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Will we be able to live to 1000?
Dr. Humberto Mandirola




             Is Human Immortality a Scientific Reality?
                      Shall we live forever?

6/19/2012                                                 1
Genetic structure

•   With recent discoveries in biology,
    many scientists predict that life
    expectancy will be more than 100 years.
•   In fact, if they are correct, humans
    shouldn't have to die at all in the future.
•   Today's scientists are studying inside
    the genetic structure of cells and paying
    less attention to the role of stress and
    diet on life spans.



6/19/2012                                         2
Average life expectancy


                                           ?? Years of life spans
                                          • 2050
                               80 years
                              • 1950
                 it doubled to 50
                 • 1850

 just 25 years
 • 1750
6/19/2012                                                           3
How do tissues survive?
                         When a cell gets older, it is under attack by oxides and
                         free-radicals in the body and environment. We survive
as living beings because our cells have the ability to duplicate and replace
themselves before being killed by these natural causes. Each time our cells divide,
the DNA molecule makes a new copy of itself.

Usually a small portion of the DNA
molecule is lost, misaligned and not
copied. Since errors are more frequent on
the ends of the DNA molecule, this area,
the telomere, does not contain any
important DNA information and the
effect is insignificant.
  6/19/2012                                                                     4
Why do we age and die?

•   The cause of what we call "aging" is now being understood.


•   This new understanding may soon move anti-aging
    cosmetics and surgery to the ranks of snake oil and
    Siberian yogurt as life-extension fads.

•   There are a few obstacles that need to be addressed.




6/19/2012                                                        5
Telometers

•   Determine the lifetime of the cells.
•   A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of
    a chromosome.
•   Protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from
    fusion with neighboring chromosomes.
•   Are involved in such important diseases as cancer.




6/19/2012                                                                 6
Hayflick
•   Scientists observe that the length of telomere chains becomes
    shorter as we grow older.
•   Eventually the telomeres become so short that cell replication
    produces lethal errors or missing pieces in the DNA sequence,
    ending the cell's ability to replace itself.
•   This point, when the cell has lost vital DNA code and cannot
    reproduce, is called the Hayflick limit. It's the measure of how
    many times a cell can copy itself before it dies.



6/19/2012                                                              7
Perhaps the best analogy is to compare the telomeres to the
white margin surrounding an important type written
document. In this analogy, the printed text is the vital DNA
code while the white space is the "blank" telomeres. Imagine
that this paper is repeatedly slapped on a photocopy machine,
a copy is made, and then that copy is used to make another
copy. Each time the paper is subject to errors of alignment and
these errors accumulate. After enough copying, it is probable
that the white space will diminish and some of the actual text
will not be copied. That's what happens inside our cells and it
is the reason we get old and die.
6/19/2012
The Cancer Problem
You might be wondering why
biologists don't simply find a way
to keep our body's telomeres long.
This would prevent replication
errors and humans could live
indefinitely. The big problem is
cancer.
Usually, if a cell makes an error in copying itself, the error will
prevent the cell from duplicating itself in the future. So the mistake
is limited. But with cancer, cells with errors somehow "turn on" the
production of telomerase and make the mutant cell immortal.
Now, aberrant cells can reproduce unchecked and outlive normal
cells. This is the process that creates tumors.
6/19/2012
Discovery of telomerase
Carol Greider
•   Greider joined the laboratory of Elizabeth Blackburn in April, 1984, She
    find the enzyme that was hypothesized to add extra DNA bases to the
    ends of chromosomes.
•   On Christmas Day, 1984, Greider first obtained results indicating that she
    had found the responsible enzyme. An additional six months of research
    led Greider and Blackburn to the conclusion that they had, indeed,
    identified the enzyme responsible for telomere addition.
•   She won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009




6/19/2012
Thanks for watching
            I'll see you in hundred years
                               Dr. Humberto Mandirola
                      humberto.mandirola@hospitalitaliano.org.ar




6/19/2012                                                      11
References
•   http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/4003063.stm
•   http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v12/n10/full/nm1006-1133.html
•   http://www.viewzone.com/aging.html
•   http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/2006_b_blackburn.pdf
•   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere
•   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJNoTmWsE0s
•   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV3XjqW_xgU&feature=related (Michio Kaku)
•   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYQnbUwOwB0&feature=related
•   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z63vUN9bTk&feature=related (song)
•   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider
•   http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/press.html
•   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3qqUy880dQ&feature=related


