This study investigated the effects of the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone on pain and anxiety in mice. Spironolactone was administered orally to mice in varying doses. Thermally induced pain was assessed using hot plate and tail immersion tests, where spironolactone decreased pain threshold in a dose-dependent manner. Visceral pain induced by acetic acid was increased, as spironolactone reduced the number of writhes. In behavioral tests, spironolactone increased immobilization time and urination while decreasing ambulation, rearing and grooming. The study suggests spironolactone modulates pain response by increasing somatic pain and decreasing visceral pain, while also
Screening of analgesic and antipyretic properties on ethanolic extract of arg...pharmaindexing
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic (pain-relieving) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties of the ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana Linn. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids in the extract. In the analgesic study using the tail immersion test, oral administration of the extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg produced a significant increase in pain threshold over 150 minutes compared to the control group. In the antipyretic study using yeast-induced fever in rats, the extract significantly reversed hyperthermia at both dose levels
Expt. 3 Introduction to principles of bioassay, its types including advantage...VISHALJADHAV100
Biological standardization (Bioassay)- Definition
Bioassays are employed- BUT WHEN???
Applications of bioassay methods
Principles of bioassay of drugs
Standard preparation (Reference Standard)
Types of bioassays-
1) Quantal response bioassay
2) Graded response bioassays
a) Matching bioassay
b) Interpolation bioassay
c) Bracketing bioassay
d) Multiple point bioassays
Three-point bioassay
Four-point bioassay
Six-point bioassay
Latin square designs- Multiple point bioassays
Intact animal studies
This study evaluated the analgesic efficacy of garlic shoot extract (GSE) in experimental pain models in mice. Mice were orally administered GSE at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, and tested in the writhing, hot plate, and tail flick tests. GSE significantly reduced writhing episodes in a dose-dependent manner, and prolonged reaction times in the hot plate and tail flick tests at higher doses, comparable to standard analgesics. The study demonstrates that GSE possesses analgesic properties in both central and peripheral pain models.
Experimental animal studies on analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants- ...Southeast University
The study evaluated the analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants, Wedelia trilobata and Hydnocarpus kurzii, in animal models. Methanolic extracts of the leaves of both plants were tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking assays in mice. The extracts of W. trilobata showed significant analgesic effects in both assays at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extracts of H. kurzii also demonstrated significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in both assays. The results suggest that the extracts have potential peripheral and central analgesic properties, supporting traditional uses of the plants. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds responsible
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
Expt. 6 Bioassay of histamine using guinea pig ileum by matching methodVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of histamine standard solution
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Screening of analgesic and antipyretic properties on ethanolic extract of arg...pharmaindexing
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic (pain-relieving) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties of the ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana Linn. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids in the extract. In the analgesic study using the tail immersion test, oral administration of the extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg produced a significant increase in pain threshold over 150 minutes compared to the control group. In the antipyretic study using yeast-induced fever in rats, the extract significantly reversed hyperthermia at both dose levels
Expt. 3 Introduction to principles of bioassay, its types including advantage...VISHALJADHAV100
Biological standardization (Bioassay)- Definition
Bioassays are employed- BUT WHEN???
Applications of bioassay methods
Principles of bioassay of drugs
Standard preparation (Reference Standard)
Types of bioassays-
1) Quantal response bioassay
2) Graded response bioassays
a) Matching bioassay
b) Interpolation bioassay
c) Bracketing bioassay
d) Multiple point bioassays
Three-point bioassay
Four-point bioassay
Six-point bioassay
Latin square designs- Multiple point bioassays
Intact animal studies
This study evaluated the analgesic efficacy of garlic shoot extract (GSE) in experimental pain models in mice. Mice were orally administered GSE at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, and tested in the writhing, hot plate, and tail flick tests. GSE significantly reduced writhing episodes in a dose-dependent manner, and prolonged reaction times in the hot plate and tail flick tests at higher doses, comparable to standard analgesics. The study demonstrates that GSE possesses analgesic properties in both central and peripheral pain models.
Experimental animal studies on analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants- ...Southeast University
The study evaluated the analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants, Wedelia trilobata and Hydnocarpus kurzii, in animal models. Methanolic extracts of the leaves of both plants were tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking assays in mice. The extracts of W. trilobata showed significant analgesic effects in both assays at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extracts of H. kurzii also demonstrated significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in both assays. The results suggest that the extracts have potential peripheral and central analgesic properties, supporting traditional uses of the plants. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds responsible
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
Expt. 6 Bioassay of histamine using guinea pig ileum by matching methodVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of histamine standard solution
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
Subacute dermal toxicity investigation of nanosilver on serum chemical biomar...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Nanosilver is one of the most widely used nanomaterials due to its strong antimicrobial activity. Thus, because of increasing potential for exposure of human to nanosilver, there is an increasing concern about possible side effects of these nanoparticles. In this study, we tested the potential dermal toxicity of nanosilver bandage on serum chemical biomarkers in mice.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, 20 male BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into the treatment and control groups (n=10). After general anesthesia and shaving the back of all animals in near the vertebral column, in the nanosilver group, a volume of 50μl of 10 μg/ml of nanosilver solution (40 nm), and in the control group the same amount of distilled water was added to the sterile bandage of mice, then the bandages were fixed on the skin surface with cloth glue. After 3 and 7 days, the bandages were opened and serum levels of blood urea
nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured by using standard kits for two groups of mice.
