Rfid technology next generation application solutionsashtopustech
Astopous Technologies is one of the fastest growing identification & security solutions providers .We have best & high performance active and passive RFID technology solutions,for live tracking vehicles and student care in school bus,live stock and health care people tracking ,retail and assets mgmt.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Kandarp Vyas
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking.
Rfid technology next generation application solutionsashtopustech
Astopous Technologies is one of the fastest growing identification & security solutions providers .We have best & high performance active and passive RFID technology solutions,for live tracking vehicles and student care in school bus,live stock and health care people tracking ,retail and assets mgmt.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Kandarp Vyas
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking.
RFID technology ():
What is RFID technology?
How does RFID work?
What is its impact on the supply chain?
What will the effect of RDIF tags be on consumers? What will be the effects of RFID on different levels of Management?
The RFID has been still an evolution in many parts of the world.This presentation gives you an overview about the RFID technology and helps you to implement in your projects and other stuff..Take a look at it and gain knowledge yourself..If you want identification RFID is the best technology employable.
This presentation will cover some basic aspects of RFID technology.
1. What is RFID?
2. Different applications.
3. History of RFID
4. RFID system working.
6. RFID reader and tag
7. active passive and semi passive tags
9. Advantages over bar code.
10. Disadvantage .
11. Human Implant
12. RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) pros and cons.
We are providing UHF Passive RFID tags in india. We provide all types of RFID tags like paper tags, Metal tags, RFID wet Inlay tags,RFID Based Smart Locks,Under Vehicle Scanners,CCTV Cameras,Boom Barriers,RFID Devices
,RFID Devices, Finger Print Scanners, POS Machines, RFID UHF Service,Active RFID System,Active RFID Solutions & RFID dry inlay tags.
This presentation gives the basic idea of Managerial Information System subject with the topic "RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and Wireless Sensor System". It also includes the real-life applications of the same system.
Radio frequency identication (RFID) is a rapidly growing technology that
has the potential to make great economic impacts on many industries. While
RFID is a relatively old technology, more recent advancements in chip man-
ufacturing technology are making RFID practical for new applications and
settings. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize supply-
chain management, inventory control, and logistics
RFID technology ():
What is RFID technology?
How does RFID work?
What is its impact on the supply chain?
What will the effect of RDIF tags be on consumers? What will be the effects of RFID on different levels of Management?
The RFID has been still an evolution in many parts of the world.This presentation gives you an overview about the RFID technology and helps you to implement in your projects and other stuff..Take a look at it and gain knowledge yourself..If you want identification RFID is the best technology employable.
This presentation will cover some basic aspects of RFID technology.
1. What is RFID?
2. Different applications.
3. History of RFID
4. RFID system working.
6. RFID reader and tag
7. active passive and semi passive tags
9. Advantages over bar code.
10. Disadvantage .
11. Human Implant
12. RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) pros and cons.
We are providing UHF Passive RFID tags in india. We provide all types of RFID tags like paper tags, Metal tags, RFID wet Inlay tags,RFID Based Smart Locks,Under Vehicle Scanners,CCTV Cameras,Boom Barriers,RFID Devices
,RFID Devices, Finger Print Scanners, POS Machines, RFID UHF Service,Active RFID System,Active RFID Solutions & RFID dry inlay tags.
This presentation gives the basic idea of Managerial Information System subject with the topic "RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and Wireless Sensor System". It also includes the real-life applications of the same system.
Radio frequency identication (RFID) is a rapidly growing technology that
has the potential to make great economic impacts on many industries. While
RFID is a relatively old technology, more recent advancements in chip man-
ufacturing technology are making RFID practical for new applications and
settings. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize supply-
chain management, inventory control, and logistics
Here is a Whitepaper I wrote way back in 2011 for the the Steel Industry. The industry has only started capitalizing on the RFID Technology for Inventory Tracking and Realtime Location Tracking. I see a lot of potential in exploiting the usage of RFID Technology in our day to day operations.
Happy Reading..!
Automatic Door Unit Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Attendance Sy...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract--Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is a smart object tracking and automated data collection solution. It provides a contact less data link, without need for line-of-sight or concerns about harsh or dirty environments that restrict other auto (Identity) ID technologies such as bar codes. RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. RFID technology which is a matured technology that has been widely deployed by various organizations as part of their automation systems. In this research, an RFID based system has been built in order to produce a time-attendance management system. RFID systems consist of two main components: Transponder (tag) located in the object for identification, and Interrogator (or reader), which allows the data transfer to and from the transponder. This system consists of two main parts which include: the hardware and the software. The hardware consists of the motor unit and the RFID reader. The RFID reader, which is a low-frequency reader, is connected to the host computer via a serial to USB converter cable. The TimeAttendance System (Graphic User Interface) GUI was developed using visual basic.Net. The Time-Attendance Management System provides the functionalities of the overall system such as displaying live ID tags transactions, registering ID, deleting ID, recording attendance and other minor functions. This interface is housed in the host computer.
