This document provides an overview of the process for writing a research proposal or dissertation. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the content. The document then outlines the typical sections of a research proposal, including the introduction, objectives, literature review, methods, ethics, expected outcomes, and references. It discusses the purpose and content that should be included in each section. The document also provides details on quantitative and qualitative research methods and how to collect and analyze data. Overall, the document serves as a guide for students on how to structure and write a successful research proposal or dissertation.
What are the Different Research Design / Ways That I can Approach My Law Dis...PhD Assistance
A Conceptual Framework must be developed to ensure the reliability and authenticity of a research project.
The best-approached model that has been approached in a Legal PhD Dissertation is the public-private partnership (PPP) model. Education in law is a professed de-facto combination of liberal and professional. Anyhow, most of the education systems in law and order across the world have failed in guiding students for profession and create a relaxing effect in law students. Several attempts have been made over a different time period, to improve the legal education system in India. Furthermore, a part of legal education is always insignificant in the higher education system of India. Therefore, the legal education system in India is weak both in both quality and quantity. The aim of this research study is to meet the following steps.
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Students find it Challenging to Organize Literature and Relevant Information ...PhD Assistance
PhD Dissertation Literature Review Helps in the collection of most relevant and significant articles in food and nutrition to provide a view on what is included on the topic.
The Literature Review is reviewing selected scholarly articles, books that considered. It is a survey and critical analysis of what is written on a particular topic, theory, or question. It is a recap of important information available in the subject.
The literature review is the description of the published scholarly article on the field of study. Describing the already published article will help readers understand the need for research on a particular subject.
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Contact Us:
Website : https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–8754446690
Email: info@phdassistance.com
What are the Different Research Design / Ways That I can Approach My Law Dis...PhD Assistance
A Conceptual Framework must be developed to ensure the reliability and authenticity of a research project.
The best-approached model that has been approached in a Legal PhD Dissertation is the public-private partnership (PPP) model. Education in law is a professed de-facto combination of liberal and professional. Anyhow, most of the education systems in law and order across the world have failed in guiding students for profession and create a relaxing effect in law students. Several attempts have been made over a different time period, to improve the legal education system in India. Furthermore, a part of legal education is always insignificant in the higher education system of India. Therefore, the legal education system in India is weak both in both quality and quantity. The aim of this research study is to meet the following steps.
Learn More About: https://bit.ly/33C8C6Q
Contact Us:
Website : https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–8754446690
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Students find it Challenging to Organize Literature and Relevant Information ...PhD Assistance
PhD Dissertation Literature Review Helps in the collection of most relevant and significant articles in food and nutrition to provide a view on what is included on the topic.
The Literature Review is reviewing selected scholarly articles, books that considered. It is a survey and critical analysis of what is written on a particular topic, theory, or question. It is a recap of important information available in the subject.
The literature review is the description of the published scholarly article on the field of study. Describing the already published article will help readers understand the need for research on a particular subject.
Learn More About: https://bit.ly/35IA9pP
Contact Us:
Website : https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–8754446690
Email: info@phdassistance.com
It’s not enough these days if they just remember your name—it’s how they feel about you. A brand essence captures the heart and intrinsic nature of your company. When your brand is strong, you develop lasting emotional ties to and the loyalty of your costumers. In this economic climate, strong brands with strong personal connections will be the ones that persevere. Richard Earl who has over 30 years of experience with notable advertising campaigns for P&G, Johnson & Johnson and more, will discuss how you can create a Brand Essence for your company.
Speaker: Richard Earl, The Regis Group
Co-sponsored by the Small Business Development Center
It’s not enough these days if they just remember your name—it’s how they feel about you. A brand essence captures the heart and intrinsic nature of your company. When your brand is strong, you develop lasting emotional ties to and the loyalty of your costumers. In this economic climate, strong brands with strong personal connections will be the ones that persevere. Richard Earl who has over 30 years of experience with notable advertising campaigns for P&G, Johnson & Johnson and more, will discuss how you can create a Brand Essence for your company.
