Fundamentals and Principles of Spectroscopy and its Applications.
Includes basic concepts, history, foundations and Importance of the fundamental science of Spectroscopy.
For any queries, mail at:
faisal786.btc@gmail.com
details about uv-visible spectroscopy. intoduction to uv-visible spectroscopy with principle,
instrumentation, application, beers lamberts law , detectors. helps to know details about uv-visible spectroscopy. complete notes of uv-visible spectroscopy.
details about uv-visible spectroscopy. intoduction to uv-visible spectroscopy with principle,
instrumentation, application, beers lamberts law , detectors. helps to know details about uv-visible spectroscopy. complete notes of uv-visible spectroscopy.
Raman Spectroscopy - Principle, Criteria, Instrumentation and ApplicationsPrabha Nagarajan
Basic principle of Raman scattering- Difference between Rayleigh and Raman Scattering- Major criteria for Raman active in compounds,-Stroke's lines and Anti-stoke lines- Difference and between IR and Raman spectroscopy- Wide applications of Raman spectroscopy.
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Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
NMR, principle and instrumentation by kk sahu sirKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Principle
Assembly
Solvents
Chemical shift
Factors affecting chemical shift
2D NMR
NOE effect
NOESY
COSY
Application
Conclusion
References
Raman Spectroscopy - Principle, Criteria, Instrumentation and ApplicationsPrabha Nagarajan
Basic principle of Raman scattering- Difference between Rayleigh and Raman Scattering- Major criteria for Raman active in compounds,-Stroke's lines and Anti-stoke lines- Difference and between IR and Raman spectroscopy- Wide applications of Raman spectroscopy.
CHECKOUT THIS NEW WEB BROWSER :
https://www.entireweb.com/?a=618b79ed612f3
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
NMR, principle and instrumentation by kk sahu sirKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
History
Principle
Assembly
Solvents
Chemical shift
Factors affecting chemical shift
2D NMR
NOE effect
NOESY
COSY
Application
Conclusion
References
The detailed information of UV Visible Spectroscopy, it includes the information regarding electronic transitions, Electromagnetic radiations, Various shifts.
UV - Visible Spectroscopy detailed information is included .The Spectroscopy study provide the information and the absorbance as well the concentration of the drugs is studied.
Ultraviolet spetroscopy by Dr. Monika Singh part-1 as per PCI syllabusMonika Singh
UV Visible spectroscopy as per PCI syllabus: Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Beer and Lambert’s law, Derivation and deviations.
spectrophotometry, ultra violet absorption, infra red atomic absorption.priya tamang
A spectrophotometer is a photometer that can measure the intensity of light as a function of its wavelength. Single beam and double beam are the two major classes of spectrophotometers. Linear range of absorption and spectral bandwidth measurement are the important features of spectrophotometers.
In Single Beam Spectrophotometers, all the light passes through the sample. To measure the intensity of the incident light the sample must be removed so that all the light can pass through. This type of spectrometer is usually less expensive and less complicated. The single beam instruments are optically simpler and more compact, znc can also have a larger dynamic range.
In a Double Beam Spectrophotometer, before it reaches the sample, the light source is split into two separate beams. One beam passes through the sample and the second one is used for reference. This gives an advantage because the reference reading and sample reading can take place at the same time.
In transmission measurements, the spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the amount of light passing through the reference and test sample. For reflectance, it compares the amount of light reflecting from the test and reference sample solutions.
Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated before they start to analyse the sample and the procedure for calibrating spectrophotometer is known as "zeroing." Calibration is done by using the reference substance, and the absorbencies of all other substances are measured relative to the reference substance. % transmissivity (the amount of light transmitted through the substance relative to the initial substance) is displayed on the spectrophotometer.
Protective ZIKV Vaccines Engineered to eliminate enhancement of dengue infect...USTC, Hefei, PRC
A detailed, in depth presentation for explaining importance of DENV mediated ADE after ZIKV vaccination or infection and how to overcome it via consensus sequence graft.
Original Citation: Dai, L., Xu, K., Li, J. et al. Protective Zika vaccines engineered to eliminate enhancement of dengue infection via immunodominance switch. Nat Immunol 22, 958–968 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-00966-6
Enhancement Soluble of Recombinant Cholera Toxin B by Co-expression with SKP...USTC, Hefei, PRC
Cholera Toxin B subunit (CTB) is the immunogenic part of AB5 like toxins. Its recombinant form is however under expressed due to low solubility issues.
This article describe approach for soluble expression of CTB by co-expressing it with SKP chaperone in E. coli T7 expression system.
For questions, drop an email at: faisal786.btc@gmail.com
Presentation Lecture for Undergraduate students of Bio-chemistry, Biotechnology, Bio-organic chemistry for fundamentals and essentials of hormones in vertebrate living systems.
Molecular and Structural Mechanism for Beta Barrel Proteins Incorporation in ...USTC, Hefei, PRC
Beta Barrel Proteins are important for membrane processes. This presentation is a simplified explanation of research article which elaborate incorporation of beta barrel proteins transport and incorporation and secretion snapshot from outer bacterial cell wall.
