This document provides an overview of irrigation, including its definition, history, present extent, types, and context in Bangladesh. It discusses how irrigation originated independently in early civilizations in Peru, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. Today, Asia accounts for 68% of irrigated land worldwide. Common irrigation types include surface, center pivot, lateral move, and localized methods like drip, sprinkler, and bubbler. In Bangladesh, surface irrigation is most common, relying heavily on groundwater extraction, which poses problems of declining water tables and arsenic contamination in some areas. More efficient methods like bucket drip irrigation could help address these issues.

1. Presented by:
Uzzal Kumar Halder
Std. No.: 0716028

2. Outline of presentation
•DEFINITION
•HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
•PRESENT EXTENT OF IRRIGATION
•PERCENTAGE OF IRRIGATION
•TYPES OF IRRIGATION
•IRRIGATION IN CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH.

3. 1. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil 2. It is usually used to assist in growing crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall

4. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include :
1.protecting plants against frost,
2.suppressing weed growing in grain fields
3.helping in preventing soil consolation

5. HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
•In the Zana Valley of Peru, archaeologists found remains of three irrigation canals radiocarbon dated from the 4th millennium BCE, the 3rd millennium BCE and the 9th century CE.
• These canals are the earliest record of irrigation in the New World.

6. Animal-powered irrigation, Upper Egypt, ca.1840

7. Irrigation systems were developed in Indian Sub-continent by :
•The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India.
•The reservoirs at Girnar in 3000 BCE.
•An early canal irrigation system from circa 2600 BCE.

8. An example of irrigation system common in Indian subcontinent

9. PRESENT EXTENT OF IRRIGATION
#2,788,000 km² of agricultural land was equipped with irrigation infrastructure.
#The largest contiguous areas of high irrigation density are found in North India and Pakistan along the rivers Ganges.

10. PERCENTAGE OF IRRIGATION ASIA 68%
AMERICA
17%
EUROPE 9% AFRICA 5%
OCENIA
1%
IN THE WORLD

11. TYPES OF IRRIGATION

12. •Surface irrigation
•Center pivot irrigation
•Lateral move irrigation
•Localized irrigation
TYPES OF IRRIGATION:

13. •Water moves over and across the land by gravity flow in order to wet it and to infiltrate into the soil.
•Often called flood irrigation.
•Historically, this has been the most common method of irrigating agricultural land.
•This method of irrigating is covered above 70% land in our country.

14. SURFACE IRRIGATION

15. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into two types.
•Border Strips or Basin Flood:
–Strips of land with dikes on the sides
–Usually graded but with no cross slope
–Downstream end may be diked
•Furrow:
–Small channels carry the water (entire surface is not wet)
–Commonly used on row crops
–Lateral as well as vertical infiltration
–Furrows are usually graded

16. Basin flood irrigation of rice

17. Basin flood irrigation of wheat

18. Irrigation of the land in Punjab, Pakistan

19. Furrow irrigation before Water is Added

20. Furrow irrigation after Water is Added

21. Furrow irrigation of Crops

22. WATER SUPPLY
•Methods of water supply
–Head ditch with siphon tubes or side- opening gates
–Gated pipe (aluminum or plastic pipe with small gates that can be opened and closed)
–Buried pipeline with periodically spaced valves at the surface

26. CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION

27. •Is a form of sprinkler irrigation.
•Consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminum) joined together and supported by trusses.
•Mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers.
•System moves in a circular pattern.
• These systems are common in parts of the United States where terrain is flat.
CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION:

28. Center pivot with drop sprinklers in USA

29. The hub of a center-pivot irrigation system.

30. LATERAL MOVE IRRIGATION

31. LATERAL MOVE IRRIGATION:
•A series of pipes, each with a wheel is affixed to its midpoint and sprinklers along its length.
•Water is supplied at one end using a large hose.
• After sufficient water has been applied, the hose is removed.
•The hose is reconnected.
•The process is repeated until the opposite edge of the field is reached.

32. LATERAL MOVE IRRIGATION:
•This system is less expensive to install.
•Much more labor intensive to operate.
•It is limited in the amount of water it can carry.
•They are most often used for small or oddly-shaped fields, such as those found in hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions where labor is inexpensive.

33. A traveling sprinkler at Millets Farm Centre, United Kingdom.

34. LOCALIZED IRRIGATION

35. LOCALIZED IRRIGATION:
•Water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network.
•Applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it.
IT MAY BE DIFFERENT KINDS:
1.Drip irrigation
2.Sprinkler irrigation
3.bubbler irrigation

36. DRIP IRRIGATION
1.Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests.
2.Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop.
3.This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation and runoff are minimized.
4.In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch, further reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer.

37. Drip Irrigation - A dripper in action

38. Drip Irrigation Layout and its parts

39. Advantages of Drip Irrigation
•Delivers water slowly.
•Minimizes water loss due to runoff.
•Useful in windy areas.
•Less evaporation.
•Less splash that may spread fungal.
•spores, bacteria to other plants.

40. IRRIGATION IN CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH

41. •The most common system of Irrigation in our country is Surface Irrigation.
•About 70% water source is Groundwater.
•It is two types by its mechanism.
1.Traditional Irrigation.
2.Manual Pump Irrigation.
3.Power Pump Irrigation

42. Location map
Irrigation scene using Doon (traditional irrigation facilities)

43. Traditional Irrigation.

46. Manual Pump Irrigation

48. Power Pump Irrigation

49. Power Pump Irrigation

50. Power Pump Irrigation

51. Problems Generated by Irrigation

52. 1.The maximum irrigation is occuring in the North-west zone of Bangladesh & the groundwater level is decreasing day by day in this zone.

53. Areas which use maximum Groundwater

54. 2.Excess irrigation causes Arsenic contamination which may cause great disaster in future. 3.Excess irrigation can influence Earthquake.

55. Occurrence of arsenic in groundwater
(BGS, 1999)

56. WHAT SHOULD WE DO ?

57. •We have to use effective Irrigation system.
•We have to reduce Water wastage.
•In this context bucket drip Irrigation is so Effective.

58. Bucket Drip Irrigation Kits:
•Filter screen
•Water Supply Line
•Drip Line
Bucket
Water Supply Lines
Filter
Stand
Drip Lines Need to add:
•Bucket
•Stand
•Plants

59. •Look for wet spots
•Mark them
•Place plants where there is a drip

60. Can also flush the lines
This is done by opening the ends of the drip lines and pouring clean water through it.

61. Such kind of structures that can reduce wastage of Water.
So we use……

62. Thank You