Speaker: Richard Earl, The Regis Group
Co-sponsored by the Small Business Development Center
The Role of Social Media in Employer Branding and Recruitment in Modern Organ...Aakriti Agarwal
This project includes understanding the concept of employer branding and it's need in today's organisations. It stresses on why social media recruitment is a preferred approach to recruiting nowadays and how mainitaing an organisation's brand image is more than just the Marketing department's onus
Discussion PMBoK Fifth Edition vs Fourth Edition vs ISO 21500 Project ManagementRobert_
Presentation with Dr. Lynda Bourne on the key change is the Fifth Edition PMBOK Guide in comparison to other Project Management Standards; ISO 21500 and the Fourth Edition ANSI/PMI 99-001-2008.
Integrated Marketing Proposal for USPS - BIC Class ProjectAlexandra Suazo
CCNY's BIC foundational course Business Strategy & Measurement, taught by Scott Elias, focused on business growth-specifically; how brands have been and are created and curated, acquired and sold. Students learned how to develop, design and implement branding and integrated strategies that optimize business growth, brand equity (value), vitality, and resonance.
Our final assignment focused on business process, facts and findings about the consumer, and the competition and societal landscapes of a brand of choice. As a small team of four, my group tackled the United States Postal Service (USPS). The final presentation included a situational review on the past and current brand perception as well as competitive research on the mail delivery and courier industry, a brand brief framework and identity, and finally an integrated marketing communications plan (IMCP) for the proposed repositioning of USPS.
As team lead, I managed the production (visual design and formatting) and editing of the final PPT presentation and led the content areas related to the consumer audience and their voice and the IMCP. I’m particularly proud of my Instagram idea and mockup on slide 33.
Semester: Fall 2013
Proposal for an android app for digital willDevesh Singhal
This presentation presents idea for a new mobile app to have your digital will, where you can automatically send important information, email account passwards, social media passwords etc. to your near and dear ones after your death.
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
How to write a Research Paper1. Discussion (How to write a Resea.docxpooleavelina
How to write a Research Paper
1. Discussion (How to write a Research Paper) begins during Residency 10/12 – 10/14
2. Research Paper + Assignment Paper #2 Due 10/21/2018
Research papers are intended to demonstrate a student’s academic knowledge of a subject. When studying at higher levels of school and throughout college, you will likely be asked to prepare research papers. A research paper can be used for exploring and identifying scientific, technical and social issues. If it's your first time writing a research paper, it may seem daunting, but with good organization and focus of mind, you can make the process easier on yourself. Writing a research paper involves four main stages: choosing a topic, researching your topic, making an outline, and doing the actual writing. The paper won't write itself, but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place. Also, try to avoid plagiarism.
· Abstract - An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
· Background of the Problem - Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. The background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, appropriate context of the problem in relation to theory, research, and/or practice, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address.
· Problem Statement - A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s) that need(s) to be addressed by a problem-solving team. It is used to center and focus the team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement
· Purpose Statement - A purpose statement is a declarative sentence which summarizes the specific topic and goals of a document. It is typically included in the introduction to give the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the document will cover and what he/she can gain from reading it. To be effective, a statement of purpose should be:
· Nature of the Study - In modern science, all findings are usually required by the research community to be backed up by sound statistical evidence. The target audience... The nature of a study in social sciences research may refer to the statistical design of the study
· Research Question - A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting
· Interview Questions
· Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations –
· Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot con ...
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREBesides selecting a quantitaEstelaJeffery653
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Besides selecting a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods approach, the proposal or study designer also needs to review the literature about a topic. This literature review helps to determine whether the topic is worth studying, and it provides insight into ways in which the researcher can limit the scope to a needed area of inquiry.
