIDs. Larger effusions may require hospitalization. Pericardial effusion can progress to tamponade, where fluid accumulation compresses the heart and impairs filling.
An Overview on Sudden Cardiac Death by Bibin Rijo W | Aswin A V | Divika S | ...ijtsrd
As the most prevalent cause of death in developing nations is heart disease, over 7 lakh people in India and over 4 5 million worldwide pass away from sudden cardiac death SCD each year. It is the most prevailing kind of unexpected mortality brought on by cardiac anomalies like congenital heart disorders, hereditary channelopathies, heart failure and ischemic heart diseases. Nevertheless, non cardiac causes such aortic syndromes, stroke and pulmonary embolism can also result in sudden cardiac death and must to be taken into account as alternative diseases. Additionally, younger individuals experience sudden cardiac death, which is pertaining to obesity, stress, lifestyle changes, alcoholism and fibrosis non ischemic causes of sudden cardiac death . This study exemplifies the causes of sudden cardiac death SCD , most notably for those with cardiovascular diseases. Bibin Rijo W | Aswin A V | Divika S | Dr. K C Arul Prakasam | Dr. N Senthil Kumar "An Overview on Sudden Cardiac Death" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63453.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/63453/an-overview-on-sudden-cardiac-death/bibin-rijo-w
This document provides an overview and management of pericarditis and myocarditis. It begins with a case presentation of a 21-year-old male student presenting with fever, chills, and muscle pain. It then defines pericarditis and myocarditis, discusses their diagnosis, clinical presentation, staging, complications, treatment, and prognosis. Diagnostic tests like electrocardiography, echocardiography, viral genomes, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are covered. Complications like dilated cardiomyopathy are also summarized.
Approach to Shock for Seminar Jan.2024.pptxtowinb34
In this lecture you will be able to retrieve this number after you close this window until you have printed this confirmation page or made a record of the confirmation number before closing this window until you have printed
This document outlines a presentation on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) given by nursing students. It defines ACS and its types, including unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI. Risk factors, causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of ACS are discussed in detail. The goals of management are to increase blood flow to the heart, decrease oxygen demand, reduce chest pain, and prevent further damage. Pharmacological therapies and revascularization procedures are described for treating different ACS types. Potential complications are also reviewed.
This document describes a case report of a 26-year-old adult with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). It provides background on VSD, including that it is a structural abnormality characterized by a defect in the septum separating the two heart chambers. The document discusses the patient's condition, including definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and their results, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for VSD.
The document defines myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack as the death of heart muscle cells due to reduced blood flow. It describes 5 types of MI based on cause. The pathophysiology involves atherosclerotic plaque rupture blocking a coronary artery and cutting off oxygen to heart muscle. Risk factors include age, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension. MI is a leading cause of death and its symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Blood tests can detect elevated cardiac biomarkers to diagnose MI.
This document discusses myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or blockage. It identifies several non-modifiable risk factors for MI like age, family history, and gender. Modifiable risk factors discussed include high blood lipids, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, and stress. The document outlines the pathophysiology of an MI and typical clinical manifestations. Diagnostic tests mentioned are electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography. Medical management of MI includes drug therapy and fibrinolytic therapy. Prevention focuses on a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol.
A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the lungs, blocking an artery. The document discusses the definition, incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation including imaging tests, and management of pulmonary embolism with medications, surgery, and nursing care. The goal of treatment is to dissolve clots and prevent new ones from forming to stabilize the patient's cardiopulmonary status.
The document provides information on ischemic heart disease (IHD), including:
1) IHD is caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle and can be due to blockages in the coronary arteries from atherosclerosis or other causes like vasospasm.
2) IHD can present as stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, or heart failure. A myocardial infarction occurs when prolonged ischemia causes death of heart muscle tissue.
3) The pathology of a myocardial infarction involves plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and complete blockage of blood flow leading to irreversible damage to heart muscle within minutes to hours.
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis. It discusses the epidemiology, etiologies, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications and treatment of the condition. Some key points include:
- Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that often involves vegetation formation. It is usually caused by bacteria and has significant morbidity and mortality.
- Native or prosthetic heart valves are most commonly infected. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are leading causes.
- Symptoms can include fever, heart murmur, embolic phenomena. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram and applying the Duke criteria.