Results:
In treatment group, a significant increase in ALT, AST and BUN levels were observed compared with control group during experiment periods (p<0.05),>0.05).
Conclusion:
The present results indicated that the dermal absorption of 10 μg/ml nanosilver (40 nm) can lead to hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity in mice.
This document provides an overview of screening methods for analgesic drugs. It discusses various in vivo and in vitro methods used to screen analgesics, including pain-state models using thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimuli in animals. Specific in vivo models described are the tail-flick test, hot-plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and various electrical and chemical stimulation tests. In vitro methods discussed include bioassays using isolated tissues to study nociceptin receptors, radioligand binding assays like 3H-naloxone binding to study opioid agonists/antagonists, and inhibition of enkephalinase as a screening method.
Invivo screening methods for anti inflammatory agentsSravani Ganti
This document describes various in vivo screening methods used to test potential anti-inflammatory agents. It discusses acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation phases and associated screening methods. Methods described include carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, croton-oil induced ear edema in mice, oxazolone induced ear edema in mice, UV erythema in guinea pigs, pleurisy test, granuloma pouch technique, and vascular permeability test. Each method involves inducing inflammation and measuring the ability of test compounds to reduce inflammatory responses like edema formation compared to control groups.
Expt. 9 Effect of atropine on DRC of acetylcholine using rat ileumVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh and Atropine stock and std. solutions
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Graphical presentation of CRC/ DRC
Result and interpretation
This document discusses bioassay methods for quantifying the potency and concentration of drugs. It defines bioassay as using biological methods to estimate the potency of an active drug principle. Various types of bioassays are described, including quantal and graded response assays. Specific methods covered include end-point, matching and bracketing, graphical, and multiple point assays. Examples of bioassays discussed include assays for digitalis, d-tubocurarine, oxytocin, and histamine.
The document discusses bioassay, which is the estimation of the concentration or potency of a substance by measuring its biological response over a biological system under standard conditions. It describes the purposes of bioassay such as determining drug potency and specificity. The principles and types of bioassay techniques like graded response, quantal, and multi-point assays are explained. Examples of bioassays for important drugs like insulin are provided. The document highlights the applications, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of bioassay.
The document describes screening methods used to evaluate potential anti-inflammatory drugs. It discusses both acute and chronic inflammation screening approaches. For acute inflammation, methods described include carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, croton oil-induced ear edema, and oxazolone-induced ear edema, which measure increased swelling at the site of inflammation. Chronic screening models involve cotton wool or glass rod implants, which induce granuloma formation over longer periods. The document provides details on procedures and evaluations for several common preclinical screening methods used to assess anti-inflammatory activity.
Pentazocine, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, was tested for its analgesic effects using a tail flick analgesiometer in rats. Rats were divided into two groups - one treated with saline (control) and one treated with pentazocine. Tail flick latency was measured before and after treatment. Pentazocine significantly increased tail flick latency and percentage analgesia at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-treatment compared to controls, demonstrating its narcotic analgesic effects. Pentazocine is believed to relieve pain through agonism of kappa receptors in the peripheral and central nervous systems with fewer side effects than mu receptor agonists like morphine.
The study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of simvastatin in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, standard, and test groups. The rats were administered normal saline, diclofenac, or simvastatin, respectively, followed by carrageenan injection in the hind paw to induce edema. Paw volume was measured at 0 and 3 hours. Simvastatin showed a significant reduction in paw edema compared to the control and a greater reduction compared to diclofenac, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. However, large clinical trials are still needed to fully assess this effect.
Expt. 4 DRC of acetylcholine using frog rectus abdominis muscleVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh stock and standard solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation of magnification value (Mf)
Graphical presentation of CRC/ DRC
Result and interpretation
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
This document describes an experiment to estimate the unknown concentration of an acetylcholine solution using hen's ileum tissue in an interpolation bioassay. The experiment involves mounting hen's ileum tissue in an organ bath, exposing it to solutions of known acetylcholine concentrations to generate a standard concentration-response curve, and then exposing it to the test solution to interpolate its concentration based on the curve. Key steps include tissue stabilization, adjusting basal tension, exposing tissues to different acetylcholine concentrations to create the standard curve, exposing to the test solution, measuring responses, plotting the curve, and calculating the concentration of the unknown based on its response. The aim is to estimate unknown drug concentrations using a reliable and less time-consuming interpolation bioassay
Screening models for central and peripheral analgesicskrishnabajgire
This document describes screening models used to test central and peripheral analgesic activity. For central analgesic activity, it discusses the hot plate test, grid-shock test, and tail immersion test which measure response latency to a painful stimulus. For peripheral analgesic activity, it discusses the writhing test which counts stretching behaviors in mice after an irritant injection, and the Randall-Selitto test which applies pressure to inflamed tissue in rats to measure pain threshold changes.
