2. The Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid industrial growth resulted, starting
in Britain in the 1700s and then spreading around the
world as more countries adopted mass production.
Handmade goods were quickly replaced by less
expensive machine-made goods. The production of
cloth by machines revolutionized the textile industry.
It also changed the nature of supply because more
goods were produced faster and cheaper, the nature
of demand because the product was more affordable,
and the nature of work. Factory laborers replaced
craftsmen and home production. The expansion of
mechanized production in the United States began
after the Civil War and peaked in the 1920’s just
before the Great Depression. This is considered a
second Industrial Revolution. The demand for raw
materials and labor to maintain production led to
exploitation of the natural environment and of
3.
4. Causes of Industrialization
changes in farming methods and newly
developed farming technology led to improved
agricultural practices in Great Britain and greater
production of food
food availability led to an increase in the
population and provided a large labor force
Great Britain had an abundance of natural
resources needed to industrialize—such as
rivers, iron ore, and coal
the British had the capital (supply of money) to
invest in industry
5. Short-term impacts on
societies
The period was a low point in the history of popular
leisure—only when the factory system was well
established did a greater range of opportunities
develop that allowed workers to define more clearly
a non-work portion of their waking hours (Peter
Sterns, The Industrial Revolution in World History)
6. Long-term impacts on
societies
near extinction of the cottage industry due to
mass production of goods in large
manufacturing factories
textile production led to the growth of other
industries—coal, iron, etc.
industrialized cities grew in population and size
creation of a new labor system—men, women,
and children worked
creation of a new social class structure based
on wealth
increase of pollutants in large industrialized
centers
new markets for raw materials were sought
prompting further imperialism in Africa, China,
India, and South East Asia
7. Major technological innovations of
the industrial revolution
Cotton machines …one machine leads to another …
Flying Shuttle 1733 - John Kay - led to a demand for more
yarn
10. The Water Frame 1769 - Richard Arkwright - led to a need
for more weaving
11. Power Loom 1785 - Edward Cartwright invents a power loom
- but these were not perfected until about 1800 - led to need
for more cotton
12. The Mule 1790 - Richard Compton - combined best features
of other two -demanded more power than humans could
provide - led to factories by water
13. Cotton Gin 1800 - Eli Whitney - led to economic revival of
the U.S. southern regions
14.
15. Contributions of
James Watt and Robert Fulton
Steam Engine 1763 – James Watt –
created a steam engine which worked
faster and more efficiently than earlier
engines. Watt's rotary steam engine
became a principal power source in the
Industrial Revolution. The "watt," a
metric unit of power, is named for him.
Locomotive 1804 – led to the growth of
railroad transportation and faster,
cheaper means of transportation
Steamboat 1807 – U.S. inventor, Robert
Fulton – developed the first
commercially successful steam-
powered steamboat in the United
States. The first steamboat, known
popularly as the Clermont, sailed from
New York north on the Hudson River in
1807, beginning a new era in maritime
travel.
All of these inventions gave rise to
textiles, railroads, iron, and coal
industries.
16.
17. Roles of women, children, and
families in the industrial revolution.
Women
The experiences of women in France, for example, differed
somewhat from those in Britain because a larger number of French
women stayed in the labor force; by the late nineteenth century
about 23 percent of the French labor force was female compared
with about 15 percent in Britain.
Well over half the early labor force was in cotton production, from
New England to Belgium, provided mainly by women.
Most factory women were young, in their teens and early twenties,
and intended to work for only a few years before marrying and
quitting the factory scene.
The percentage of women in the textile factories declined somewhat
with time—the mechanization of weaving, for example, brought more
men into the factories.
18.
19. Roles of women, children, and
families in the industrial revolution.
Children
Children had always begun to work early in life, both in
agriculture and in craft shops; child labor was not an
invention of the industrial revolution. Both employers and
workers found it normal for children to labor in the early
factories--workers because of the pressing need for
supplementary income and a sense that early work would
prepare children with skills for later use in the traditional
economy, employers because they clearly benefited from
the low wages of the children.
20.
21.
22. Child labor in the factories was not, however, merely
traditional, a fact various groups began to realize early
on. Some children were mercilessly exploited,
especially in British industrialization, and the pace of
work put unusual strain on young workers. Accidents
were common, particularly because children often
worked as the machines were operating.
23.
24. Improvements in machinery made child labor
increasingly unnecessary. Larger textile machines and
more automatic processes reduced the viability of very
young workers. Such changes, combined with
humanitarian concerns and workers' desire to regain
family control, led to a series of child labor laws,
initiated in Britain in 1833. These laws limited the use
of children under twelve and reduced the hours even
for younger teenagers.