- Complications
This document summarizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of BPH, including that it affects glandular epithelium, stromal cells, and causes increased growth. It also covers the symptomatology, evaluation, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, and prostatectomies. Surgical treatments discussed are transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), retropubic prostatectomy (RPP), and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP).
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the study of disease through scientific methods and examines the mechanisms of disease from etiology to clinical manifestation. The key points are:
1. Pathology studies the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements that result from disease processes.
2. Diseases are examined through diagnostic techniques including histopathology, cytopathology, and biochemical/immunological testing to identify structural and molecular alterations.
3. The natural course of a disease involves stages from initial exposure through biological onset, clinical onset, potential resolution or death.
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This document provides an overview of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD), including their definition, clinical manifestations, and pathophysiology. CAD/IHD results from an imbalance between the heart's oxygen supply and demand. It is most commonly caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries. The two main clinical manifestations are: 1) Angina pectoris, which presents as chest pain that occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest, and 2) Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, which is caused by cell death in the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen. MI is a medical emergency and a leading cause of death worldwide.
Inflammatory heart disease refers to inflammation of the heart muscle caused by infection, bacteria, viruses, or internal issues. There are three main types: endocarditis, which is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart; myocarditis, which is inflammation of the heart muscle; and pericarditis, which is inflammation of the sac around the heart. Infective endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the heart valves. Myocarditis can be caused by various infections, toxins, drugs, radiation, and immune reactions. Pericarditis can develop from bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, as well as immunological conditions and injuries. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, pericardi
LVNC is a rare genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by a spongy appearance of the myocardium due to incomplete compaction of the embryonic myocardium. It can present with heart failure, arrhythmias, or thromboembolism. Echocardiography and cardiac MRI are used to diagnose LVNC based on identifying a two-layered myocardium. Management involves treating heart failure and preventing thromboembolism with anticoagulation in high-risk patients. While the cause of LVNC is thought to be due to an arrest in normal myocardial compaction during embryonic development, the pathophysiology is not fully understood.
This document provides objectives and content about acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart attack. It begins with objectives of explaining AMI and its various aspects. It then defines AMI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or thrombus. It discusses the incidence, classifications, risk factors like hypertension and smoking, etiological factors, pathophysiology of plaque buildup and thrombus formation blocking blood flow. It covers clinical features like chest pain, diagnostic evaluation including ECG, cardiac enzymes and angiography. It outlines management including pharmacological treatments, angioplasty, and other surgical procedures to reopen blocked arteries and restore blood flow to the heart.
The document discusses stroke, including its definition, causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- Stroke is caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can be due to blockage (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic).
- Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension.
- Symptoms depend on the affected brain region and can include weakness, speech problems, sensory issues and more.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and MRI to identify lesions and rule out other causes.
- Treatment aims to improve functions like strength, balance and mobility through physical therapy and manage
Atherosclerosis obliterans is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of plaque within arteries. Risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol cause endothelial damage, allowing LDL to enter the arterial wall. LDL undergoes oxidation and recruits inflammatory cells, forming foam cells and plaque. Plaque growth narrows and blocks arteries, reducing blood flow. It commonly affects leg arteries but can impact heart and brain arteries. Symptoms range from mild discomfort to leg pain with exertion or at rest. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, imaging tests, and blood flow measurements. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and procedures to open blocked arteries.
Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, results from prolonged ischemia due to a blockage in a coronary artery that supplies blood to heart muscle. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol intake, and family history. Diagnosis involves electrocardiogram changes, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and symptoms like chest pain. Management focuses on oxygen, pain relief, antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs, revascularization, and lifestyle changes to prevent future heart attacks.
Takotsubo syndrome diagnostic criteria.
position papers :Mayo clnic ,HFA and InterTAK Diagnostic Criteria.Takotsubo Syndrome and COVID-19.Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging
in the Diagnosis and Management
of Patients with Takotsubo Syndrome
The document discusses several cardiovascular disorders including pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis. Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium and can be caused by infections, injuries, or autoimmune disorders. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium that may cause heart dilation and damage. Endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the heart valves that can develop over weeks or months from organisms entering the bloodstream.