This chapter continues the discussion about preliminary considerations before launching into a proposal or project. It begins with a discussion about selecting a topic and writing this topic down so that the researcher can continually reflect on it. At this point, researchers also need to consider whether the topic can and should be researched. Then the discussion moves into the actual process of reviewing the literature; addressing the general purpose for using literature in a study; and then turning to principles helpful in designing literature into qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies.
THE RESEARCH TOPIC
Before considering what literature to use in a project, first identify a topic to study and reflect on whether it is practical and useful to undertake the study. The topic is the subject or subject matter of a proposed study, such as “faculty teaching,” “organizational creativity,” or “psychological stress.” Describe the topic in a few words or in a short phrase. The topic becomes the central idea to learn about or to explore.
There are several ways that researchers gain some insight into their topics when they are initially planning their research (our assumption is that the topic is chosen by the researcher and not by an adviser or committee member). One way is to draft a brief working title to the study. We are surprised at how often researchers fail to draft a title early in the development of their projects. In our opinion, the working or draft title becomes a major road sign in research—a tangible idea that the researcher can keep refocusing on and changing as the project goes on (see Glesne, 2015; Glesne & Peshkin, 1992). It becomes an orienting device. We find that, in our research, this topic grounds us and provides a sign of what we are studying, as well as a sign useful for conveying to others the central notion of the study. When students first provide their research project ideas to us, we often ask them to supply a working title if they do not already have one written down on paper.
How would this working title be written? Try completing this sentence: “My study is about . . .” A response might be, “My study is about at-risk children in the junior high,” or “My study is about helping college faculty become better researchers.” At this stage in the design, frame the answer to the question so that another scholar might easily grasp the meaning of the project. A common shortcoming of beginning researchers is that they frame their study in complex and erudite language. This perspective may result from reading published articles that have ...
WRITING AN ACTION RESEARCH DISSERTATION PART TWOINTRODU.docxambersalomon88660
WRITING AN ACTION RESEARCH DISSERTATION: PART
TWO
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the second part of our two-part media presentation. In the first part, we talked about key tools for
successful academic writing and gave an example of how these tools can make your dissertation writing
process faster and help you create a stronger dissertation document. This second part of our two-part media
presentation applies those key tools to the specific challenges of writing an action research dissertation.
PROCESS OF WRITING
The process of writing the research dissertation involves finding ways to help your readers understand both the
philosophy of research underlying the study and the methods employed in the study.
ACTION RESEARCH ROLES
It will be important to help your readers to understand the roles of the Principal Investigator and the participants
in your Action Research study. Rather than the "all-knowing" researcher who controls conditions and conducts
an experiment on or to someone or something else, Action Research assumes that the participants themselves
have insight and an important perspective and role.
ACTION RESEARCH METHODS
As a writer, you will want to help your reader understand that this idea of democratizing the research process
applies regardless of the research methodology used. Action Research involves methods that would be
familiar in both qualitative and quantitative types of research, and it would be very common to find mixed
methods in a particular study. Regardless of the methodology used, the participants can and will play an active
role at each step of the research process.
Help your readers to understand that the participants are active in the research process of planning, deciding,
and helping to shape the implementation of the study protocol and analysis of the findings. Also, help your
readers to understand that findings are interpreted or understood in part based on "meaningfulness" to the
participants engaged in the work.
An example might be a study on abusive behavior in hospitals among nursing and other staff. Members of the
study team could help refine the survey instruments, later take the survey themselves as part of the participant
pool, and help to interpret the findings.
IMPLICATIONS FOR WRITING...
In the next few minutes, we will discuss four elements of writing the action research dissertation. You will want
your dissertation to clearly explain the following:
1. How the research questions that you asked led you to decide to use action research.
2. How the research questions that you asked informed they way in which you organized and presented
your discussion of prior research.
3. How you balanced the two goals of being of service and avoiding risk to participants within the action
research paradigm.
