Transportation engineering, modes of transportation, rise of transportation, history of transportation , organisation of transportation, importance of transportation

1. Introduction to Transportation Engineering
Mr N J Hindocha

2. Mode of Transportation

3. What is Transportation ?
• Transport (British
English) or transportation
(American English) is the
movement of people and
goods from one place to
another. The term is
derived from the Latin
tran ("across") and
portare ("to carry").

4. Importance Of Transportation
• Transport contributes in Growth of industries
whose product requires quick marketing. Perishable
articles like fish and green vegetables are carried to
various consumers quickly even in distant markets
through transport.
• Transport helps in increase in the demand for
goods. Through transport newer customers in newer
places can be easily contacted and products can be
introduced to them. Today markets have become
national or international only because of transport.

5. • Transport creates place utility. Geographical and
climatic factors force industries to be located in
particular places far away from the markets and places
where there may not be any demand for the products.
Transport bridges the gap between production and
consumption centers.
• Transport creates time utility. Of late transport has
started creating the time utility also. It has been made
possible by virtue of the improvements in the speed of
transport. It helps the product to be distributed in the
minimum possible time.

6. • Transport helps in stabilization of price. Transport
exerts considerable influence upon the stabilization of
the prices of several commodities by moving
commodities from surplus to deficit areas. This
equalizes the supply and demand factors and makes
the price of commodities stable as well as equal
• Transport ensures even flow of commodities into
the hands of the consumers through out the period of
consumption.

7. • Transport enables the consumers to enjoy the
benefits of goods not produced locally. This
increases the standard of living, an essential factor
for further development of marketing and economy.
• Transport identifies competition, which in turn,
reduces price. Prices are also reduced because of the
facilities offered by transport for large-scale
production. Advantages of large- scale production is
possible only due to transport

8. • Transport increases mobility of labor and capital. It
makes people of one place migrate to other places in
search of jobs. Even capital, machineries and
equipment are imported from foreign countries
through transport alone.
• Bring countries closer : No country in the world is
self-sufficient. They have to depend on one another to
fulfill their requirements. Transportation has brought
the countries closer. It not only caters to the need of
mobility but also provides comfort and convenience

9. • Creates employment: Transport also contributes
to economic development through job creation. It
creates both direct and indirect employment
opportunities. In India, a sizeable portion of the
country ’s working population is directly or indirectly
employed in the transport sector.
• It also facilitates movement of labors and thereby
encourages employment resulting into industrial
development and thereby economic development.

10. • Transportation provides access to natural resources
and promotes trade, allowing a nation to accumulate
wealth and power. Transportation also allows the
movement of soldiers, equipment, and supplies during
war.
• Hence transportation is vital to a nation’s economy
as it serve several purposes. It includes the
manufacture and distribution of vehicles, the
production and distribution of fuel, and the provision
of transportation services.

11. Freight Transport Market in India
2015 - 2020
India spends around 14.4% of its GDP on logistics
and transportation as compared to less than 8%
spent by the other developing countries.
Indian freight transport market is expected to grow
at a CAGR of 13.35% by 2020 driven by the growth
in the manufacturing, retail, FMCG and e-commerce
sectors.
Freight transport market in India is expected to be
worth US$ 307.70 billion by 2020.

12. In India road freight constitutes around 63% of the total freight
movement consisting of 2.2 million heavy duty trucks and 0.6
million light duty trucks covering more than 18,00,000 kms of
road length carrying more than 3000MMT (million metric ton)
of load annually.
NOVONOUS estimates that the road freight movement is expected to
increase at a CAGR of 15%. This will be driven by the growth in Indian
FMCG, retail and pharmaceutical sectors, which have large freight
transport requirements across the country which is generally done
by road transportation.
Road Freight Transport

13. The rail freight constitutes around 27% of the total freight movement
in India. It consists of a large infrastructure of more than 65000 kms
of rail network carrying more than 1400MMT of load annually. With the
growth in core manufacturing sector and with the proposed “Make in India”
campaigns it is expected that the freight movement of core commodities like
Iron ore, steel, coal, petroleum etc are projected to increase
at a fast pace.
NOVONOUS estimates that Indian rail freight market will grow at a rate of
around 10% CAGR over the next 5 years.
Rail Freight Transport

14. In India the sea freight consists of around 9% of the total freight market
and is mainly used as a major mode for imports and exports. Around
600MMT of freight tonnage is transported through the 13 major ports
And the 200 minor ports of India.
NOVONOUS estimates that Indian sea freight market will grow at a
CAGR of 12% in the next 5 years, which will be mainly driven by
increased exports of
Sea Freight Transport