The document summarizes pericardial diseases. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pericardium, acute pericarditis including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, and pericardial effusion and tamponade. Acute pericarditis is usually self-limited and treated with NSAIDs. Larger effusions may require hospitalization. Pericardial effusion can progress to tamponade, where fluid accumulation compresses the heart and impairs filling.
An Overview on Sudden Cardiac Death by Bibin Rijo W | Aswin A V | Divika S | ...ijtsrd
As the most prevalent cause of death in developing nations is heart disease, over 7 lakh people in India and over 4 5 million worldwide pass away from sudden cardiac death SCD each year. It is the most prevailing kind of unexpected mortality brought on by cardiac anomalies like congenital heart disorders, hereditary channelopathies, heart failure and ischemic heart diseases. Nevertheless, non cardiac causes such aortic syndromes, stroke and pulmonary embolism can also result in sudden cardiac death and must to be taken into account as alternative diseases. Additionally, younger individuals experience sudden cardiac death, which is pertaining to obesity, stress, lifestyle changes, alcoholism and fibrosis non ischemic causes of sudden cardiac death . This study exemplifies the causes of sudden cardiac death SCD , most notably for those with cardiovascular diseases. Bibin Rijo W | Aswin A V | Divika S | Dr. K C Arul Prakasam | Dr. N Senthil Kumar "An Overview on Sudden Cardiac Death" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63453.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/63453/an-overview-on-sudden-cardiac-death/bibin-rijo-w
This document provides an overview and management of pericarditis and myocarditis. It begins with a case presentation of a 21-year-old male student presenting with fever, chills, and muscle pain. It then defines pericarditis and myocarditis, discusses their diagnosis, clinical presentation, staging, complications, treatment, and prognosis. Diagnostic tests like electrocardiography, echocardiography, viral genomes, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are covered. Complications like dilated cardiomyopathy are also summarized.
Approach to Shock for Seminar Jan.2024.pptxtowinb34
In this lecture you will be able to retrieve this number after you close this window until you have printed this confirmation page or made a record of the confirmation number before closing this window until you have printed
This document outlines a presentation on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) given by nursing students. It defines ACS and its types, including unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI. Risk factors, causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of ACS are discussed in detail. The goals of management are to increase blood flow to the heart, decrease oxygen demand, reduce chest pain, and prevent further damage. Pharmacological therapies and revascularization procedures are described for treating different ACS types. Potential complications are also reviewed.
This document describes a case report of a 26-year-old adult with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). It provides background on VSD, including that it is a structural abnormality characterized by a defect in the septum separating the two heart chambers. The document discusses the patient's condition, including definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and their results, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for VSD.
The document defines myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack as the death of heart muscle cells due to reduced blood flow. It describes 5 types of MI based on cause. The pathophysiology involves atherosclerotic plaque rupture blocking a coronary artery and cutting off oxygen to heart muscle. Risk factors include age, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension. MI is a leading cause of death and its symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Blood tests can detect elevated cardiac biomarkers to diagnose MI.
This document discusses myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or blockage. It identifies several non-modifiable risk factors for MI like age, family history, and gender. Modifiable risk factors discussed include high blood lipids, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, and stress. The document outlines the pathophysiology of an MI and typical clinical manifestations. Diagnostic tests mentioned are electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography. Medical management of MI includes drug therapy and fibrinolytic therapy. Prevention focuses on a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol.
A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the lungs, blocking an artery. The document discusses the definition, incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation including imaging tests, and management of pulmonary embolism with medications, surgery, and nursing care. The goal of treatment is to dissolve clots and prevent new ones from forming to stabilize the patient's cardiopulmonary status.
The document provides information on ischemic heart disease (IHD), including:
1) IHD is caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle and can be due to blockages in the coronary arteries from atherosclerosis or other causes like vasospasm.
2) IHD can present as stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, or heart failure. A myocardial infarction occurs when prolonged ischemia causes death of heart muscle tissue.
3) The pathology of a myocardial infarction involves plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and complete blockage of blood flow leading to irreversible damage to heart muscle within minutes to hours.
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis. It discusses the epidemiology, etiologies, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications and treatment of the condition. Some key points include:
- Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that often involves vegetation formation. It is usually caused by bacteria and has significant morbidity and mortality.
- Native or prosthetic heart valves are most commonly infected. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are leading causes.
- Symptoms can include fever, heart murmur, embolic phenomena. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram and applying the Duke criteria.