4. The reporting of outcomes and analysis of outcomes.
ACTION RESEARCH DISSERTATIONS
Action Research dissertations are, by their nature, research studies in which the roles of the Princi.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
Commonly Confused Aspects of Research Paper: Discussion PaperAhmed Alkhaqani
Background: Confusion about elements of a research paper is common among students. The key to writing a good research paper is to know these common elements and their definitions. Maybe find that writing a research paper is not as easy as it seems. There are many parts and steps to the process, and it can be hard to figure out what needs to do and when.
Objective: This article aims to teach these common aspects of a research paper to avoid common mistakes while drafting own.
Conclusion: Each section of the research paper serves a distinct purpose and highlights a different aspect of the research. However, before starting drafting the manuscript, having a clear understanding of each section's purposes will help avoid mistakes.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
1. The Research Proposal / EMBA202
Başar Onur Mescibmesci@city.academic.gr
RESEARCH METHODS
- The Research proposal -
EMBA202
City Collage
Executive mba
Prepared by: Başar Onur
Mesci
bmesci@city.academic.gr
Submitted to: Dr.
Alexandris
kalexandris@seerc.org
2. The Research Proposal / EMBA202
Başar Onur Mescibmesci@city.academic.gr
Table of Contents
1.0 Abstract
2.0 Introduction
3.0 Objectives
4.0 Literature review&
Method
5.0 Ethics
6.0 Expected outcomes
7.0 Implications of the
study
8.0 References
3. The Research Proposal / EMBA202
Başar Onur Mescibmesci@city.academic.gr
1.0 ABSTRACT
This study is done by Başar Onur Mesci as an executive MBA coursework in 2013. This
study is giving information to the research writers about methods of academic dissertation
writing. “Being curiosity is wanting to know about an existing problem, issue, policy, or
outcome.” (Dantzker& Hunter, 2006, p.13).Information is given in this paper is about
researches, way of curiosity solving and this coursework also can be functionally used by
other professionals for other professional purposes. Main idea of this paper is to remind
reader; where, when and what to focus, what not to forget in dissertation. This coursework
(The Research Proposal) paper can be used as a reminder notes when developing the
dissertation or any academic paper. Before writing main part of this paper; about
methodologies of research method, I briefly want to say that academic searches can be
varied and because of that there may be a need of using different algorithms for every
branches of academic education. For example; in some academic branches there would be
need for quantitative research methods in some qualitative would be needed. In other
words when writing a research proposal about engineering we may need laboratory test
result however if the dissertation topic is about corporate finance, cost & profit margin
parameters would be useful.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
“The very term research is a pejorative one to many practitioners, conjuring up
images of white coated scientists plying their arcane trade in laboratories filled with
mysterious equipment” (Nunan, 1992). And this definition is slightly different than our
definition of research. In this coursework research refers to a social, psychological, financial,
engineering or any other source of academic study which is held by researcher. One of the
main reasons of academic writing, dissertation is to get information at the background and
to combine it with new findings and as a result to share with world. During this process;
writer can learn and develop him or herself. There are some challenges and its quite crucial
to describe main objective. Taylor (1999) states that “the challenge is to find a naturally
occurring ‘experiment’, compare two or more groups to evaluate the hypothesis”.Main topics
can be varied. Animals, food chain or mating for a veterinary; concrete, cement or iron for a
civil engineer or human kind to a psychologist. As a result we can easily identify that each
dissertation writer can focus on a variety of topics and methodologies can be different of
course. If the question is from where will I start when writing a dissertation or which
4. The Research Proposal / EMBA202
Başar Onur Mescibmesci@city.academic.gr
algorithm do I need to follow; I briefly try to show process. As described above; this
algorithm can be varied for different branches of academia.
