This document provides an introduction to statistics. It defines statistics as the scientific methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing data to derive valid conclusions. Statistics is useful across many fields and careers as it helps make informed decisions based on data. The document outlines descriptive and inferential statistics, and notes that descriptive statistics simplifies complexity while inferential statistics allows for conclusions to be drawn. It also discusses types of data sources, including primary data collected directly and secondary data that has already been collected.

1. Introduction to
Statistics
Santosh Bhandari

2. Why study statistics?
1. Data are everywhere
2. Statistical techniques are used to make many
decisions that affect our lives
3. No matter what your career, you will make
professional decisions that involve data. An
understanding of statistical methods will help you
make these decisions efectively. etc

3. Meaning
• The term “Statistics” from latin word “status”
• Italian words “statista” means Statement
• German worlds “statistik” means political State
• Statistics is concerned with scientific methods for
 collecting,
 organizing,
 Summarizing,
 presenting and analyzing data
as well as deriving valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of this analysis.
Francis Galton, Bernoulli, Karl Person, Ronald Fisher etc are main contribution to develop the
statistics'.

4. Definition of Statistics in singular
sense
 Statistics as the science of counting or science of average (A.L.
Bowley)
 Statistics as the science of estimates and probabilities (Boddington)
 Statistics is the science which deals with the method of collection,
classifying, presenting, comparing and interpreting numerical data
collected to throw some light in any sphere of enquiry (Selligman).
 Statistics may be regarded as a body of methods for making wise
decision in the face of uncertainty(Wallis and Roberts ).
 Statistics may be defined as the science of collections,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data(Croxton &
Cowden).

5. Definition of Statistics in plural
sense
Statistics are the classified facts representing the
conditions of the people in given state(Webster).
Statistics are numerical statement of facts in any
department of enquiry placed in relation to each
others(Bowley).
Statistics may be defined as the aggregate of fact, affected
to a marked extent, by multiplicity of causes, numerically
expressed, enumerated or estimated according to a
reasonable standard of accuracy, collected a systematic
manner for predetermined purpose and placed in relation
to each others(Prof. Horace Secrist).

6. Use & scope of Statistics
• Planning
• Economics
• Business & Management
• Industry
• Physical sciences
• Biological sciences
• Social sciences
• Information Technology
• Agriculture
• Insurance
• Education & Psychology

7. Functions of Statistics
• Simplifies complexity
• Facilities of comparison
• To help Formulation of policies
• To help Classification of data
• Help in formulating and testing hypothesis
• To help predicting future trends
• Test the law of others science
• Enlarge individual experience
Thus main function of statistics are Condensation , Comparison , Forecasting,
Estimation .

8. Limitation of Statistics
• Does not deals with individuals
• Statistics does not study the
qualitative phenomena.
• Statistics laws are not exact
• Statistics is only means
• Statistics can be misused

9. Types of Statistics
Theoretical
or
Mathematical
Descriptive Inferential
Applied

10. Descriptive Statistics
• It deals with methods which help in estimating the
characteristics of a population or making decisions
concerning a population on the basis of the sample
results. Sample and population are the two relative
terms. A Population is treated as universe and a
sample is fraction or segment of the universe.
• Summary and favor of distribution.
• Tabular, graphical or numerical are termed are used like wise
Average, rates, ratios etc.
• Measure of central tendency, skewness, kurtosis etc.

11. Inferential Statistics
It means to describe the data and consists of the methods and
techniques used in the collection, organization, presentation and
analysis of data in order to describe the various features and
characteristics of such data. These can either be graphical or
computational. In this, nothing can be inferred from the data nor can
decision be made or conclusion drawn.

12. Applied Statistics
• This consists of massive application of
theoretical or mathematical.
• The statistical tools and methods are used
in order to solve many more practical
problems in diversified area.
• Applied statistics has played very
important role in decision making
problem as well.

13. Types & Sources of Data
• All statistical analysis begins by identifying the source
of the data. Among the important sources of data
are published sources, experiments, and surveys.
• Statistical data are mainly depending the sources of
two types
A. Primary Data
B. Secondary Data

14. Primary Data
• Fresh and original data, which are collected and recorded
by the investigator or researchers for the specific purpose.
• Following method are using the collect the primary data;
a) Direct Personal Interview
b) Indirect oral interview
c) Information through correspondents
d) Mailed questionnaire
e) Schedules sent through enumerators

15. Secondary data
• Data are already collected
• The sources of data are
1. Publish Sources(Reports and official publications,
Semi-official publication, un-official or private
publicaion)
2. Unpublished Sources

16. Precautions in the use of secondary
Data
• Suitability
• Reliability
• Adequacy

17. Thank you all