- Complications
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This document summarizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of BPH, including that it affects glandular epithelium, stromal cells, and causes increased growth. It also covers the symptomatology, evaluation, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, and prostatectomies. Surgical treatments discussed are transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), retropubic prostatectomy (RPP), and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP).
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the study of disease through scientific methods and examines the mechanisms of disease from etiology to clinical manifestation. The key points are:
1. Pathology studies the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements that result from disease processes.
2. Diseases are examined through diagnostic techniques including histopathology, cytopathology, and biochemical/immunological testing to identify structural and molecular alterations.
3. The natural course of a disease involves stages from initial exposure through biological onset, clinical onset, potential resolution or death.
This document provides an overview of preeclampsia and eclampsia. It begins with an introduction and outlines risk factors and classifications. It then describes clinical features such as hypertension and proteinuria. The pathophysiology section explains how abnormal placentation leads to reduced blood flow and imbalance of prostaglandins. Complications are also discussed, including renal failure, pulmonary edema, and intrauterine growth restriction. The document provides information on diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia.
This seminar presentation discusses hypersensitivity reactions, which are exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses to benign antigens. It covers the objectives, mechanisms, classification, complications, and references related to hypersensitivity reactions. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation, Type II involves antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity, Type III involves immune complex formation and deposition, and Type IV involves T-cell mediated reactions. The presentation provides examples and details of each type of hypersensitivity reaction and their clinical implications.
This document discusses inflammation. It defines inflammation as the body's local response to injury or infection aimed at eliminating the cause of injury and initiating repair. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The early response involves vasodilation and increased permeability, causing swelling. The late response involves neutrophils in acute inflammation and macrophages in chronic cases, which work to destroy pathogens and initiate healing. Understanding inflammation is important for diagnosing conditions like appendicitis and treating diseases.
This document provides an overview of hyaline membrane disease (HMD), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), for nursing students. It defines RDS as a lack of pulmonary surfactant, outlines its pathophysiology and risk factors. The document discusses the clinical presentation of RDS, including respiratory distress, radiographic findings and laboratory abnormalities. It also covers diagnosis, differential diagnoses, treatment including surfactant replacement and supportive care, complications and prevention of RDS through antenatal corticosteroids.
1. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset and short in duration, characterized by fluid and protein exudation and neutrophil accumulation. Chronic inflammation is slower in onset and longer lasting, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, ongoing tissue destruction, and attempts at repair through fibrosis.
2. The key features of acute inflammation are vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of leukocytes from the blood vessels to the site of injury. Chronic inflammation features mononuclear cell infiltration, persistent tissue damage, and attempts to repair through fibrosis and angiogenesis.
3. Granulomatous inflammation is a pattern of chronic inflammation seen with certain infections, featuring focal collections of activated macrophages that develop an epithelial-like appearance known
Cellular injury can result in adaptation, reversible injury, irreversible injury leading to necrosis or apoptosis, or intracellular accumulation. The outcome depends on the injurious agent and cell type. Adaptations include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Reversible injury includes fatty changes and pigment accumulation. Necrosis is cell death resulting from hypoxia, free radicals, membrane damage, or calcium influx. There are several types of necrosis including coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous, and gangrenous. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that does not cause inflammation.
This document discusses pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy. It defines PID as an infection of the upper female genital tract that spreads to involve the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Common causes are Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners and past gynecological procedures. Symptoms can range from mild to severe abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and tests. Complications include infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is defined as implantation outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. Causes may include anatomical obstructions or abnormalities in the fallop
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Patient safety is a fundamental principle of healthcare. Adverse events may result from problems in practice, products, procedures or systems. Improving patient safety demands a complex, system-wide effort involving performance improvement, risk management, infection control, safe clinical practices, and a safe environment of care. Unsafe injections expose millions of people to infections worldwide each year. Ensuring single-use injection devices and safety boxes are available in every healthcare facility can prevent reuse and unsafe waste disposal.