Synthetic biology is the designing of new biological systems or the modification of the existing ones that do not occur naturally. Synthetic or artificial cells organisms with minimal genomes have uses in molecular medicine, vaccines, environmental chemistry and bio-sensors. Creation of synthetic cells involve in-vitro synthesis of unitary DNA fragments of one-kilo base pairs (1kb). These unitary fragments are ligated to make ten kilo base pair (10kb) fragments, followed by tethering 10 fragments to form one hundred kilo base pair (100kb) fragments. Each step involves transformation and sequencing procedures in E. coli host cells. Ultimately, eleven of these hundred kilo base pair fragments are joined to create a “Synthetic Genome” which is maintained in yeast cells, as maximum limit of DNA transplant acceptance of E. coli is 100kb. By this approach, synthetic chromosomes can be maintained, manipulated and transplanted to an acceptor organism to create a synthetic cell. Applications of the technology include semi-synthetic approach of Artemisinic acid, which can be used to chemically synthesize anti-malarial drug Atremisinin and its therapeutically important derivatives. Second application of synthetic biology is production of meningitis vaccine against poorly immunogenic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup-B, by preparing synthetic vesicles. Third application includes disease mechanism identification of a rare-primary immunodeficiency disease “Agamaglobinemia” using reconstruction of mutant B-cell receptor components in synthetic membranes to validate a point mutation. Fourth application include environmental fixation of carbon di-oxide to produce methane by using minimal genome containing synthetic cells of Metahnococcous sp. Fifth application is production of novel biosensors which can be toggled ON and OFF using “Visible Light” as modulator. These “Gene switches” are also able to operate in mammalian cells. With potential applications and wide research domains, synthetic biology is also under ethical and religious criticism. Future of this new dimension of biological science requires scrutiny from regulatory authorities, and monetary input from funding agencies.
Generics: Challenges summary for a growing sector of pharmaceuticalsUSTC, Hefei, PRC
A short summary regarding core challenges faced by generic parmaceutical enterprises in competitive environments.
For further information, contact at: faisal786.btc@gmail.com
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the ENTIRE RANGE and of
FREQUENCIES of ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION* as per their
WAVELENGTHS AND PHOTON ENERGIES.
* LIGHT CAN EXIST AS BOTH PARTICLE AND WAVE (de’ Broglie hypothesis)
4. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) is the ENTIRE RANGE and of
FREQUENCIES of ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION as per their
WAVELENGTHS AND PHOTON ENERGIES.
Fig 1: The Electromagnetic Spectrum as per comparison with wave /photon energies
6. Spectroscopy
• Spectroscopy is a series of technique(s) that uses the interaction of
energy with a SAMPLE to perform analysis.
OR
• It is the study of matter and the changes it undergo(es) when it
interacts/subjected to a particular electromagnetic radiation (light).
7. Ionizing and Non Ionizing Radiations
Ionizing radiation refers to types of radiation that has ENOUGH
ENERGY TO REMOVE ATLEAST “ONE” ELECTRON from an atom.
Ionizing radiation is always HIGH ENERGY CARRIER WAVES/PHOTONS
9. Boundaries of EMS
Fig 3: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Regional Boundaries as per Wavelengths (ƛ) and Frequency
10. The Wave Energy Equation (Plank’s Equation)
E=h.ʋ
Here:
E: Energy
h: Plank’s Constant (6.63x10-34 J.s)
ʋ: Frequency of a wave [f= 1/(c/ƛ)] or [ f= 1/t(sec))
11. The UV Spectrum
• 150-380 nm (UV)
Fig 4: The UV Spectrum Regional Boundaries as per Wavelengths (ƛ) and Frequency
Here:
UV-A: Long wave UV (315-400 nm)
UV-B: Medium wave UV (280-315 nm)
UV-C: Short wave (100-280 nm)
Near UV: 300- 380, 400 nm
12. The Visible Spectrum
Fig 5: The Visible Spectrum Boundaries as per Wavelengths (ƛ) and Frequency
13. The Principle of Spectroscopy
Fig 6: The Fundamental Principle of Spectroscopy (Any Type)
A light source (of any wave length) passes the EM Radiation type from a Sample and the
Resultant Emission Wavelength/frequency is Detected by a Detector.
14. The Lambert Beer Law
• Lamber’s Statement:
“Absorbance of a material sample is directly proportional to its thickness”
• Beer’s Statement:
“Absorbance is proportional to the concentrations of the attenuating
species in the material sample”
• Mathematically (and MORE EMPERICALY &
Practically)
15. Some Basic Types of Spectroscopy in Research
and Applied Use
• UV-Visible Spectroscopy
• IR-Spectroscopy
• X-Ray Diffraction
• Fluorescent Spectrometery
• Mass Spectrometery
• NMR Spectroscopy
16. The Founders Behind This Science
Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer
(Straubing, Germany)
Anders Jonas Ångström
(Uppsala, Sweden)
17. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
• “It is simultaneously impossible to PRECISELY MEASURE the POSITION
and ANGULAR MOMENTUM of a moving object at the same time.”
Werner Heisenberg
Nobel Prize in Physics-1932
18. Spectroscopy Stretched to It’s Limit
at Visualization of 4 states of a Hydrogen Atom
Fig 7: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Regional Boundaries as per Wavelengths (ƛ) and Frequency