This paper describes latest technology PCI Express and VIP for reusability purpose as it is necessary for today's faster verification needs. It is explained using PCIe Verification IP. This verification is achieved by developing Device reference module. PCIe is high speed serial bus that supports 2.5 GT/s to 16 GT/s. PCIe is point to point device with lane and link concept that support full duplex communications between two devices. Verification Intellectual Property is component that behaves exactly like PCIe design and used for verification of the design. Additionally it has several features like generation, checking and coverage. PCIe VIP is architecture using system Verilog HVL.
A Network-on-chip (NOC) is a new paradigm in complex system-on-chip (SOC) designs that provide efficient on chip communication networks. The data is routed through the networks in terms of packets. The routing of data is mainly done by routers. So the architecture of router must be an efficient one with a lower latency and higher throughput. In this project we designed, implemented and analyzed crossbar router architectures for a network on chip communication in a FPGA. The routers have five ports, four ports connected to other ports in four different directions and the fifth port connected to the processing element through a network interface. Our Proposed architecture contains 4x4 crossbar switch, switch allocator, path and channel request, data ram and 4 i/o ports. The datas ere sent through the routers in order to prevent congestion. The swich allocator and VC allocator are used to allocate the datas in priority order. The switch allocator will allocate the datas according to the path and channel request. The XY algorithm with a scheduler is used in this project for proper destination of the datas.
Grasp the Critical Issues for a Functioning JESD204B InterfaceAnalog Devices, Inc.
JESD204B is a recently approved JEDEC Standard for serial data interfacing between converters and digital processing devices. As a third-generation standard, it addresses some of the limitations of the earlier versions. Among the benefits of this interface are reductions in required board area for data interface routing, reductions in setup and hold timing requirements, and the enablement of smaller packages for converter and logic devices.
A Network-on-chip (NOC) is a new paradigm in complex system-on-chip (SOC) designs that provide efficient on chip communication networks. The data is routed through the networks in terms of packets. The routing of data is mainly done by routers. So the architecture of router must be an efficient one with a lower latency and higher throughput. In this project we designed, implemented and analyzed crossbar router architectures for a network on chip communication in a FPGA. The routers have five ports, four ports connected to other ports in four different directions and the fifth port connected to the processing element through a network interface. Our Proposed architecture contains 4x4 crossbar switch, switch allocator, path and channel request, data ram and 4 i/o ports. The datas ere sent through the routers in order to prevent congestion. The swich allocator and VC allocator are used to allocate the datas in priority order. The switch allocator will allocate the datas according to the path and channel request. The XY algorithm with a scheduler is used in this project for proper destination of the datas.
Grasp the Critical Issues for a Functioning JESD204B InterfaceAnalog Devices, Inc.
JESD204B is a recently approved JEDEC Standard for serial data interfacing between converters and digital processing devices. As a third-generation standard, it addresses some of the limitations of the earlier versions. Among the benefits of this interface are reductions in required board area for data interface routing, reductions in setup and hold timing requirements, and the enablement of smaller packages for converter and logic devices.
Transport Layer Port or TCP/IP & UDP PortNetwax Lab
A port is an application-specific or process-specific software construct serving as a communications
endpoint in a computer's host operating system. The purpose of ports is to uniquely identify different
applications or processes running on a single computer and thereby enable them to share a single
physical connection to a packet-switched network like the Internet. In the context of the Internet
Protocol, a port is associated with an IP address of the host, as well as the type of protocol used for
communication.
Proposition of an Adaptive Retransmission Timeout for TCP in 802.11 Wireless ...IJERA Editor
The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is used to establish and control a session between two endpoints. The problem is that in 802.11 wireless environments TCP always considers that the packet loss is caused by network congestion. However, in these networks packet loss are usually caused by the high bit error rate, and the wireless link failures. Researchers found out that TCP performance in wireless networks can be highly enhanced as long as it is feasible to identify the packet loss causes; hence appropriate measures can be dynamically applied during an established TCP session in order to adjust the session parameters. This paper proposes an endto-end adaptive mechanism that allows the TCP session to dynamically adjust the RTO (Retransmission Timeout) of a TCP session; the server will have to adjust the timers based on feedbacks from clients. Feedbacks are piggybacked in the TCP Options header field of the ACK (Acknowledgment) messages. A feedback is an approximation of the time needed by the wireless channel to get the errors fixed. The mechanism has been validated using numerical analysis and simulations, and then compared to the original TCP protocol. Simulation results have shown better performance in terms of number of retransmissions at the server side due to the decrease in the number of timeouts; and thus lowest congestion on the wireless access point.