My presentation explores how RFID system works and describes briefly about history of RFID, active & passive tags, modes of transmission of data and applications
Zigbee Based Indoor Campus Inventory Tracking Using Rfid ModuleIJERA Editor
This is a very useful application of RFID (Radio-frequency identification) and is very commonly used in institutes, offices, homes and so on. An RFID system consists of a reader device and a transponder. A transponder or tag has a unique serial number which is identified by the reader. Here RFID has been interfaced with ARM Processor to provide secured access. The relevant messages are also displayed on a 16x2 LCD.RFID automated access for door controls to buildings, departments, rooms, secured closets (wiring, PBX, etc.) and cabinets is very cost effective and secure to use. Many people do not realize how easy it is to implement card access systems such as card access door or doors using RFID readers and RFID Cards or Key fobs for Secured Access Control Management. You can even use smart readers for computer rooms and securing individual computers. RFID tags are categorized as either active or passive. Active tags are powered by an internal battery and are typically read/write,i.e tag data can be rewritten or modified. Passive tags operate without a separate external power source and obtain operating power generated from the reader.
The rapid development in an information technology has brought out a revolutionary change in the field of library system and services.The new information technology has changed the manual scenario of library to computerized automated library.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
Today, more and more libraries are adopting RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies as it streamlines workflow in the area of self service, book returns, shelf management and inventory.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
1. Stands for (Radio Frequency Identification Device)
(RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the
purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.
The tags contain electronically stored information. Some tags are powered by
electromagnetic induction from magnetic fields produced near the reader.
Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across a
conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
2. Some types collect energy from the interrogating radio waves and act as a passive
transponder. Other types have a local power source such as a battery and may
operate at hundreds of meters from the reader.
RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC)
In 1945, Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which
retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information.
3.
4. RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery-assisted passive. An active tag has
an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery-assisted
passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of
an RFID reader. A passive tag is cheaper and smaller because it has no battery;
instead, the tag uses the radio energy transmitted by the reader. However, to operate a
passive tag, it must be illuminated with a power level roughly a thousand times
stronger than for signal transmission. That makes a difference in interference and in
exposure to radiation.
An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the tag. The RFID
tag receives the message and then responds with its identification and other
information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related
information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other
specific information. Since tags have individual serial numbers, the RFID system
design can discriminate among several tags that might be within the range of the
RFID reader and read them simultaneously
5. RFID systems can be classified by the type of tag and reader. A Passive Reader
Active Tag (PRAT) system has a passive reader which only receives radio signals
from active tags (battery operated, transmit only). The reception range of a PRAT
system reader can be adjusted from 1–2,000 feet (0–600 m), allowing flexibility in
applications such as asset protection and supervision.
An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system has an active reader, which
transmits interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from
passive tags.
An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an
interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use
a Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small
battery to power the tag's return reporting signal.
6. Public transport
RFID cards are used for access control to public transport.
In London travelers use Oyster Cards on the tube, buses and ferries. It identifies the
traveler at each turnstile and so the system can calculate the fare.
Passports
Biometric passport
The first RFID passports ("E-passport") were issued by Malaysia in 1998. In addition
to information also contained on the visual data page of the passport, Malaysian e-
passports record the travel history (time, date, and place) of entries and exits from the
country.
Other countries that insert RFID in passports include Norway (2005), Japan (March 1,
2006), most EU countries (around 2006), Australia, Hong Kong, the United States
(2007), India (June 2008), Serbia (July 2008), Republic of Korea (August 2008),
Taiwan (December 2008), Albania (January 2009), The Philippines (August 2009),
Republic of Macedonia (2010), and Canada (2013).
7. In many countries, RFID tags can be used to pay for mass transit fares on bus,
trains, or subways, or to collect tolls on highways.
Some bike lockers are operated with RFID cards assigned to individual users. A
prepaid card is required to open or enter a facility or locker and is used to track
and charge based on how long the bike is parked.
The Zipcar car-sharing service uses RFID cards for locking and unlocking cars and
for member identification
8. Animal identification
RFID tags for animals represent one of the oldest uses of RFID. Originally meant
for large ranches and rough terrain, since the outbreak of mad-cow disease, RFID
has become crucial in animal identification management. An implantable RFID
tag or transponder can also be used for animal identification. The transponders
are more well known as passive RFID, or "chips" on animals. The Canadian Cattle
Identification Agency began using RFID tags as a replacement for barcode tags.