This document describes various in vivo and in vitro screening methods used to evaluate potential analgesic compounds. Some key in vivo methods include the tail flick test, hot plate test, and acetic acid-induced writhing test, which assess analgesic effects using thermal, mechanical, and chemical pain stimuli, respectively. Important in vitro assays involve measuring the inhibition of nociceptin, binding to opioid receptors, and inhibition of enkephalinase enzyme. The screening methods aim to distinguish between narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics and help identify new compounds for treating different pain states.
Bioassay is defined as measuring the biological response of living tissues to determine the potency or concentration of an active principle in a preparation. There are various types of bioassays including quantal assays, graded assays, and multiple point assays. Bioassays can be performed on intact animals, isolated tissues, specific cells, or organisms and are useful for standardizing drugs obtained from natural sources and for measuring the activity of new or undefined substances. While powerful, bioassays can be time-consuming and expensive compared to physico-chemical methods.
This study examined the androgenic effects of three progestagens (norethisterone, uterogestan, and medroxyprogesterone acetate) on bone density in castrated male mice. The progestagens were administered to castrated mice for 3 months. Bone density, ash weight, and mineral content were measured in the tibia. Kidney and seminal vesicle weights were also examined. Only norethisterone showed a slight but statistically significant increase in bone density compared to castrated mice. The other progestagens and castration had no effect on bone density, ash weight, mineral content, kidney weight, or seminal vesicle weight. This suggests that only norethisterone has
Gallic acid, found in plants like sumac and tea leaves, was studied for its potential anxiolytic effects in rats. Rats were given various doses of gallic acid or diazepam daily for 10 days and then tested in two models - the elevated plus maze and bright/dark arena. In both tests, gallic acid produced behaviors indicating reduced anxiety, such as increased time in open/lit areas, at doses comparable to diazepam. The study suggests that gallic acid has anxiolytic properties, possibly through effects on GABA and nitric oxide systems in the brain. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism and potential for human use.
1) The study evaluated the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) leaves in mice.
2) In the forced swim test, Ocimum sanctum showed significant antidepressant activity at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg compared to the control.
3) The study indicates the potential antidepressant-like effects of Ocimum sanctum, though the exact mechanism is still unknown. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of action.
Subacute dermal toxicity investigation of nanosilver on serum chemical biomar...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Nanosilver is one of the most widely used nanomaterials due to its strong antimicrobial activity. Thus, because of increasing potential for exposure of human to nanosilver, there is an increasing concern about possible side effects of these nanoparticles. In this study, we tested the potential dermal toxicity of nanosilver bandage on serum chemical biomarkers in mice.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, 20 male BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into the treatment and control groups (n=10). After general anesthesia and shaving the back of all animals in near the vertebral column, in the nanosilver group, a volume of 50μl of 10 μg/ml of nanosilver solution (40 nm), and in the control group the same amount of distilled water was added to the sterile bandage of mice, then the bandages were fixed on the skin surface with cloth glue. After 3 and 7 days, the bandages were opened and serum levels of blood urea
nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured by using standard kits for two groups of mice.
Results:
In treatment group, a significant increase in ALT, AST and BUN levels were observed compared with control group during experiment periods (p<0.05),>0.05).
Conclusion:
The present results indicated that the dermal absorption of 10 μg/ml nanosilver (40 nm) can lead to hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity in mice.
This document provides an overview of screening methods for analgesic drugs. It discusses various in vivo and in vitro methods used to screen analgesics, including pain-state models using thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimuli in animals. Specific in vivo models described are the tail-flick test, hot-plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and various electrical and chemical stimulation tests. In vitro methods discussed include bioassays using isolated tissues to study nociceptin receptors, radioligand binding assays like 3H-naloxone binding to study opioid agonists/antagonists, and inhibition of enkephalinase as a screening method.
Invivo screening methods for anti inflammatory agentsSravani Ganti
This document describes various in vivo screening methods used to test potential anti-inflammatory agents. It discusses acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation phases and associated screening methods. Methods described include carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, croton-oil induced ear edema in mice, oxazolone induced ear edema in mice, UV erythema in guinea pigs, pleurisy test, granuloma pouch technique, and vascular permeability test. Each method involves inducing inflammation and measuring the ability of test compounds to reduce inflammatory responses like edema formation compared to control groups.