FPGA Implementation of LDPC Encoder for Terrestrial TelevisionAI Publications
The increasing data rates in digital television networks increase the demands on data capacity of the current transmission channels. Through new standards, the capacity of existing channels is increased with new methods of error correction coding and modulation. In this work, Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are implemented for their error correcting capability. LDPC is a linear error correcting code. These linear error correcting codes are used for transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel. LDPC codes are finding increasing use in applications requiring reliable and highly efficient information transfer over noisy channels. These codes are capable of performing near to Shannon limit performance and have low decoding complexity. LDPC uses parity check matrix for its encoding and decoding purpose. The main advantage of the parity check matrix is that it helps in detecting and correcting errors which is a very important advantage against noisy channels. This work presents the design and implementation of a LDPC encoder for transmission of digital terrestrial television according to the Chinese DTMB standard. The system is written in Verilog and is implemented on FPGA. The whole work is then verified with the help of Matlab modelling.
Transport Layer Port or TCP/IP & UDP PortNetwax Lab
A port is an application-specific or process-specific software construct serving as a communications
endpoint in a computer's host operating system. The purpose of ports is to uniquely identify different
applications or processes running on a single computer and thereby enable them to share a single
physical connection to a packet-switched network like the Internet. In the context of the Internet
Protocol, a port is associated with an IP address of the host, as well as the type of protocol used for
communication.
Proposition of an Adaptive Retransmission Timeout for TCP in 802.11 Wireless ...IJERA Editor
The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is used to establish and control a session between two endpoints. The problem is that in 802.11 wireless environments TCP always considers that the packet loss is caused by network congestion. However, in these networks packet loss are usually caused by the high bit error rate, and the wireless link failures. Researchers found out that TCP performance in wireless networks can be highly enhanced as long as it is feasible to identify the packet loss causes; hence appropriate measures can be dynamically applied during an established TCP session in order to adjust the session parameters. This paper proposes an endto-end adaptive mechanism that allows the TCP session to dynamically adjust the RTO (Retransmission Timeout) of a TCP session; the server will have to adjust the timers based on feedbacks from clients. Feedbacks are piggybacked in the TCP Options header field of the ACK (Acknowledgment) messages. A feedback is an approximation of the time needed by the wireless channel to get the errors fixed. The mechanism has been validated using numerical analysis and simulations, and then compared to the original TCP protocol. Simulation results have shown better performance in terms of number of retransmissions at the server side due to the decrease in the number of timeouts; and thus lowest congestion on the wireless access point.
FPGA Implementation of LDPC Encoder for Terrestrial TelevisionAI Publications
The increasing data rates in digital television networks increase the demands on data capacity of the current transmission channels. Through new standards, the capacity of existing channels is increased with new methods of error correction coding and modulation. In this work, Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are implemented for their error correcting capability. LDPC is a linear error correcting code. These linear error correcting codes are used for transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel. LDPC codes are finding increasing use in applications requiring reliable and highly efficient information transfer over noisy channels. These codes are capable of performing near to Shannon limit performance and have low decoding complexity. LDPC uses parity check matrix for its encoding and decoding purpose. The main advantage of the parity check matrix is that it helps in detecting and correcting errors which is a very important advantage against noisy channels. This work presents the design and implementation of a LDPC encoder for transmission of digital terrestrial television according to the Chinese DTMB standard. The system is written in Verilog and is implemented on FPGA. The whole work is then verified with the help of Matlab modelling.