The Process of Dissertation Writing
Figure # 1. The process of scientific dissertation writing
Reviewing of the literature and Determination of Research Problem
It's crucial for academic writers to find out, what has been written so far about
similar or relevantsubjects by other researchers. This identification is crucial because;
a. Asan easier way;researcher can access to a broaderbase for knowledge.
b. If a similar study was done before; by revising your subject you can prevent or
minimizeloss of time.
c. By reviewing previous papers you can support your introduction part with a
rich content.
International scientific indexes and internet is a good source nowadays to review
relevant previous updated papers. Having and providing the main research question would
help reader to understand and focus on the subject. As an example; if the researcher is
writing about “the effect of age difference between couples in marriage”, and by adding a
hypothesis as "age gap in marriages with less than 5 years have happier marriage" can
trigger the readers and would provide a better understanding and expectation for the paper.
To Read and Summarize the Sources
Reviewing of
the literature
Determination
of research
problem
Reading and
summarizing
the sources
Determination
of research and
analysis
methods
Quality data
collection and
analysis
Interpretation
of main
findings
The
completetion
of dissertation
paper
5. The Research Proposal / EMBA202
Başar Onur Mescibmesci@city.academic.gr
After getting and providing a sufficient amount of resource, next stage would be
reading and summarizing these papers. Preparing the summaries by the source you are
observing can make you not to miss main points in forthcoming days. And taking summary
noteswould help developer not to read again and again same resources and helps to
combine knowledge within each other.
Determination of Research and Analysis Methods
After deciding on hypothesis; it's crucial to order them in correct numbering when
writing a dissertation. There are selection of methods relevant to your subject and interest;
observation, association, archival research are some of these. Another crucial point is to
decide which statistical method writer will choose, to compare data and share his/her
findings.
Quality Data Collection and Analysis
After deciding on the research method, researcher can start collecting data, the
quality data. If the data is being collected from human kind there are some duties which
researcher never to forget. First off all researchers must have experimental human’s
approval and the experimental human has to have a wish to be take part of data collection
to carry on data collection for statistical analysis. After completion of data gathering,
experimental human has to be informed about the subject and objective of the research.
And as the last, if experimental human has been psychologically affected badly within
process of data collection, experimental human should not leave alone before stabilizing
his/her psychology. After the completion of data collection, the data would be interpreted
by statistical analysis programs or by software’s quickly.
Interpretation of Main Findings
After the completion of analysis, researcher may get two main results.The correction
of hypothesis is the first result.The opposite, disconfirmation of hypothesis is the second
result. These results which are resulting as a correction or disconfirmation would be shared
within the last sections of dissertation. Weaknesses of the paper can be defined in that part
and this information would help other writers; who can possibly study on a similar subject,
later on.
The Completion of Dissertation Paper
As a final responsibility writer has to share findings of research with society. After
preparing the research report as in a order listed above, researcher would send his/her
research, dissertation with publications to be published and to be make available for a
bigger society as a copyrighted paper.
3.0 OBJECTIVES
Main objective of this paper is to show methods of dissertation writing, the research
methods. Academic paper wiring regulations help writers and readers to read in same
language; in other terms making principal clearness’s would make easier for both in writing
6. The Research Proposal / EMBA202
Başar Onur Mescibmesci@city.academic.gr
and understanding. In this paper technical and ethical methodologies when writing an
academic paper are presented. There may be some differences within different publications
for academic paper writing. American Psychological Association’s (API) methods are being
chosen as the main criteria. I found API more functional in web based resource criterion. Its
important to write dissertation in correct order. These are: Cover page, abstract,
introduction, methodologies, results, discussion and references. Please find detailed
information for these sub headings below.
Cover Page
Cover pagemayconsistthe title of dissertation, writers and relevant organizations’ name
in it. It is possible to add a short title which is less than 50 characters in cover page as
well.
Abstract
Abstract can provide a brief summary of the paper. Objective is to define content of
study. If the question is how to develop abstract good; main answer would be telling
main content of the report with limited number of paragraphs. And it would be good to
create first sentence as functional, which is giving the information correct within limited
number of words. It is better not to use first person singular or plural but good to
produce past tense sentences. Subject of the study, details of participants and sampling
can be given within the abstract. We can write abstract after cover page as a single
page. Keywords can be added at the end of abstract.