Expt. 9 Effect of atropine on DRC of acetylcholine using rat ileumVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh and Atropine stock and std. solutions
Preparation of Tyrode solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Graphical presentation of CRC/ DRC
Result and interpretation
This document discusses bioassay methods for quantifying the potency and concentration of drugs. It defines bioassay as using biological methods to estimate the potency of an active drug principle. Various types of bioassays are described, including quantal and graded response assays. Specific methods covered include end-point, matching and bracketing, graphical, and multiple point assays. Examples of bioassays discussed include assays for digitalis, d-tubocurarine, oxytocin, and histamine.
The document discusses bioassay, which is the estimation of the concentration or potency of a substance by measuring its biological response over a biological system under standard conditions. It describes the purposes of bioassay such as determining drug potency and specificity. The principles and types of bioassay techniques like graded response, quantal, and multi-point assays are explained. Examples of bioassays for important drugs like insulin are provided. The document highlights the applications, uses, advantages, and disadvantages of bioassay.
The document describes screening methods used to evaluate potential anti-inflammatory drugs. It discusses both acute and chronic inflammation screening approaches. For acute inflammation, methods described include carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, croton oil-induced ear edema, and oxazolone-induced ear edema, which measure increased swelling at the site of inflammation. Chronic screening models involve cotton wool or glass rod implants, which induce granuloma formation over longer periods. The document provides details on procedures and evaluations for several common preclinical screening methods used to assess anti-inflammatory activity.
Pentazocine, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, was tested for its analgesic effects using a tail flick analgesiometer in rats. Rats were divided into two groups - one treated with saline (control) and one treated with pentazocine. Tail flick latency was measured before and after treatment. Pentazocine significantly increased tail flick latency and percentage analgesia at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-treatment compared to controls, demonstrating its narcotic analgesic effects. Pentazocine is believed to relieve pain through agonism of kappa receptors in the peripheral and central nervous systems with fewer side effects than mu receptor agonists like morphine.
The study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of simvastatin in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, standard, and test groups. The rats were administered normal saline, diclofenac, or simvastatin, respectively, followed by carrageenan injection in the hind paw to induce edema. Paw volume was measured at 0 and 3 hours. Simvastatin showed a significant reduction in paw edema compared to the control and a greater reduction compared to diclofenac, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. However, large clinical trials are still needed to fully assess this effect.
Expt. 4 DRC of acetylcholine using frog rectus abdominis muscleVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh stock and standard solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation of magnification value (Mf)
Graphical presentation of CRC/ DRC
Result and interpretation
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
This document describes an experiment to estimate the unknown concentration of an acetylcholine solution using hen's ileum tissue in an interpolation bioassay. The experiment involves mounting hen's ileum tissue in an organ bath, exposing it to solutions of known acetylcholine concentrations to generate a standard concentration-response curve, and then exposing it to the test solution to interpolate its concentration based on the curve. Key steps include tissue stabilization, adjusting basal tension, exposing tissues to different acetylcholine concentrations to create the standard curve, exposing to the test solution, measuring responses, plotting the curve, and calculating the concentration of the unknown based on its response. The aim is to estimate unknown drug concentrations using a reliable and less time-consuming interpolation bioassay
Screening models for central and peripheral analgesicskrishnabajgire
This document describes screening models used to test central and peripheral analgesic activity. For central analgesic activity, it discusses the hot plate test, grid-shock test, and tail immersion test which measure response latency to a painful stimulus. For peripheral analgesic activity, it discusses the writhing test which counts stretching behaviors in mice after an irritant injection, and the Randall-Selitto test which applies pressure to inflamed tissue in rats to measure pain threshold changes.
This document describes various in vivo and in vitro screening methods used to evaluate potential analgesic compounds. Some key in vivo methods include the tail flick test, hot plate test, and acetic acid-induced writhing test, which assess analgesic effects using thermal, mechanical, and chemical pain stimuli, respectively. Important in vitro assays involve measuring the inhibition of nociceptin, binding to opioid receptors, and inhibition of enkephalinase enzyme. The screening methods aim to distinguish between narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics and help identify new compounds for treating different pain states.
Bioassay is defined as measuring the biological response of living tissues to determine the potency or concentration of an active principle in a preparation. There are various types of bioassays including quantal assays, graded assays, and multiple point assays. Bioassays can be performed on intact animals, isolated tissues, specific cells, or organisms and are useful for standardizing drugs obtained from natural sources and for measuring the activity of new or undefined substances. While powerful, bioassays can be time-consuming and expensive compared to physico-chemical methods.
This study examined the androgenic effects of three progestagens (norethisterone, uterogestan, and medroxyprogesterone acetate) on bone density in castrated male mice. The progestagens were administered to castrated mice for 3 months. Bone density, ash weight, and mineral content were measured in the tibia. Kidney and seminal vesicle weights were also examined. Only norethisterone showed a slight but statistically significant increase in bone density compared to castrated mice. The other progestagens and castration had no effect on bone density, ash weight, mineral content, kidney weight, or seminal vesicle weight. This suggests that only norethisterone has
Gallic acid, found in plants like sumac and tea leaves, was studied for its potential anxiolytic effects in rats. Rats were given various doses of gallic acid or diazepam daily for 10 days and then tested in two models - the elevated plus maze and bright/dark arena. In both tests, gallic acid produced behaviors indicating reduced anxiety, such as increased time in open/lit areas, at doses comparable to diazepam. The study suggests that gallic acid has anxiolytic properties, possibly through effects on GABA and nitric oxide systems in the brain. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism and potential for human use.