PCIe Gen 3.0 Presentation @ 4th FPGA CampFPGA Central
PCIe Gen3 presentation by PLDA at 4th FPGA Camp in Santa Clara, CA. For more details visit http://www.fpgacentral.com/fpgacamp or http://www.fpgacentral.com
Class lecture by Prof. Raj Jain on Storage Virtualization. The talk covers Disk Arrays, Data Access Methods, SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), ESCON and FICON, Fibre Chanel, Fibre Channel Devices, Fibre Channel Protocol Layers, Fibre Channel Flow Control, Fibre Channel Classes of Service, What is Storage Virtualization?, Benefits of Storage Virtualization, Virtualizing Storage, RAID Levels, Nested RAIDs, Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Replication, Virtual Storage Area Network (VSAN), Physical Storage Network, Virtual Storage Network, SAN vs. NAS, iSCSI (Internet Small Computer System Interface), iFCP (Internet Fiber Channel Protocol), FCIP (Fibre Channel over IP), FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet), Virtual File Systems. Video recording available in YouTube.
In this paper we design the High-level Data Link Control to permit synchronous, code
transparent data transmission. The control information is always in the same position and specific bit
patterns which used for control differ dramatically from those representing data that reduces the errors
chances. The transmission rate and data stream are controlled by the network node. This eliminates
additional synchronization and buffering of the data at the network interface. Some common
applications include terminal-to-terminal, terminal to CPU, satellite communication, packet switching
and other high-speed data links. In system, which require expensive cabling, and interconnection
hardware. So this core can be used to simplify interfacing by going serially, thereby reducing
interconnects hardware cost. The HDLC Controller MEGACELL is a high performance module for the
bit oriented, switched, non-switched packet transmission module. It supports half duplex and full duplex
communication lines, point-to-point and multipoint channels.
A NETWORK-BASED DAC OPTIMIZATION PROTOTYPE SOFTWARE 2 (1).pdfSaiReddy794166
The International Journal of Engineering and Science and Research is online journal in English published. The aim is to publish peer review and research articles without delay in the developing in engineering and science Research.The International Journal of Engineering and Science and Research is online journal in English published. The aim is to publish peer review and research articles without delay in the developing in engineering and science Research.
This video presents an educational overview of the RapidIO architecture and ecosystem. The RapidIO architecture is a high-performance packet-switched, interconnect technology for interconnecting chips on a circuit board, and circuit boards to each other using a backplane. This technology is designed specifically for embedded systems, primarily for the networking, communications, and signal processing markets.
Serial RapidIO solutions from IDT include switching and bridging products that are ideal for building peer-to-peer multi-processor systems with 100ns latency, low power consumption, reliable packet termination — all with industry-standard based support at up to 20 Gbps per port. IDT's Serial RapidIO solutions are ideal for wireless base station infrastructure, video, server, imaging, military and industrial control applications.
Video presented by Barry Wood, Expert Applications Engineer at IDT. To learn more about IDT's rich portfolio of RapidIO switches and bridges, visit http://www.idt.com/go/SRIO.
The Design of an MVB Communication Controller Based on an FPGAIJRESJOURNAL
Abstract:According to the TCN standard (Train Communication Network Standard), in order to design the MVB controller simply and quickly, this paper presents an new design idea, which avoids the cumbersome process in the traditional design process and makes the MVB controller design become efficient and concise. The design realizes the real-time protocol associated with the multifunction vehicle bus (MVB) device and the design process for all layers associated with the MVB device link layer. The design is a concurrent, easy-to-parameter and reconfigurable top-down design process that is implemented through programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and related circuits. The design provides an efficient and rigorous design idea, and was verified by some experiments successfully.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 3, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 797
Introduction to VIP with PCI Express Technology
Rutva Pathak1
M. E. Student[VLSI & Embedded systems Design]
1
Department of Electronics and Communication, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
Abstract—This paper describes latest technology PCI
Express and VIP for reusability purpose as it is necessary
for today’s faster verification needs. It is explained using
PCIe Verification IP. This verification is achieved by
developing Device reference module. PCIe is high speed
serial bus that supports 2.5 GT/s to 16 GT/s. PCIe is point to
point device with lane and link concept that support full
duplex communications between two devices. Verification
Intellectual Property is component that behaves exactly like
PCIe design and used for verification of the design.