Introduction
Introduction part is providing reader what type of relevant similar studies have been
performed and main objective of the study. Before start writing introduction reminders
which are listed below can be helpful.
Significance of this study.
How hypothesis are supporting the objective of study?
What type of contribution to the existing literature is provided?
Which methods and logical approaches are we going to use?
A good developed introduction has to answer all above questions well. When reader is
getting information about above questions, literature review has to be identified clear.
Some crucial points when listing literature review.
Presenting of all academic resources is important. Dissertation write has to
mention about all referencing points.
It’s important proving equal standing to all previous studies.
Functional thing is not adding many referencing, main point is to provide
relevant referencing.
After providing the subject and the literature within introduction part, telling about
objective of the study and hypothesis at the last part of introduction would be
beneficial.
Method
7. The Research Proposal / EMBA202
Başar Onur Mescibmesci@city.academic.gr
In this part, information about methods used in dissertation; data gathering, sampling,
laboratory experiments are provided. Participants, materials, procedure, results,
discussions and references can be listed as subcategories. It’s important to provide
correct data about all listed above. This would help proofing reliability of data used. And
by giving information regarding on these, readers would have an understanding of
selection of data. This can be used by other academic writers who may have chance to
write about similar subjects later. How participants are being chosen, methods used for
dividing participants within groups, why participants were involved and participant’s
demographic information data are main highlights of participant’s part. It’s good to
submit results as graphs, if available. Reader-friendly structures would decrease
possibility of misleading. Writer of dissertation has to list his/her final findings, opinions
within discussion part. Discussion part is the final part of the paper except references
part. Discussion part has to answer below questions can be raised by researcher;
What is my contribution to academia by this dissertation?
Did I figure out well the research problem?
What kind of results is my research providing?
Referencing
References part is the last part of paper if we are not providing appendixes. In reference
part, name of the references are being citied in alphabetic order. Reference includes
name of the researchers, date of publication, the title of publication, location of
publication and details of publisher. Every reference line has to be started from left, if
second line is applicable, second line has to be started single paragraph inside.
Example
Coyne, IT. (1997). "Sampling in qualitative research: Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging
or clear boundaries."Journal of Advanced Nursing 26, 623-630.
Appendix
Researcher can provide other source of helpful supportive documents, such as pictures,
graphs, tables, models, etc. within appendix part.
4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW& METHOD
Structure of dissertation paper is important at least as the quality of content. Well
defined structures are available for dissertation writing. In this coursework, HRS (Harvard
Referencing System) is being used as a source. HRS is one of the main common referencing
systems which are actively being used at world. Also physical structure of the dissertation is
being defined in below.
The Physical Structure of Report
Paper would be white, 80gr, A4 one.
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Font
In common; 12pt. Times New Roman or 10pt. Courier, Arial and Verdana would be
preferable. Clean writing is crucial. Italic and bold writing can be preferable if found
functional.
Border Spacing
1Inch spacing is preferable from both sides of the paper; top, bottom, right and left. Start
writing from left is a must. Objective is to use 25 to 28 lines within a single paper, except
figures, graphs and pictures.
Page Numbering
All pages including cover page has to be numbered.
Header
Page numbers and acronym of the title can be shared as header. Header would locate at top
of the page, at right end corner.
Dissertation writing improves the ability and skills of writer in a specific area. Ghauri (2005)
states that “Research methodology can be conceived as rules for reasoning, i.e. a specific
logic to acquire insights.”And method of dissertation writing can improve readers’
accessibility and understanding of shared data. By selection of right methods; theories can
be answered in an appropriate way. In dissertation writing; decision on theories can affect
researcher’s data accessibility. Researcher can choose a new subject, which has not been
studied before or can modify & develop existing subjects. Adaptation may be required for
the existing subjects.