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A nebulizer converts liquid medication into a mist that can be inhaled directly into the lungs, allowing for rapid onset of medication effects. There are different types of nebulizers that administer medication via mouthpiece or mask. Nebulizers are commonly used to treat conditions involving airflow obstruction like asthma. Proper use involves preparing equipment and medication, positioning the patient, administering the treatment, and monitoring for side effects.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including the major glands and hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary glands which regulate many other endocrine glands. Other glands covered include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, and pineal. The document outlines how to assess endocrine disorders and lists some common laboratory studies. It also provides details on diabetes mellitus, describing the main types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
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This document summarizes several endocrine system disorders including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, Addison's disease, and pituitary adenomas. It provides epidemiological data on certain disorders and describes associated symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and medical management approaches. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes are also briefly discussed.
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE BY ZEWUDE M..pptx
1. INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE
SHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING
SPECIALITY :ADULT HEALTH NURSING (PG)
ADULT HEALTH NURSING II SEMINAR PRESENTATION
TITLE: ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
BY: ZEWUDE MULATU
NOVEMBER 2022
NEKEMTE,ETHIOPIA
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 1
3. Define IHD
Describe pathophysiology of IHD
List classification of IHD
Mention c/m
List diagnosis of IHD
Describe both medical and nursing management of
IHD
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 3
At the end of this session,the
students will be able to:
4. Coronary circulation: is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the
heart muscle (myocardium).
Cardiac arteries include
Left coronary arteries
Right coronary arteries
They are the only source of blood supply to the myocardium
As they run on the surface of the heart, they can be called:
Epicardial coronary arteries
The coronary arteries that run deep within the myocardium are referred to as :
Subendocardial
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 4
7. Ischemia is defined as inadequate blood supply (circulation) to a
local area due to blockage of the blood vessels supplying the area.
Ischemic means that an organ (e.g.the heart) is not getting
enough blood and oxygen.
Principal component of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) describes a group of clinical
syndromes characterized by myocardial ischemia, an imbalance
between myocardial blood supply and demand.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 7
8. When the blood flow to the heart muscle is completely
blocked, the heart muscle cells die, which is termed a heart
attack or myocardial infarction (MI).
Caused mainly by Atherosclerosis of Coronary Artery
Can also caused by artherisclerosis, aortic valve stenosis,
mitral valve prolapse
IHD known as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).
No alternative blood supply exists
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 8
11. Atheroma: is an accumulation of degenerative material in the tunica
intima (inner layer) of artery walls.
The material consists of :
macrophage cells, or debris
containing lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids)
calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue
The accumulated material forms a swelling in the artery
wall, which may intrude into the channel of the artery,
narrowing it and restricting blood now.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 11
12. Progressive inflammatory disorder of the arterial wall
characterised by focal lipid rich deposits of atheroma
Remain clinically asymptomatic
Until large enough to impair tissue perfusion
Ulceration and disruption of the lesion result in thrombotic
occlusion
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 12
13. Atherosclerosis can
affect any artery in the
body, including arteries
in the
heart
brain
arms
legs
pelvis and
kidneys.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 13
14. IHD is the most common, serious, chronic, life-
threatening disease all over the world.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 14
18. According to study done on Global Epidemiology of
Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from the Global Burden
of Disease Study, 2020 by Moien AB Khan,et al.
◦ IHD affects around 126 million individuals (1,655 per 100,000),
which is approximately 1.72% of the world’s population.
◦ Nine million deaths were caused by IHD globally.
◦ Incidence typically started in the fourth decade and increased with
age.
◦ Men were more commonly affected than women
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 18
19. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), previously considered rare in sub-Saharan
Africa, now ranks 8th among the leading causes of death in men and
women in the region.
According to study ,Dietary and Behavioral Risk Factors of Ischemic Heart
Disease Among Patients of Medical Outpatient Departments in Southern
Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study,2021 Meron Hadis
Gebremedhin,et al.
◦ In Ethiopia, ischaemic heart disease is one of the top three prevalent
CVDs.
◦ .
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 19
20. Another study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia showed IHD occupied a 7.4% of
death.
◦ The reduction in the mortality rate due to CVDs is slower than for
communicable diseases and other causes of mortality
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 20
22. Myocardial oxygen supply is decreased
Narrowed coronary arteries
( thrombus, spasms, Coronary embolism, vasculitis)
Hypotension
Severe anemia
increased carboxyhemoglobin
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 22
23. Myocardial oxygen demand is increased
• Left ventricle hypertrophy
• Fever
• Tachycardia
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 23
24. Uncontrollable(non- modifiable) Controllable (modifiable)
Sex :Males are more prone to
IHD.