15. The air freight consists of around 1% of the total freight market in India
and approximately 4 MMT of freight tonnage is transported through air.
NOVONOUS estimates that Indian air freight market will grow at an
impressive rate of around 12.5% CAGR over the next 5 years with more
number of private airlines entering this space coupled with the
lower turnaround time needed for delivery such as “24 hour delivery”
needed by the E-commerce sector.
Air Freight Transport

16. The Economic Importance of
Transportation
• The transportation sector moves goods and people,
employs millions of workers, generates revenue, and
consumes materials and service produced by other sectors
of the economy.
• Good transport network is crucial for sustained economic
growth and development of a nation. This vital infrastructure
is regarded as an
• important determinant for the success of a nation’s effort
in diversifying its production base, expanding trade and
linking together resources and markets into an integrated
economy.

17. Production
• Optimized Production
Locations
• Lower Production Cost
• Lower Inventory Levels
Improved Transportation
Infrastructure
• Greater Speed
• More Reliability
• Lower Transportation Cost
Economic Benefits
• Lower Prices
• More Product Variety
• Economic Growth and
Efficiency
Distribution
• Optimized Distribution
Network
• Lower Inventory Levels
• Lower Distribution Cost

18. GDP Contribution
• India’s transport sector is large and diverse; it caters to the
needs of 1.1 billion people
• Transport sector accounts for a share of 6.4 per cent in
India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Road transport has
emerged as the dominant segment in India’s transportation
sector with a share of 5.4 per cent in India’s GDP.

20. RISE OF TRANSPORATION IN INDIA
 Excavations at various ancient sites have
led to the discovery of toy models of
carts drawn by oxen.
 In Mauryan times there was a
superintendent of chariots and factories
for the manufacture and maintenance
of chariots.
 Tonga is a light carriage or curricle
drawn by a single horse used for
transportation in rural and urban India.
 This was the fastest means of transport
in early times in India.
 Up to the middle of the 18th century,
themeans of transport in India were
backward.

21.  The British rulers soon realized that a cheap and easy system of
transport was a necessity.
 The British rulers introduced steamships on the rivers and set
about improving the roads.
 Work on the Grand Trunk Road from Calcutta to Delhi began in
1839 and completed in the 1850's.

22. The first railway line running from Bombay to Thane
was opened to traffic in 1853.
The Cycle rickshaws were introduced in India in the
1940s.
Cycle rickshaws were first used in Kolkata and now
also are commonly used in many rural and urban
cities of India

24. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN
DEVELOPMENT
 A well-knit and coordinated system of transport plays an
important role in the sustained economic growth of a
country.
 Transport routes are the basic economic arteries of the
country.
 Transport system is regarded as the controller of the
national economy and provides a very important link
between production and consumption.
 The amount of traffic moving in a country is a measure of
its progress.
 In a country like India, the importance of transportation is
more because of its vastness as well as varied nature of
geographical conditions.
 The roles of transportation in society can be classified
according to economic, social and political roles.

25. ECONOMIC ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION
• Economics involves production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services.
• People depend upon the natural resources to satisfy the
needs of life but due to non uniform surface of earth and
due to difference in local resources, there is a lot of
difference in standard of living in different societies.
• So there is an immense requirement of transportation of
resources from one particular society to other.
• These resources can range from material things to
knowledge and skills like movement of doctors and
technicians to the places where there is need of them.

26. SOCIAL ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION
• Transportation has always played an important role in
influencing the formation of urban societies.
• Although other facilities like availability of food and water
played a major role, the contribution of transportation can
be seen clearly from the formation and the development of
societies, especially urban centers.
• When the cities grow beyond normal walking distance,
then transportation technology plays a role in the
formation of the city.

27. POLITICAL ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION
• The world is divided into numerous political units which are
formed for mutual protection, economic advantages and
development of common culture.
• Transportation plays an important role in the functioning
of such political units.
• The primary function of transportation is the transfer of
messages and information. It is also needed for rapid
movement of troops in case of emergency and finally
movement of persons and goods.
• The political decision of construction and maintenance of
roads has resulted in the development of transportation
system.

28. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA
• The various modes of transportation in India are:
1. ROADWAYS
2. RAILWAYS
3. WATERWAYS
4. AIRWAYS
1 Roadways
• India has been building roads since ancient times as is
evident from the Harappan civilisation.
• As per 2017 estimates, the total road length in India is
4,689,842 km(2,914,133 mi) making the Indian road
network the second largest road network in the world after
the United States.

29. 2 Railways
• India's rail network is the third-longest
and the most heavily used system in the
world. As per the records of 2015 it
carries 8.225 billion passengers and over
970 million tonnes of freight annually.
• The railway network traverses through
the length and breadth of the country,
covering more than 7,000 stations over a
total route length of 65,000 km and
track length of about 115,000 km.
• The first modern rapid transit started in
India is the Kolkata Metro which stared
its operation in 1984.