Additionally it has several features like generation, checking
and coverage. PCIe VIP is architecture using system Verilog
HVL.
Keywords--ASIC, TL, DLL, Lane, Link, Verification, VIP
(Verification Intellectual Property)
I. INTRODUCTION
PCI Express (PCIe) is the third generation, general purpose
and high performance I/O bus used to interconnect
peripheral devices to a computer. PCI Express architecture
is a high performance, IO interconnect for peripherals in
computing/communication platforms Evolved from PCI
and PCI-X architectures Yet PCI Express architecture is
significantly different from its predecessors PCI and PCI-X
.
Fig. 1: PCI Express Link
Here the idea is to develop a Verification IP for PCI
Express. Verification IP are reusable verification modules
that typically consist of bus functional models, traffic
generators, protocol monitors, and functional coverage
blocks. Each of the verification IP (VIP) accelerates the
development of a complete verification environment to cut
down the time to first test.
Based on widely used and emerging protocols,
verification IP are standards-compliant, plug and play
modules that cut down overall verification time for
engineers using different HVL. They contain the necessary
infrastructure for test-bench generation and checking
mechanisms, as well as all the appropriate routines to create
individual protocols or bus functional models.
Verification IP solutions enable verification
engineers to focus on verifying their designs rather than
spending an excessive amount of time setting up complex
verification environments.
II. ARCHITECTURE
A PCIe fabric is made of point-to-point Links that
interconnect a set of components – an example Fabric
topology is shown in Fig 2.
This fig illustrates a single fabric instance referred
to as a hierarchy – composed of a Root Complex (RC),
multiple Endpoints (I/O devices), a Switch, and a PCI
Express to PCI/PCI-X Bridge, all interconnected via PCI
Express Links.
Fig. 2: Example topology
A. Root Complex:
Root Complex (RC) is the root of an I/O hierarchy and it
connects the CPU or memory subsystem to the I/O devices.
It is shown in Fig 2 that a Root Complex may
support one or more PCI Express Ports. Each interface
defines a separate hierarchy domain. Each hierarchy domain
may be composed of a single Endpoint or a sub-hierarchy
containing one or more Switch components and Endpoints.
The capability to route peer-to-peer transactions
between hierarchy domains through a Root Complex is
optional and implementation dependent. For example, an
implementation may incorporate a real or virtual Switch
internally within the Root Complex to enable full peer-to
peer support in a software transparent way.
B. Endpoints:
Endpoint is a type of Function that can be the Requester or
Completer of a PCI Express transaction either itself or on
behalf of a distinct non-PCI Express device (something
other than a PCI device or Host CPU), e.g., a PCI Express
attached graphics controller or a PCI Express-USB host
controller. Endpoints are classified as either legacy, PCI
Express, or Root Complex Integrated Endpoints.
Packets are transmitted and received serially and byte
striped across the available Lanes of the Link. The more
Lanes implemented on a Link the faster a packet is
transmitted and the greater the bandwidth of the Link.
2. Introduction to VIP with PCI Express Technology
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 3/2013/0098)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 798
Below Fig (3) shows all layers of PCIe.
Fig. 3: PCI Express layers
III. DEVICE LAYERS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED
PACKETS
Three categories of packets are defined; each one is
associated with one of the three device layers. Associated
with the Transaction Layer is the Transaction Layer Packet
(TLP). Associated with the Data Link Layer is the Data Link
Layer Packet (DLLP). Associated with the Physical Layer is
the Physical Layer Packet (PLP). These packets are
introduced next.
A. Transaction Layer Packets (TLPs)
PCI Express transactions employ TLPs which originate at
the Transaction Layer of a transmitter device and terminate
at the Transaction Layer of a receiver device. This process is
represented in Fig 4. The Data Link Layer and Physical
Layer also contribute to TLP assembly as the TLP moves
through the layers of the transmitting device.