1) The study evaluated the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) leaves in mice.
2) In the forced swim test, Ocimum sanctum showed significant antidepressant activity at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg compared to the control.
3) The study indicates the potential antidepressant-like effects of Ocimum sanctum, though the exact mechanism is still unknown. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of action.
This document summarizes a study comparing the anti-inflammatory effects of the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (neem) and the drug diclofenac. Rats were injected with carrageenan to induce paw edema and inflammation. Groups received neem extract, diclofenac, a combination, or saline control. Diclofenac showed the best anti-inflammatory effect as measured by decreased paw swelling compared to the neem extract. However, the neem extract did show anti-inflammatory properties, though not as strong as diclofenac. The study concludes diclofenac is a more effective anti-inflammatory treatment than neem leaves extract for acute inflammation in rats.
This document describes various pharmacological screening techniques for analgesic agents. It discusses in vivo and in vitro models. In vivo models use thermal, electrical, mechanical, or chemical stimuli to induce pain in animals. Responses are measured before and after drug administration to test analgesic effects. Common in vivo models include the hot plate test, tail flick test, formalin test, and writhing test. In vitro models like receptor binding assays are also used to study mechanisms of analgesia. A variety of animal pain models exist to test treatments for both acute and chronic pain.
Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Withania Somnifer...iosrjce
Anti-depressants play a major role in today’s life style. There are evidences of the ayurvedic
formulation withania somnifera (roots) being effective in various neuro- psychiatric conditions. The antidepressant
activities of aqueous extract Withania somnifera roots (AEWS) were studied using - Forced swim
test (FST). Effect of different doses of AEWS (30,40,50 mg/kg), Imipramine (15mg/kg)were studied on
behavioural despair tests induced immobility time . WS produced dose dependent decrease in immobility
time in FST, maximum effect being observed with WS 50 mg/kg. The findings support the use of WS as potential
adjuvant in depressive disorders.
Anti ulcer activity of simarouba glauca against ethanol and indomethacin indu...pharmaindexing
1) The study investigated the anti-ulcer activity of the chloroform extract of Simarouba glauca leaves in rats with ethanol-induced and indomethacin-induced ulcers.
2) The extract was found to inhibit ulcer formation in a dose-dependent manner for both models. At a dose of 400 mg/kg, it provided 82.63% protection against ethanol-induced ulcers and 62.65% protection against indomethacin-induced ulcers.
3) The results demonstrate that the chloroform extract of Simarouba glauca has significant anti-ulcer properties, likely by decreasing acidity and increasing mucosal defense in the
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This study investigated the anxiolytic effects of zinc in mice using the Vogel conflict test (VCT), an animal model of anxiety. The researchers found that zinc chloride (ZnCl2) produced anxiolytic-like effects in the VCT at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Pretreatment with NMDA, an NMDA receptor agonist, blocked the anxiolytic effects of zinc, suggesting involvement of the NMDA receptor. Additionally, pretreatment with CGP37849 or MK-801, NMDA receptor antagonists, potentiated the effects of a sub-effective dose of zinc. Overall, the results indicate that zinc produces anxiolytic-like effects in mice through inhibition of NMDA receptor activity,
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of the pesticides malathion and cypermethrin on biochemical constituents in the freshwater fish Lepidocephalichthys guntea. The study found that exposing the fish to sub-lethal concentrations of both pesticides for 96 hours resulted in significant decreases in glycogen, protein, and lipid levels compared to the control group. The decreases indicated that the pesticides affected the fish's metabolism and energy utilization. Both malathion and cypermethrin were shown to be highly toxic to L. guntea and cause harmful biochemical changes.
The document summarizes various in vivo and in vitro models used to test analgesic agents. Some key in vivo models discussed are the hot plate test, tail flick test, and writhing test, which assess analgesic effects using thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli respectively. Signs of pain in rodents and reasons for minimizing animal distress are also mentioned. The document also briefly outlines some in vitro models like receptor binding assays to study mechanisms of opioid, cannabinoid, and other analgesic agents.