However, in postmenopausal
women, the risk is almost
similar to that of men
Hereditary
Race
Age
HTN
DM
Smoking
Physical inactivity
Obesity(BMI>30)
Alcohol overconsumption
Stress and anger
Low daily fruit and vegetables
consumption
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 24
27. Stable angina pectoris refers to recurrent
characteristic/atypical chest pain induced by
Physical activity or emotional stress and is relieved by rest .
Is the most common kind of angina.
The key cause is atherosclerosis, with narrowing of the
coronary blood vessels leading to reduction in blood supply to
the myocardium.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 27
29. Central/retrosternal or precordial squeezing chest pain or
heaviness on the chest which may radiate into the left
arm, neck or jaw, and is relieved by rest
The pain usually happens during physical activity. WHY?
No typical signs are found in patients with stable angina
Physical findings which indicate the presence of risk
factors may be observed: hypertension, obesity, etc)
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 29
30. Unstable angina-symptoms of myocardial ischemia (typical
or atypical) but no elevation in cardiac enzymes, with or
without ECG changes indicative of ischemia.
Unstable angina is considered to be present in the following
circumstances:
Rest angina >20 minutes in duration
Increasing angina- more frequent or longer in duration, or
occurs with less exertion than previous angina.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 30
32. Clinical features
Chest pain of:Acute onset but not very sudden
Diffuse and usually difficult to localize.
Localization of the site with a single finger makes the ischemia to be less
likely.
Described as tightness, heaviness or constrictive in nature
Persisting for more than 20 minutes
Not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
May radiate to the arm/s, the neck or jaw, the upper abdomen
(epigastrium), the back (inter scapular region)
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 32
33. Other symptoms include sudden onset of the following:
Nausea
Vomiting
Sweating
Shortness of breath or fatigue
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 33
34. Some patients with ACS present without chest pain.
These presentations include
Dyspnea
nausea and/or vomiting
palpitations
syncope and
cardiac arrest.
Elderly,diabetic and female patients are more likely to
present with painless ACS.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 34
35. Physical findings may include:
Excessive sweating, respiratory distress
Pulse: Tachycardic or bradycardic or normal. It can be
irregular or regular, feeble or full
Blood pressure: low/unrecordable, high or normal
Bilateral crepitations in the chest when there is left
ventricular failure
Presence of a third or fourth heart sound
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 35
36. N.B Patients should not be moved outside the critical
care unit for the sake of
investigations such as Chest X-ray and Echocardiography
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 36
39. Myocardial infarction occur when cardiac myocytes
die due to prolonged myocardial ischemia.
Sudden cardiac death
Unexpected death from cardiac causes.
A complication and often the first clinical manifestation of
IHD.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 39
40. Dizziness
Tachycardia or bradycardia
Heaviness in or across the
chest
Pain in the chest lasting
more than 20 minutes. The
pain may radiate to the
back, jaw, and other areas
of the upper body
Dyspnoea (shortness of
breath)
Fatigue
Syncope
Pale and sweating
Vomiting
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 40
42. Cardiac enzymes: CK-MB(CK-MB,
found in the heart),
Troponins
BUN and creatinine, electrolytes
Random blood sugar
Serum lipid profile
CBC
Chest X-ray
Echocardiography
Coronary arteriograph
detailed anatomical information
about the extent and nature of
coronary artery disease
indicated when non-invasive tests
have failed to establish the cause
of atypical chest pain
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 42
43. Stable angina pectoris
Objectives
Decrease the severity and frequency of symptoms
Improve quality of life/functional status
Decrease present modifiable risk factors
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 43
44. Initiate and/or maintain lifestyle modifications-
weight control
increased physical activity
moderation of alcohol consumption
diet high in fresh fruits, vegetables, and
low-fat dairy products
Smoking cessation and avoidance of exposure to environmental
tobacco smoke at work and home
Taking rest during symptoms
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 44
45. During episodes of chest pain
Sublingual Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate)
, 0.3mg to 0.5mg or 0.4mg sublingual spray (repeat every 5 min
as needed) for maximum of 3 doses
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 45
46. Long-term Treatment
Anti angina therapy
beta blocker
calcium channel blocker or long acting nitrate OR combinationof two or more of
these agents
1. Beta blockers
Metoprolol
Initial: 25mg P.O., BID; usual dosage: 50-200mg BID; maximum: 400mg/day
Atenolol, 50-100mg, P.O., daily.