At the other end of the Link where a neighbor
receives the TLP, the Physical Layer, Data Link Layer and
Transaction Layer disassemble the TLP.
Fig. 4: TLP Origin and Destination
1) TLP Packet Assembly
A TLP that is transmitted on the Link appears as shown in
Fig 5.
Fig. 5: TLP Assembly
The software layer or device core sends information
required to assemble the core part of TLP which is header
and data portion of the packet to the Transaction Layer.
Some TLPs do not contain a data section. An
optional End-to-End CRC (ECRC) field is calculated and
appended to the packet. The ECRC field is used by the
ultimate targeted device of this packet to check for CRC
errors in the header and data portion of the TLP.
Fig. 6: TLP Assembly
The software layer or device core sends information
required to assemble the core part of TLP which is
header and data portion of the packet to the Transaction
Layer.
Some TLPs do not contain a data section. An
optional End-to-End CRC (ECRC) field is calculated
and appended to the packet. The ECRC field is used by
the ultimate targeted device of this packet to check for
CRC errors in the header and data portion of the TLP.
The core section of the TLP is forwarded to the
Data Link Layer which then appends a sequence ID and
another LCRC field. The LCRC field is used by the
neighboring receiver device at the other end of the Link
to check for CRC errors in the core section of the TLP
plus the sequence ID.
The resultant TLP is forwarded to the Physical
Layer which concatenates a Start and End framing
character of 1 byte each to the packet. The packet is
encoded and differentially transmitted on the Link using
the available number of Lanes.
3. Introduction to VIP with PCI Express Technology
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 3/2013/0098)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 799
2) A.2 TLP Packet Disassembly
A neighboring receiver device receives the incoming TLP
bit stream. As shown in Fig 6 the received TLP is decoded
by the Physical Layer and the Start and End frame fields are
stripped.
The resultant TLP is sent to the Data Link Layer.
This layer checks for any errors in the TLP and strips the
sequence ID and LCRC field. Assume there are no LCRC
errors, then the TLP is forwarded up to the Transaction
Layer. If the receiving device is a switch, then the packet is
routed from one port of the switch to an egress port based on
address information contained in the header portion of the
TLP.
Fig. 7: TLP Disassembly
Switches are allowed to check for ECRC errors and even
report the errors it finds and error. However, a switch is not
allowed to modify the ECRC that way the targeted device of
this TLP will detect an ECRC error if there is such an error.
The ultimate targeted device of this TLP checks for
ECRC errors in the header and data portion of the TLP. The
ECRC field is removed, leaving the header and data portion
of the packet. It is this information that is finally forwarded
to the Device Core/Software Layer.
B. Data Link Layer Packets (DLLPs)
Another PCI Express packet called DLLP originates at the
Data Link Layer of a transmitter device and terminates at
the Data Link Layer of a receiver device. This process is
represented in Fig 7. The Physical Layer also contributes to
DLLP assembly and disassembly as the DLLP
It moves from one device to another via the PCI
Express Link.
DLLPs are used for Link Management functions
including TLP acknowledgement associated with the
ACK/NAK protocol, power management, and exchange
Fig. 8: DLLP Origin and Destination
of Flow Control information. DLLPs are transferred
between Data Link Layers of the two directly connected
components on a Link. DLLPs do not pass through switches
unlike TLPs which do travel through the PCI Express fabric.
DLLPs do not contain routing information. These packets
are smaller in size compared to TLPs, 8 bytes to be precise.
1) DLLP Assembly
The DLLP shown in Fig 8 on page 76 originates at the Data
Link Layer. There are various types of DLLPs some of
which include Flow Control DLLPs (FCx), acknowledge/ no
acknowledge DLLPs which confirm reception of TLPs
(ACK and NAK), and power management DLLPs (PMx). A
DLLP type field identifies various types of DLLPs. The
Data Link Layer appends a 16-bit CRC used by the receiver
of the DLLP to check for CRC errors in the DLLP.