The Differential Effect of Nembutal and Ketamine/Xylazine Anesthetic on QT In...CorDynamics
Nembutal and ketamine/xylazine were compared as anesthetics for guinea pigs tested with the QT-prolonging drug dofetilide. Dofetilide significantly increased the QTc interval in both anesthetic groups compared to controls. However, with Nembutal anesthesia, the QTc increased 22% at the highest dofetilide dose, versus 12% with ketamine/xylazine. No changes were seen in other ECG intervals or hemodynamics. Nembutal anesthetized guinea pigs were more sensitive to QT effects, making it the preferred choice for screening drugs' potential to prolong the QT interval.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation on fishes of anti-inflammatory potential of A...SriramNagarajan16
Agaricus bisporus has been studied for many activities except for its anti-inflammatory potential completely both by
in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the present study it was evaluated for the same using egg albumin for in vitro
study and fish as the model for in vivo evaluation and found to have remarkable anti-inflammatory activity on both
experiments. As expected with any natural drug the activity was better at higher doses.
This study investigated the protective effects of losartan, an AT1 receptor blocker, on testicular injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in a rat testicular torsion model. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion plus losartan group. Biochemical assays and histopathological analysis showed that losartan prevented oxidative damage and reduced apoptosis in germ cells compared to the torsion/detorsion group, suggesting losartan has a protective role against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat testes.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the genotoxic effects of an aqueous extract of Goji berry (Lyciumbarbarum) using micronucleus and comet assays in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an experimental group that received 200 mg/kg of the Goji berry extract orally, a positive control group that received cyclophosphamide, and a negative control group. The comet assay showed no significant increase in DNA damage in the experimental group compared to the negative control group at 4 or 24 hours. The micronucleus test also found no significant difference in micronuclei between the experimental and negative control groups for acute or chronic exposure. The results suggest that the Goji berry
This study investigated the protective effects of carvacrol on testicular damage caused by experimental testicular torsion-detorsion in rats. The study consisted of 4 groups of rats: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion-detorsion group, and a torsion-detorsion group treated with carvacrol. Histopathological analysis found increased damage in spermatogenic cells and decreased antioxidant levels in the torsion and torsion-detorsion groups compared to the control and carvacrol groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed increased endothelin-1 expression in the torsion and detorsion groups but not in the carvacrol group. The results suggest that carvacrol may prevent
Similar to IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
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xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
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Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
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Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, PP.599-603
A study on the effect of Aldosterone antagonist on Nociception and
anxiety in Swiss albino mice
Suresh.M1, Chandrasekar.M2, Nilesh N.Kate3, S.Qairunnisa1, Sanghishetti
Vijay Prasad4 & Ambareesha Kondam1
1
Tutor in Department of Physiology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research institute,
Kanchipuram, MAHER University
2
Professor in Department of Physiology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research institute,
Kanchipuram, MAHER University
3
Assistant Professor in Department of Physiology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research institute,
Kanchipuram, MAHER University
4
Tutor in Dept of Pharmacology, Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation's Medical College,
Ahmednagar, Maharashtra
ABSTRACT
An aldosterone antagonist, used for the treatment of hypertension, edema, hyper-aldosteronism and also act as the anti-
inflammatory functions. Spironolactone is a steroid, easily available and marketed as a trade name aldactone. This drug is
used for blocking aldosterone dependent sodium transport in the distal tubule of the kidney in order to reduce oedema and to
treat essential hypertension and primary hyperaldosteronism. In this study aldosterone antagonist Spironolactone was
administrated to find the effect of thermally induced pain, visceral pain and behavioral response in Swiss albino mice. The
effects of spironolactone aldosterone antagonist, were examined on thermally-induced pain using the hot-plate and hot water
tail immersion test (53-54°C). The visceral nociception was observed by intra-peritoneal acetic acid injection and the
behavioral responses in the mice were examined by using open field behavioral model test. In hot plate test and hot water tail
immersion test spironolactone significantly(0.01) reduces the pain threshold in dose dependent manner and increases the
somatic pain, was as in visceral pain induced by acetic acid writhing spironolactone significantly(0.003) increases the pain
threshold and decreases the visceral pain. In behavioral study spironolactone decrease the ambulation, rearing and grooming
and significantly (0.01) increases immobilization time and urination. Spironolactone increased somatic pain in hot plate test
and hot water tail immersion test and decreases visceral pain in writhing test. The spironolactone also altered the behavioral
response in mice, such as increased immobilization and decreased ambulation.
Keywords: Spironolactone, aldosterone antagonist, and Swiss albino mice.
INTRODUCTION
The aldosterone antagonist which is chemically related to the mineralocorticoid aldosterone is spironolactone.
Spironolactone is a steroid, easily available in the market as aldactone. This drug is used for blocking aldosterone dependent
sodium transport in the distal tubule of the kidney in order to reduce oedema and to treat essential hypertension and primary
hyperaldosteronism (Conn and Hinerman, 1977). [5] The Mineralocorticoid Receptors (MRs) are mainly localized in the
peripheral tissues such as the kidney and in some areas within the brain (Krozowski and Funder, 1983; Geerling et al., 2006).