Choosing appropriate data collection method and evaluating is one of the main parts of
writing dissertation. Veal (2006) supports that “While seen as universal, various fields of
research – including have developed their own methodological emphases and some fields’
enquiry scientific laboratory experiments are social surveys and are more common.”Not
providing correct data can have an effect on the result and mislead both researcher and the
reader. There are varies selection of data collection, objective is to decide on best matching
ones. There are 2 main types of data collection; quantitative and qualitative data collection.
Quantitative Data Collection Methods
The quantitative data collection method is relying on response categories experiences.
Response categories are predetermined and random sampling is commonly in use.This type
of data collection allows researcher simple comparison because of the usage of quantitative
data. Quantitative data collection is preferable when researcher is not easily guessing the
scale of theories with concrete data, it’s relevant with hypothesis. Researcher can make data
collection participants larger population by sampling the groups. Main types of quantitative
data collection can be listed as;
Telephone interviews which responder can select defined number of answers
Questionnaires (closed-end again)
Direct quality data gathering from management information systems
Laboratory results
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Interviews
Quantitative research interviews can be considered more detailed, more structured than
qualitative research ones. Borders of the interviews would be developed well and objective
would be getting answers to questions raised. In quantitative interviews, by the help of
structured data there is no need for additional questionable queries. There are some
different types of interviews; telephone, face to face and computer assisted interviews. Rate
of correspondence in telephone interview is higher than email ones nowadays. And
telephone interviews may take less than face to face interviews but response rate may be
lower. Face to face interviews can be considered more functional if compared with
telephone and computer assisted ones. Disadvantage is face to face interviews are not much
cost effective and time consumption may take longer. Computer assisted interviews can be
considered as useful as face to face interviews when interviewer has got computer and
typing skills. Interviewer can type his/her answers and comments within spacing in digital
format. Computer assisted method can save some time.
Questionnaires
Web based questionnaires are the common ones nowadays. Researchers can contact
interviewers by reaching their email accounts by sending a website address and a form
would be appeared to be filled by interviewer. In this type of questionnaires accuracy of
answers can be slightly lower than paper-pencil ones. In paper-pencil ones accuracy can be
higher but return rate in paper-pencil type of questionnaires is lower.
Qualitative Data Collection Methods
Morse and Field (1995) state that “Doing qualitative research requires the researcher to be
methodologically versatile, to have extensive knowledge of social science theory, to interact
skilfully with others, and to be persistent, focused and single-mindedly committed to
research.” Qualitative data collection method is quite helpful for readers to understand
basics and background of data collection. It’s a kind of a strong documentary. In qualitative
data collection method, researcher can evaluate the collection quick. Number of interview
which has done with the same interviewer can be increased, revision are commonly open.
Multiple data collection and comparison with other collections are easier. It’s important to
take notes often, “be descriptive in taking field notes” (Mostoukas, 1994). A disadvantage of
qualitative data collection is,it may take longer than quantitative ones. Researcher has to
record every finding in detail and compare its results. Erickson (2012) marks that “The crucial
problem for the qualitative researcher, however, is determining the qualities of social action
and meaning.”Document review, observation method and interview are the main categories
of qualitative data collection. We can also draw a chart to explain it better as below;
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4.0 ETHICS
Taking other researchers sentences without using quantitation mark and not
providing source can be called as plagiarism which is not an ethical act. If researcher can
change organization of sentence but still not give the source, it can be still considered as
plagiarism. In other words, if writer of a dissertation or course work is taking someone’s
words, these words has to be put in quantitation mark as in italics and source of sentence
has to defined at the end. We can list plagiarism articles as;
Copying and pasting sentences from World Wide Web sources without
providing the source.
Copying a text from World Wide Web without providing the source.
Getting instant coursework from World Wide Web.
Copying a text from book, magazine and cyclopaedia without providing the
source.
