1. The document discusses IP and MAC addressing, including the classes and ranges of IPv4 addresses and the breakdown of an example IPv4 address. 2. It explains that an IP address is assigned by an Internet Service Provider to uniquely identify a device on a network, and can change depending on the network, while a MAC address uniquely identifies a device's physical hardware. 3. The key differences between IP and MAC addresses are that MAC addresses ensure physical uniqueness and are retrieved via ARP, while IP addresses provide logical network location and are assigned by ISPs to be retrieved via RARP.

1. Topic: IP and Mac Addressing
CSE 318: Computer Networks Laborataory
Submitted To
Pranab Bandu Nath
(Senior lecturer) CSE Department
City University, Dhaka
Submitted By
Mahadi Hasan Shihab
Id: 1834902615
Batch: 49th ,( B)

2. IP and Mac Addressing
IP Address
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP stands for
"Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network.
IP address classes
With an IPv4 IP address, there are five classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and
Class E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used. Each class allows for a range of valid IP addresses, shown
in the following table.
Class Address range Supports
Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.
Class B 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.
Class C 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.
Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast groups.
Class E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254
Reserved for future use, or research and development
purposes.
Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for the loopback or localhost, for example, 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address.
Range 255.255.255.255 broadcasts to all hosts on the local network.
IP address breakdown
Every IPv4 address is broken down into four octets (another name for bytes) that range from 0 to 255 and
translated into binary to represent the actual IP address. The table below looks at the IPv4 address
255.255.255.255.
The use of IP addresses typically happens behind the scenes. The process works like this:
1. Your device indirectly connects to the internet by connecting at first to a network connected to the
internet, which then grants your device access to the internet.
2. When you are at home, that network will probably be your Internet Service Provider (ISP). At work, it
will be your company network.
3. Your IP address is assigned to your device by your ISP.
4. Your internet activity goes through the ISP, and they route it back to you, using your IP address. Since
they are giving you access to the internet, it is their role to assign an IP address to your device.

3. 5. However, your IP address can change. For example, turning your modem or router on or off can change
it. Or you can contact your ISP, and they can change it for you.
6. When you are out and about – for example, traveling – and you take your device with you, your home IP
address does not come with you. This is because you will be using another network (Wi-Fi at a hotel,
airport, or coffee shop, etc.) to access the internet and will be using a different (and temporary) IP
address, assigned to you by the ISP of the hotel, airport or coffee shop.
Different between IP and Mac Address
Sr. No. Key MAC Address IP Address
1 Definition
MAC Address stands for
Media Access Control
Address.
IP Address stands for
Internet Protocol Address.
2 Usage
MAC Address ensure that
physical address of the
computer is unique.
IP Address is a logical
address of the computer
and is used to uniquely
locate computer connected
via a network.
3 Format
MAC Address is of six byte
hexadecimal address.
IP Address is of 4 bytes or
of 16 bytes.
4 Access Protocol
MAC Address can be
retrieved using ARP
protocol.
IP Address can be retrieved
using RARP protocol.
5 Provider
Chip maker manufacturer
provides the MAC Address.
Internet Service Provider,
ISP provides the IP Address.