30. 3 Waterways
• India has an extensive network of inland
waterways in the form of rivers, canals,
backwaters and creeks.
• The total navigable length is 14,500
kilometers out of which about 5,200 km of
river and 485 km of canals can be used by
mechanised crafts.
• In 2015–16, Government of India,
declared 106 National Waterways (NW)
under Inland Waterways Authority of
India to reduce the cost of
transportation.

31. 4 Airways
These airlines connect more than 80
cities across India and also operate
overseas routes after the liberalization
of Indian aviation.
Several other foreign airlines connect
Indian cities with other major cities
across the globe.
Mumbai-Delhi air corridor was
ranked 10th by Amadeus in 2012
among the world's busiest routes.22

32. Central Road Research
Institute (CRRI)
• CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), a premier
national laboratory established in 1952, a constituent of
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is
engaged in carrying out research and development projects
on design, construction and maintenance of roads and
runways
• traffic and transportation planning of mega and medium
cities, management of roads in different terrains,
improvement of marginal materials, utilization of industrial
waste in road construction
• landslide control, ground improvements environmental
pollution, road traffic safety and analysis & design, wind,
fatigue, corrosion studies
• performance monitoring/evaluation, service life assessment
and rehabilitation of highway & railway bridges..

33. • The institute provides technical and consultancy services to
various user organizations in India and abroad.

34. Objectives of CRRI :
• To develop specifications, labor intensive methods and
manual aids for construction of low cost, all weather
village roads for under developed regions of the country.
• To develop appropriate tools, machinery equipment and
instruments for adopting technologies as related to
highway engineering and relevant to the country to
achieve indigenous self-sufficiency.
• To carry out research on the performance of different
types of roads under varying climatic and traffic
conditions.
• To carry out research and development in all aspects of
road traffic and transportation engineering, including
study of accidents, development of road safety measure,
psychology of road users and transportation economics
as related to different forms of transport.

35. Functions of Research Council
• Carries basic and applied research for the design,
construction and maintenance of the highways.
• Review R&D activities and research programmes and
advise on future directions.
• Advise on fostering linkages between the Laboratory,
industry and potential clients.
• Carries research on traffic safety and transport
economics.
• To monitor the progress of R&D and other activities of the
Lab/Instt.
• To provide technical advice and consultancy services to
various organizations.

36. INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS (IRC)
• Set up by Government of India in consultation with
State Governments in December, 1934.
• Premier body of Highways Engineers in India, to
provide a national forum for regular pooling of
experience and ideas on all matters concerned with
planning, design construction and maintenance of
highways.
• It also recommends standard specifications and
provides platform for the expression of professional
opinion on matters relating to roads.
• It is also publishing Journals, monthly magazines
and research bulletins.

37. • IRC is a registered society under the
Registration of Societies Act and is financed by
contribution from Central Government, various
State Governments and also contributions from
its Members and sale of Publications
• Today IRC has more than 15550 active
members representing all Stakeholders from
India and abroad.

38. Function of IRC
• To promote and encourage the science and
practice of building and maintenance of roads
• To provide a channel for the expression of
collective opinion of its members regarding
roads
• To promote the use of standard specifications
and to propose specifications to achieve safety
and mobility
• To advise regarding education, experiment and
research connected with roads
• To hold periodical meetings, to discuss
technical questions regarding roads

39. IRC ACTIVITIES
• Publication of Standards relating to roads, viz.
survey, investigation, equipment,
design,construction,environment,maintenance,g
eometrics,safety,road signage& technology.
• Publication of Standards, Specification and
Codes of Practice on Bridges and also
Guidelines for their inspection, maintenance,
testing and rating.
• Holding Annual Sessions, mid-term Council
Meetings in order to discuss the road problems
and to take policy decisions

40. Railway Board
• The Ministry of Railways is a ministry in
the Government of India, responsible for
the country's rail transport.
• The ministry operates the state-owned Indian
Railways, an organization that operates as a
monopoly in rail transport and is headed by
the Chairman of Railway Board.
• The Ministry of Railways along with the Railway
Board is housed inside Rail Bhavan in New
Delhi.

41. Organisational structure
• The ministry has a Union Minister and Minister
of State. The Railway Board, which is the apex
body of the Indian Railways, reports
to parliament through the Ministry of Railways.
• The Railway Board comprises
one Chairman(Vinod Kumar Yadav), seven
"members of the Railway Board", and a
Financial Commissioner (who is the
representative of the Ministry of Finance in the
Railway Board).
• It also includes a Director-General (Railway
Health Services), Director-General (personal)
and a Director-General (Railway Protection
Force). A number of directorates report to the
Railway Board.