Reordering the words of texts from the sources listed above and not providing
the source.
Using a picture or video without providing the source or getting a permit.
Bulmer (1984) states that “Research techniques are the specific manipulative and fact finding
operations which are used to yield data about the social world.” Before presenting research
findings to world, we have to be sure about the thrust and ethical approach of the academic
paper. These ethics show researcher how to use findings in his/her research. This may cover
research ethics and publishing (writing) ethics mainly. These ethical rules are commonly
accepted by world-wide researchers. Dissertation and other types of academic researchers
Methodology
Theory
Hypothesis
Actions
Research
Techniques
Techniques of
Analysing
Information
Gathering
Sampling
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are based on some key issues, thrust is one of them. Researcher can develop their
researches to help humankind by providing useful and harmful results to people.
5.0 EXPECTED OUTCOMES
“Research is creating new knowledge, whatever the disciplines – history, medicine,
physics, and social work.” (Gillham, 2000, p. 2) Creating the knowledge is objective but it is
also important to present outcomes as well. After getting and combining all data, it’s quite
crucial to read them as well to present outcomes. Statistical techniques and why these
techniques have been chosen so far have to be shared with reader clear. Researcher also
must provide which sub-methods were used within data collection. Findings and reviews
can be presented in same category within dissertation or within different categories. This is
about the way of presenting findings. Researchers are using findings to support main thesis.
Effectiveness of the dissertation outcome is crucial. “The theory of effectiveness is the Holy
Grail of organizational research.” (Alan, 2004)Presenting outcomes is one of the main parts
of dissertation because without providing findings to reader well, quality data may not mean
much to reader if not shared functional.
Findings are not personal or subjective but reviews can be considered subjective.
Parallel findings can be read different by different researchers. As an example from Rubin
and Babbie (2008) as “knowledge based on the probability enables us to say that if A occurs,
B is likely to occur” proofs us that reviews and expectations may be subjective. Criteria have
to find correct approach defining reviews, outcomes from findings. All in all it’s crucial to
provide outcome and summary sentence in dissertation; researcher has to provide final
saying. If researcher is facing difficulty to choose one, it’s helpful to get most strong one
from main outcomes.
5.0 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY
This coursework aims to present dissertation writing research methods in terms of an
ethical approach in a functional way. By using right way of academic writing; in other terms
reviewing of the literature and determination of research problem, reading and summarizing
the sources, determination of research and analysis methods, quality data collection and
analysing, interpretation of main findings andthe completion of dissertation paper
researcher can use time more functional and quicker. Quality of data objective has to be as
high as possible. By the help of this study, dissertation developer Başar Onur Mesci can study
and write his dissertation academically. Also this coursework, study can be used by other
readers to improve academic writing skills such as research methods.
6.0 REFERENCES
Bryman, Alan. Research methods and organization studies.Vol. 20.Routledge, 2004.
Bulmer, Martin, ed. Sociological research methods. Transaction Books, 1984.
Dantzker, Mark L., and Ronald D. Hunter. Research methods for criminology and criminal justice: A
primer. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2006.
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Ghauri, Pervez N. Research methods in business studies: A practical guide. Pearson Education,
2005.
Gillham, Bill. Case study research methods. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000.
Erickson, Frederick. "Qualitative research methods for science education."Second International
Handbook of Science Education.Springer Netherlands, 2012.1451-1469.
Morse, Janice M., and Peggy Anne Field. Qualitative research methods for health professionals.Sage,
1995.
Moustakas, Clark, ed. Phenomenological research methods. Sage, 1994.
Nunan, David. Research methods in language learning.Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Rubin, Allen, and Earl R. Babbie. Research methods for social work.Cengage Learning, 2008.
Taylor, David. "Introduction to Research Methods." medicine 319 (1999): 1618.
Veal, Anthony J. Research methods for leisure and tourism: A practical guide. Pearson
Education, 2006.