[7&8]
In addition to their prime physiologic role in the control of electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure, studies have
shown that Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and Glucocorticoids receptors (GRs) are involved in the long-term
corticosterone modulation of the anxiety response induced by restraint (Calvo and Volosin, 2001), while forebrain
mineralocorticoid receptor over expression enhances memory, reduces anxiety and attenuates neuronal loss in cerebral
ischemia (Lai et al., 2007). Excessive stimulation of MRs in the brain increases sympathetic excitation (Gomez-Sanchez,
1997).[9] In the amygdala, MR–mediated mechanisms are likely to be involved in descending pathways onto lumbosacral
spinal neurons that induce colorectal hypersensitivity to luminal distension (Qin et al., 2003). MR binds to glucocorticoids
with a 10-fold higher affinity than GR, which are widely distributed in brain and periphery. Both GR and MR are involved in
anxiety and cognitive function (de Kloet et al, 2005). [3]
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The present study was designed to investigate for a possible pain modulating effect and behavioural response of
aldosterone receptor blockade with spironolactone. In this study aldosterone antagonist Spironolactone was administrated to
find the effect of thermally induced pain, visceral pain and behavioral response in swiss albino mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Healthy adult male Swiss albino mice weighing
(20-25gms) were used for the study. Mice were housed under standardized conditions with free access to food and water ad
libitum. Animal procedures were performed in accordance with the Ethics Committee.
Hot plate test
The test was performed using electrical hot plate maintained at a temperature of 55 ± 1°C. The basal reaction time of
all animals towards thermal heat was recorded. The animals which showed forepaw licking or jumping response within 6-8
secs were selected for the study. Different groups of mice (n=2/group) were given spironolactone (10, 40 or 80 mg/kg/day,
orally). Measurements were then taken 60 min after drug administration were individually exposed to the hot plate
maintained at 55°C. Latency to lick a hind paw or jump out of the apparatus was recorded and compared with control group.
The time was noted for fore paw licking or jumping is/was taken as reaction time. A cut off period was taken as15 secs to
avoid damage to the paws.
Hot water tail immersion test
The hot water tail Immersion test unit serves to assess the tail flick reaction of mice. By holding, wrapping or
placing the animal in a restrainer with the tail exposed. Then the tail is immersed into the water bath (55- 60°C) and time is
noted by using stop watch. The timer is stopped when the animal reacts by flicking their tail and reaction time was noted.
Acetic acid induced writhing test:
Control group were administered with saline and the test group was given spironolactone 10, 40 or 80 mg/kg, orally.
Acetic acid (0.6%) was administered intraperitoneally to all the groups at the dose of 10, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight 60
min after the administration of spironolactone. Drug effect was recorded by counting the number of writhes after the injection
of acetic acid for a period of 10 min.
Behavioral study - Open-field test:
Open field behavior study was done for control group. Then the spironolactone was administered (10, 40 and 80
mg/kg) Exploratory behavior was assessed by placing animals individually into an open-field box marked off into 25 equal
squares. A mouse is placed on one corner of the apparatus and is observed for 5 minutes. The parameters noted are a)
Ambulation i.e., The number of times crossing the square with all four limbs, if peripheral squares it is peripheral ambulation,
if it is central squares then it is central ambulation. b) Immobilization time c) Rearing d) Grooming e) Urination
RESULTS
All data were analyzed by using student’s t-test, In hot plate test and tail immersion test spironolactone significantly
(p< 0.01) reduces the pain threshold in a dose dependent manner (table:1). In visceral pain, spironolactone significantly (p<
0.01) increases the pain threshold (table:1). In behavioral study spironolactone decrease the ambulation, rearing and
grooming and significantly (p<0.01) increases immobilization time and urination (table:2).
Table: 1 Thermal and Visceral nociception
Test name Dosage Mean(sec) S.D P- value
Hot plate test 10mg/kg 9 0.89 0.08
control: 10.33(sec) 40mg/kg 8 0.89 0.01
80mg/kg 7.33 0.52 0.001
Hot water tail 10mg/kg 2.92 0.15 0.001
Immersion test Control: 4.3 40mg/kg 2.4 0.36 0.001
(sec) 80mg/kg 2.83 0.31 0.001
Acetic acid writhing test 10mg/kg 19.42 0.93 0.001
(no of times/ 10min): 40mg/kg 21.19 0.98 0.001
control : 23.83 80mg/kg 21 0.94 0.001
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Table: 2 Behavioral study - Open-field test
Test name Dosage Mean S.D P- value
Peripheral 10mg/kg 76.33 9.91 0.195
ambulation
40mg/kg 73.67 7.2 0.032
control : 82.67
80mg/kg 67.33 8.82 0.004*
Central 10mg/kg 3.5 3.08 0.767
ambulation
40mg/kg 2.83 2.04 0.408
control : 4.00
80mg/kg 1.5 1.38 0.064
Rearing 10mg/kg 15.17 7.94 0.613
(no of times/5min)
40mg/kg 8.17 3.92 0.209
control : 12.83
80mg/kg 5.5 3.08 0.052*
Grooming 10mg/kg 18.33 8.31 0.469
(no of times/5min)
40mg/kg 13.33 5.5 0.11
control : 22.83
80mg/kg 10.20 5.98 0.109
Immobilization 10mg/kg 11.5 3.56 0.514
(no of times/5min)
40mg/kg 23.5 10.15 0.016*
control : 9.50
80mg/kg 26.67 6.06 0.007*
Urination 10mg/kg 0.67 0.52 0.289
(no of times/5min)
40mg/kg 1.5 1.05 0.034*
control : 0.33
80mg/kg 2.33 1.03 0.001*
DISCUSSION
Results of the present study provide the evidence of the administration of spironolactone have differing effects on
acute nociceptive pain. Thus in models of tail immersion and hot plate in mice, which are measures of thermally-induced
pain, the drug decreased nociceptive pain threshold. But in visceral pain increases nociceptive pain threshold by acetic acid
injection into the peritoneal cavity, a widely used model for visceral pain. The effect of the oral administration of the drug on
visceral pain responses, however, was not dose-dependent.