25.
26. Roles of women, children, and
families in the industrial revolution.
Family
The industrial revolution had an immense impact on family life.
Observers in all the industrial societies began worrying about
the fate of the family institution early on, in what has become a
consistent theme in industrial history. By some measurements
many families managed to survive the transformations
surprisingly well. Rates of marriage, for example, went up in
Western Europe during the nineteenth century because more
people could hope to support a family and because marriage
seemed to offer important advantages. There was no simple
equation between the industrial revolution and a decay in
family life. Unquestionably, however, industrialization strained
many families and forced virtually every group to redefine the
basic functions the family was to serve.
(Peter Sterns, The Industrial Revolution in World History)
27. Changes that resulted from the industrial
revolution
widespread replacement of manual labor by
machines
movement of people to cities
increase in goods produced as well as a demand for
raw materials
increase in global trade and new markets
new ways of doing business
rise of industrial capitalism
first step in modern economic growth and
development
industrialized nations became the most powerful in
the world in the 18th and 19th centuries
28. Identify the historic origins of economic
systems of capitalism and socialism
Capitalism is an economic system in which the
factors of production are privately owned .
Competition is based on free enterprise. Supply,
demand, and prices, not politics, determine the
answers to economic questions of how, what, and
for whom to produce. The free competition fosters
efficiency as companies compete for profits.
Capitalism shares the characteristics of a free-
enterprise system: economic freedom, voluntary
exchange, private property, and the profit motive .
The concepts of private property, negotiation, and
cooperation were important developments in
western Europe and contributed to the sustained
Industrial Revolution, particularly in Britain.
Capitalism does reward some but it also penalizes
those who are not able to compete.
29. Identify the historic origins of economic
systems of capitalism and socialism
Socialism is an economic system in which
government owns some factors of production
and participates in answering the four economic
questions of "what to produce," "how to
produce," "how much to produce," and "for
whom to produce." Politics play a role in the
operation of the economy, and it is often less
efficient because of these influences. Socialism,
however, offers some security and benefits to
those who are less fortunate, homeless, or
underemployed. Interest in reforming
substandard factory conditions and wages
prompted workers and reformers to support
socialism in the early 1800s.
30. Romanticism
intellectual movement that developed in the late
1700s as a reaction to the Enlightenment.
Emphasized feelings, emotion, imagination, and
valued individualism. This movement was
generally characterized by a highly imaginative
and subjective approach, emotional intensity,
and a dreamlike or visionary quality.
Notable artists—John Constable, Eugene
Delacroix
Literature—poetry of William Wordsworth, Lord
Byron
Music—Ludwig van Beethoven
31.
32. Realism
Movement rejecting Romanticism and focusing on
everyday life with an attempt to represent figures
and objects exactly as they appear in life.
Art—Gustave Courbet
36. Nullification Crisis
Argument between South Carolina and the
federal government over the role of the national
government
South Carolina opposed a high tariff (tax on
imports) implemented by the national
government
South Carolina claimed that states had the right
to reject (nullify) any national law that was to its
disadvantage
The federal government disagreed and
threatened to use military action
A compromise was reached through Henry Clay
37.
38. Causes of Civil War
Differences between Northern (industrial) and
Southern (agricultural) economies
Differences between the North and South over
slavery and states’ rights
Increase in anti-slavery sentiment in the North
Abraham Lincoln elected president in 1860
39.
40. Abraham Lincoln
President of the US during the Civil War
1st Republican president
Election encouraged the South to secede (withdraw)
from the Union
41.
42. North VS. South
Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee
Leader of Union army Leader of Confederate
Army
43. Emancipation Proclamation
1863
Document declaring
that ALL of the slaves
in the South were
FREE
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its
third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all
persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and
henceforward shall be free."
Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation
was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had
seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal
border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the
Confederacy that had already come under Northern control.
Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union
military victory.
Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately
free a single slave, it fundamentally transformed the character of
the war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops
expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the Proclamation
announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army
and Navy, enabling the liberated to become liberators. By the
end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had
fought for the Union and freedom.
47. Results of the Civil War
Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox
Courthouse
South loses to the North
Lincoln assassinated five days after the war
Southern economy was devastated while Northern
economy became stronger than before the war
Reconstruction begins-rebuilding period after the
Civil War
50. Reconstruction Amendments
Designed to offer some civil liberties to African
Americans after Civil War
13th Amendment – abolishes (ends) slavery
14th Amendment – made former slaves citizens and
gave equal protection under the law for ALL citizens
15th Amendment – African American males were
given the right to vote