Propranolol, 80-320mg/day P.O., in doses divided 2-4 times/day.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 46
47. Verapamil Initial: 180mg – 480mg/day; Immediate realse
Initial: 80-160 mg, P.O., TID
Amlodipine, 5-10mg/day P.O.,daily
Felodipine, 2.5-10mg/day P.O.
Nifedipine slow release, 20-180mg/day P.O.
Do not combine verapamil or diltiazem with beta blockers
because of potentially profound adverse effects on AV
(atrioventricular) nodal conduction, heart rate, or cardiac
contractility.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 47
48. 3.Long acting Nitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate
, 10mg, 8-12 hourly P.O
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 48
49. Acute myocardial infarction
unstable angina, and
sudden cardiac death
ACS describes a group of clinical entities that are characterised
by severe, acute Myocardial ischemia or infarction resulting from
thrombotic occlusion of coronary artery/ies as a result of
atherosclerotic plaque erosion/rupture.
Should be managed in the intensive care unit.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 49
are referred to acute
coronary syndrome.
50. Reassure patient and encourage strict bed rest for at least 12 hrs.
Patients can be seated after 24hrs, walk in the room after 48-72
hrs if there are no complications or ongoing pain
Encourage cessation of smoking
Ensure weight reduction (in overweight and obese individuals)
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 50
51. Immediate treatment –
1.Oxygen via nasal cannula or face mask if the patient SPO
is < 90% or in respiratory distress
2.Nitroglycerin, sublingual, 0.4 to 0.5mg every 05 minutes for a maximum of
three doses
3. Morphine, IV, 2 to 4mg, with increments of 2 to 8mg repeated at 5 to 15
minute intervals, should be given for the relief of chest pain or anxiety
4.Aspirin, (chew or disperse if dispersible), 300mg stat P.O. then 75-162mg,
oral, daily
5.Clopidogrel, Loading dose of 300-600mg followed by 75mg/d P.O
6.Anticoagulation – unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 51
52. Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) , Bolus 60 U/kg (maximum
5,000 U) IV, followed by infusion of 12 U/kg per/h (maximum
1,000 U/h)
Statins-Give high dose statin to all patients irrespective of
lipid levels
First line statin: Atorvastatin, 80mg P.O.,. daily
Alterantive statins: Rosuvastatin 20mg/day, Simvastatin
40mg/day
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 52
53. Invasive procedures used to open clogged coronary arteries
Passing a fine guide-wire across a coronary stenosis under
radiographic control
Balloon is placed and then inflated to dilate the stenosis
Then a coronary stent is deployed on a balloon
Mainly used in single or two-vessel disease
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 53
55. A coronary artery bypass graft involves taking a blood
vessel from another part of the body (usually the chest,
leg or arm) and attaching it to the coronary artery above
and below the narrowed area or blockage.
This new blood vessel is known as a graft.
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 55
57. Instruct patient to notify nurse immediately when chest pain
occurs.
Assess and document patient response to medication
Place patient at complete rest during anginal episodes.
Elevate head of bed if patient has shortness of breath.
Monitor heart rate and rhythm.
Administer antianginal medication(s) promptly as indicated:
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 57
58. Brunner and Suddarth’s text book of Medical –Surgical
nursing 14th edition ,2018
Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from
the Global Burden of Disease Study Moien AB Khan, et al.
2020
Standard treatment guideline for general hospitals in Ethiopia
4th edition,2021
www.google.com
2/8/2023
by Zewude M 58
Estrogen Increases HDL cholesterol (the good kind) Decreases LDL cholesterol (the bad kind)
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, sometimes called “good” cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol in the blood and carries it back to the liver.
LDL cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, is a fat that circulates in the blood, moving cholesterol around the body to
Black men have a 70% higher risk of heart failure compared with white men
Reccurrent means returning or happening time after time
troponin I is a better cardiac marker than CK-MB for myocardial
Beta blockers should not be administered to patients with heart failure who have bradycardia, heart block or hemodynamic instability.
Beta blockers cause the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which lowers blood pressure
Entities is a thing with distinct and independent existence.