Spironolactone thus is likely to act at spinal and supraspinal sites to modulate pain responses. The presence of
mineralocorticoid receptors in some areas within the brain such as the hippocampus and within the nucleus of the solitary
tract (Krozowski and Funder, 1983)[7] have been demonstrated. Studies suggest that aldosterone, originating in the periphery
and acting on brain MRs, Activates brain mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to produce sympatho-
excitatory responses (Geerling etal., 2006)[8]. In contrast, central MR blockade has been shown to reduce sympathetic drive
(Francis et al., 2001). [23] Significant changes in adrenal and blood aldosterone levels were seen 2.5 min after acute
nociception (Belyakova and Mendzheritskii, 2006). [24] Furthermore, in intact rats, the brain concentration of aldosterone
reflected that in the plasma and aldosterone was consistently found in the brains of adrenalectomized rats, suggesting that the
small amounts of aldosterone synthesized in the brain could provide a local ligand for autocrine or paracrine activation of the
MR (Gomez- Sanchez et al., 2005).[9]
The effect of spironolactone on pain responses are not clear, but it has been shown that, aldosterone micro pellets
implanted in amygdale led to increased visceromotor behavioral responses to colorectal distention. Thus MR-mediated
mechanisms are likely to be involved in descending pathways into lumbosacral spinal neurons that induce colorectal
hypersensitivity to luminal distention (Qin et al 2003). [10] Aldosterone implants into the amygdale increased the number of
abdominal muscle contractions in response to all levels of colorectal distension. MR mediated mechanisms thus induce
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visceral hypersensitivity via processes originating in the amygdala (Myers and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2010). [11]
Blockade of central MRs by spironolactone is therefore expected to reduce visceral pain responses. Spironolactone also
possesses potent anti-inflammatory and immune modifying properties (Hansen et al., 2004). [12] This could be relevant to its
visceral pain inhibiting properties shown in the present study.
The model of inflammatory pain evoked by acetic acid injection into the peritoneal cavity involves the local release
of prostaglandins in the peritoneal cavity (Berkenkopf and Weichman, 1988). [13] GR and MR activation in the amygdala
induced anxiety-like behavior and visceral hyperalgesia,Whereas only MR activation increased responsiveness to lower
distension pressures and only GR was involved in enhanced cutaneous sensitivity. GR or MR activation is sufficient to
induce anxiety and visceral hyperalgesia, MR is necessary for increased sensitivity to lower levels of visceral stimulation and
GR is necessary for altered somatic sensation. [14]. GRs and MRs act as transcription factors and regulate the expression of
many target genes. One known gene product of both GR and MR is CRF. [15, 16] The descending projections from the
amygdala directly to brain stem structures such as the Periaqueductal gray (PAG) may be important as these pathways play a
prominent role in pain modulation. (17,18,19) Although the PAG provides direct opioid modulation of spinal nociception, the
amygdala also influences the activity of other brain stem nuclei including the raphe nuclei and LC that can alter the
excitability of both supraspinal and spinal circuits. (17, 18, 20)
The descending projections from the CeA to the brain stem that modulate sensory processing in the spinal cord
produce neuronal hyperexcitability. Descending modulation of spinal nociceptive processing may be a mechanism for the GR
and MR divergence seen in the present study since the effects of Corticosterone on spinal neuronal excitability were blocked
by placing the MR antagonist spironolactone on the amygdala. GR and MR are important for the regulation of visceral
sensitivity and anxiety-like behavior, although amygdaloidal GR and MR are both involved in anxiety-like behavior; the
receptors have divergent effects on visceral and somatic sensation.
CONCLUSION
Spironolactone increased pain behavior in a dose-dependent manner in models of thermal (hot plate and tail
immersion test) but decreased inflammatory visceral pain in writhing test due to intraperitoneal acetic acid. The
spironolactone also altered the behavioral response in mice, such as increased immobilization and decreased ambulation. The
Spironolactone has effects on pain modulation and behavioral response other than the maintenance of blood pressure and anti
inflammatory functions.
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