6/19/2012                                                                       12

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Is human immortality a scientific reality

  • 1. Will we be able to live to 1000? Dr. Humberto Mandirola Is Human Immortality a Scientific Reality? Shall we live forever? 6/19/2012 1
  • 2. Genetic structure • With recent discoveries in biology, many scientists predict that life expectancy will be more than 100 years. • In fact, if they are correct, humans shouldn't have to die at all in the future. • Today's scientists are studying inside the genetic structure of cells and paying less attention to the role of stress and diet on life spans. 6/19/2012 2
  • 3. Average life expectancy ?? Years of life spans • 2050 80 years • 1950 it doubled to 50 • 1850 just 25 years • 1750 6/19/2012 3
  • 4. How do tissues survive? When a cell gets older, it is under attack by oxides and free-radicals in the body and environment. We survive as living beings because our cells have the ability to duplicate and replace themselves before being killed by these natural causes. Each time our cells divide, the DNA molecule makes a new copy of itself. Usually a small portion of the DNA molecule is lost, misaligned and not copied. Since errors are more frequent on the ends of the DNA molecule, this area, the telomere, does not contain any important DNA information and the effect is insignificant. 6/19/2012 4
  • 5. Why do we age and die? • The cause of what we call "aging" is now being understood. • This new understanding may soon move anti-aging cosmetics and surgery to the ranks of snake oil and Siberian yogurt as life-extension fads. • There are a few obstacles that need to be addressed. 6/19/2012 5
  • 6. Telometers • Determine the lifetime of the cells. • A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of a chromosome. • Protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes. • Are involved in such important diseases as cancer. 6/19/2012 6
  • 7. Hayflick • Scientists observe that the length of telomere chains becomes shorter as we grow older. • Eventually the telomeres become so short that cell replication produces lethal errors or missing pieces in the DNA sequence, ending the cell's ability to replace itself. • This point, when the cell has lost vital DNA code and cannot reproduce, is called the Hayflick limit. It's the measure of how many times a cell can copy itself before it dies. 6/19/2012 7
  • 8. Perhaps the best analogy is to compare the telomeres to the white margin surrounding an important type written document. In this analogy, the printed text is the vital DNA code while the white space is the "blank" telomeres. Imagine that this paper is repeatedly slapped on a photocopy machine, a copy is made, and then that copy is used to make another copy. Each time the paper is subject to errors of alignment and these errors accumulate. After enough copying, it is probable that the white space will diminish and some of the actual text will not be copied. That's what happens inside our cells and it is the reason we get old and die. 6/19/2012
  • 9. The Cancer Problem You might be wondering why biologists don't simply find a way to keep our body's telomeres long. This would prevent replication errors and humans could live indefinitely. The big problem is cancer. Usually, if a cell makes an error in copying itself, the error will prevent the cell from duplicating itself in the future. So the mistake is limited. But with cancer, cells with errors somehow "turn on" the production of telomerase and make the mutant cell immortal. Now, aberrant cells can reproduce unchecked and outlive normal cells. This is the process that creates tumors. 6/19/2012
  • 10. Discovery of telomerase Carol Greider • Greider joined the laboratory of Elizabeth Blackburn in April, 1984, She find the enzyme that was hypothesized to add extra DNA bases to the ends of chromosomes. • On Christmas Day, 1984, Greider first obtained results indicating that she had found the responsible enzyme. An additional six months of research led Greider and Blackburn to the conclusion that they had, indeed, identified the enzyme responsible for telomere addition. • She won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 6/19/2012
  • 11. Thanks for watching I'll see you in hundred years Dr. Humberto Mandirola humberto.mandirola@hospitalitaliano.org.ar 6/19/2012 11
  • 12. References • http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/4003063.stm • http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v12/n10/full/nm1006-1133.html • http://www.viewzone.com/aging.html • http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/pdf/2006_b_blackburn.pdf • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJNoTmWsE0s • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV3XjqW_xgU&feature=related (Michio Kaku) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYQnbUwOwB0&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2z63vUN9bTk&feature=related (song) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_W._Greider • http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/press.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3qqUy880dQ&feature=related 6/19/2012 12