42. • In 1901, on the recommendations of Sir Thomas
Robertson Committee regarding the administration and
working of the railways, an early version of the railway
board was constituted. It initially had three members.
• In 1988, a new member with responsibility for signals,
telecommunication and electrical matters was added to
the board. On 16 April 2019 two more members, one
with responsibility for signals and telecommunications,
and another for material management, joined the
board.
• On 24 December 2019, the Union Cabinet decided to
reduce the size of the board from eight to five. It also
decided to merge its different cadres into a single
Railway Management Service. The newly constituted
Board will have Members for "Operation,[sic] Business
Development, Human Resources, Infrastructure and
Finance"

43. Function of RB
• INVESTIGATION OF RAILWAY PROJECTS
• TRAFFIC SURVEY
• ENGINEERING SURVEY RECONNAISSANCE -
PRELIMINARY AND FINAL LOCATION SURVEYS
• ENGINEERING SURVEYS PROJECT REPORT,
TECHNO ECONOMIC SURVEY REPORT AND
FEASIBILITY REPORT
• Investment Planning and Works Programme Section
• RULES FOR THE ACQUISITION OF LAND
• THE EXECUTION OF WORKS
• CONTRACTS FOR WORKS
• Responsibility with regard to expenditure

44. • The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)
came into existence on 27th October 1986 for
development and regulation of inland
waterways for shipping and navigation.
• The Authority primarily undertakes projects for
development and maintenance of IWT
infrastructure on national waterways through
grant received from Ministry of Shipping. The
head office of the Authority is at Noida. The
Authority also has its regional offices at Patna,
Kolkata, Guwahati and Kochi and sub-offices at
Allahabad, Varanasi, Bhaglapur, Farakka,
Hemnagar, Dibrugarh (Assam), Kollam,
Bhubaneswar (Odisa) and Vijaywada (A.P.)

46. • India has about 14,500 km of navigable waterways
which comprise of rivers, canals, backwaters,
creeks, etc.
• About 55 million tones of cargo is being moved
annually by Inland Water Transport (IWT), a fuel -
efficient and environment -friendly mode. Its
operations are currently restricted to a few stretches
in the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly rivers , the
Brahmaputra, the Barak river, the rivers in Goa, the
backwaters in Kerala, inland waters in Mumbai and
the deltaic regions of the Godavari - Krishna rivers.
• Besides these organized operations by mechanized
vessels, country boats of various capacities also
operate in various rivers and canals. and substantial
quantum of cargo and passengers are transported
in this unorganized sector as well.

47. • Amita Prasad is the current Chairman of the
Authority.
• Till 2010, an amount of ₹1,117
crore (US$160 million) was spent on Inland
waterways of India.
• By 2015-16 a total of 106 water bodies with a
minimum length of 25 km (16 mi) were declared as
national waterways. These have been classified into
3 categories based on financial viability and location
as well as into 8 clusters based on locations. In first
phase, 8 national water (NW) of category-1 that are
considered most viable will be developed. There are
60 category II NWs in coastal regions with tidal
stretches and feasibility reports for 54 of these (6
are in phase-1) will be delivered from May 2016
onwards

48. Function
• It does the function of building the necessary
infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the
economic feasibility of new projects and also
administration

49. NW I
• The Ganga - Bhagirathi - Hooghly river system
between Haldia (Sagar) & Allahabad (1620 km)
was declared as National Waterway No.1 (NW-
1) in 1986
• IWAI posing a project to Ministry of Shipping
and Department of Economic Affairs for World
Bank assistance of about US $ 700 million
(about Rs. 4200/- crores) for development of
this National Waterway and this has been given
name of Jal Marg Vikas in the year 2014

51. NW II
• The river Brahmaputra having a length of 891
Km between Bangladesh Border and Sadiya
was declared as National Waterway no. 2 (NW-
2) on 1st September, 1988. IWAI is carrying out
various developmental works on the waterway
for improving its navigability

54. • National Waterway 4 (NW 4) declared on
25.11.2008
• The Kakinada-Puducherry stretch of Canals
integrated Bhadrachalam - Rajahmundry
stretch of River Godavari and Wazira
Vijayawada stretch of River Krishna (1078 km)

56. • The Talcher- Dhamra stretch of river Brahmani,
Geonkhali- Charbatia stretch of East
Coast Canal, Charbatia- Dhamra stretch of
Matai river and Mangalgadi-Paradip stretch of
Mahanadi delta rivers (NW-5, 623 km)