Fig. 9: DLLP Assembly
The DLLP content along with a 16-bit CRC is forwarded to
the Physical Layer which appends a Start and End frame
character of 1 byte each to the packet. The packet is encoded
and differentially transmitted on the Link using the available
number of Lanes.
2) DLLP Disassembly
The DLLP is received by Physical Layer of a receiving
device. The received bit stream is decoded and the Start and
End frame fields are stripped.
The resultant packet is sent to the Data Link Layer.
This layer checks for CRC errors and strips the CRC field.
The Data Link Layer is the destination layer for DLLPs and
it is not forwarded up to the Transaction Layer.
C. Physical Layer Packets (PLPs)
Another PCI Express packet called PLP originates at the
Physical Layer of a transmitter device and terminates at the
Physical Layer of a receiver device.
Some PLPs are used during the Link Training
process. PLPs are used to place a Link into the electrical idle
low power state or to wake up a link from this low power
state.
IV. VERIFICATION
A. Importance of VIP:
Advanced verification techniques allow the user to increase
the quality and level of verification. New test bench
languages support more sophisticated types of testing, such
as advanced random testing methods. Coverage tools enable
the users to determine the how much verification is done on
different parts of the code providing some feedback on the
quality.
4. Introduction to VIP with PCI Express Technology
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 3/2013/0098)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 800
VIP should be developed so as to fully exercise the
protocol implemented by standards based IP. One extension
of this is the provision of compliance checking VIP from a
standards body or technology leader.
The PCI Express (PCIE) Verification IP is a
reusable, configurable, pre-verified, plug-and-play
verification component developed in System Verilog. It
offers an easy to use and complete verification solution for
SoCs incorporating PCI Express Endpoints, Root Complex,
or Switch at module, chip and system level. The PCI
Express VIP supports automatic stimulus generation,
assertion checking, protocol checking and functional
coverage analysis all within a single, extensible component.
PCIE VIP provides a simple yet powerful user
interface which drastically reduces the time and effort
needed to create a verification environment and verify
thoroughly to ensure first time right silicon. Using random
stimulus generation and coverage driven methodology
provided in PCIE VIP, user can verify the design with
limited test cases in very short duration instead of running
large number of directed test cases.
B. Role of VIP:
The role of Verification IP (VIP) in the development and
successful usage of complex Semiconductor IP (SIP) cores
is tremendous.
The use of standards based verification languages,
provides designers access to key analytical functions such as
transactions and assertions, which enable the validation of
complex functional behavior. It is important to have testing
methods for the verification IP to demonstrate the quality
and the interoperability with Other parts of the verification
environment
Fig. 10: PCIe VIP
V. CONCLUSION
PCI Express is a high speed serial protocol which is more
suitable for high speed applications than other bus protocols
like PCI and PCI-X. Verification is one of the most
important tasks for any ASIC design. It is very tough task to
verify a complex protocol like PCIe. There comes need of
VIP. A VIP is a reusable, configurable and easy to deal
verification component user can verify many scenarios and
condition with this and as it is reusable component, one
may do changes for different generations or versions as per
requirement and do the verification with randomization.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Apart from my efforts, the success of any task depends
largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many
others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the
people who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this literature review. I would like to express
my deepest gratitude to my parents, all my friends who
constantly motivated and supported me. I take immense
pleasure in thanking my guide Mr. Umesh Patel, Director,
ASIC IP Solutions, Sibridge Technologies. I can't thank him
enough for his tremendous support and help. I feel
motivated and encouraged every time I talked with him.
REFERENCES
[1] Intel white paper. "Advanced Switching for the PCI
Express Architecture". www.intel.com, 2002
[2] Intel whitepaper, "Creating a PCI Express Interconnect",
www.intel.com,2002
[3] http://www.pcisig.com
[4] PCI SIG, PCI Express Base Specifications Revision 3.0
Version 1.0 November 10, 2010.
[5] Ravi Budruk, Don Anderson, and Tom Shanley, PCI
Express System ArchilecTure, MindShare, 200
[6] PCI Express White paper [Ajay v. Bhatt, Technology
and Research labs, Intel Corporation]