9. Implantable RFID chips designed for animal tagging are now being used in
humans. An early experiment with RFID implants was conducted by British
professor of cybernetics Kevin Warwick, who implanted a chip in his arm in 1998.
In 2004 Conrad Chase offered implanted chips in his night clubs
in Barcelona and Rotterdam to identify their VIP customers, who in turn use it to
pay for drinks.
10. Libraries have used RFID to replace the barcodes on library items. The tag can
contain identifying information or may just be a key into a database. An RFID
system may replace or supplement bar codes and may offer another method of
inventory management and self-service checkout by patrons. It can also act as
a security device, taking the place of the more traditional electromagnetic security
strip.
It is estimated that over 30 million library items worldwide now contain RFID
tags, including some in the Vatican Library in Rome.
11. RFID technologies are now also implemented in end-user applications in
museums. An example was the custom-designed temporary research application,
"eXspot," at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco, California. A
visitor entering the museum received an RF Tag that could be carried as a card.
The eXspot system enabled the visitor to receive information about specific
exhibits. Aside from the exhibit information, the visitor could take photographs of
themselves at the exhibit. It was also intended to allow the visitor to take data for
later analysis. The collected information could be retrieved at home from a
"personalized" website keyed to the RFID tag.
12. School authorities in the Japanese city of Osaka are now chipping children's
clothing, backpacks, and student IDs in a primary school. A school in Don
caster, England is piloting a monitoring system designed to keep tabs on pupils by
tracking radio chips in their uniforms. St Charles Sixth Form College in
west London, England, started September, 2008, is using an RFID card system to
check in and out of the main gate, to both track attendance and prevent
unauthorized entrance. Similarly, Whitcliffe Mount School in Cleckheaton,
England uses RFID to track pupils and staff in and out of the building via a
specially designed card. In the Philippines, some schools already use RFID in IDs
for borrowing books and also gates in those particular schools have RFID ID
scanners for buying items at a school shop and canteen, library and also to sign in
and sign out for student and teacher's attendance.
13. SPORTS
RFID for timing races began in the early 1990s with pigeon racing, introduced by
the company Deister Electronics in Germany. RFID can provide race start and end
timings for individuals in large races where it is impossible to get accurate
stopwatch readings for every entrant.
14. Telemetry
Active RFID tags also have the potential to function as low-cost remote sensors
that broadcast telemetry back to a base station. Applications of tagometry data
could include sensing of road conditions by implanted beacons, weather reports,
and noise level monitoring.
15. Long checkout lines at the grocery store are one of the biggest complaints about
the shopping experience. Soon, these lines could disappear when the ubiquitous
Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code is replaced by smart labels, also called
radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. RFID tags are intelligent bar codes
that can talk to a networked system to track every product that you put in your
shopping cart.
Imagine going to the grocery store, filling up your cart and walking right out the
door. No longer will you have to wait as someone rings up each item in your cart
one at a time. Instead, these RFID tags will communicate with an electronic
reader that will detect every item in the cart and ring each up almost instantly.
The reader will be connected to a large network that will send information on your
products to the retailer and product manufacturers.
Your bank will then be notified and the amount of the bill will be deducted from
your account. No lines, no waiting.
16. As with any antenna, and RFID antenna follows the basic rules of any antenna system. The antenna is
basically a form of tuned circuit. Power is fed into the antenna and much of it is radiated. As all passive
antennas are perform in an equivalent manner in reception as they do in transmission, it is often easier to
look at them as a radiating element as it is often easier to look at the concepts in terms of radiation.
There are a number of parameters and definitions for antennas that are useful when looking at RFID
antennas:
Radiation resistance: The resistance that equates to that which would be required to dissipate any power
that is radiated.
Resistive losses: The losses that occur as a result of the resistance of the antenna elements - these losses
plus the radiated power equate to the total input power.
Bandwidth: The band over which the antenna will operate satisfactorily. Normally antennas operate as
resonant elements and therefore their performance falls either side of the centre frequency. This must be
accounted for in the design of the RFID antenna, or any other antenna for that matter.
Feed impedance: The current and voltage will vary along the length of the antenna element. Voltage rises
towards the ends and the current falls and is also dependent upon the length of the antenna, etc. As
impedance is the ratio of current and voltage this means that the feed impedance varies. TO ensure the
maximum power transfer the source and load impedances must match, and therefore the feed impedance of
the antenna is particularly important to ensure efficient operation.
These and many other parameters are used when designing antennas and in this case RFID antennas.
17.
With antennas in many RFID systems being very small when compared to wavelength, the
bandwidth of the antenna tends to be small. This can create problems when used with
modulation systems that may use wider bandwidths.
Some RFID systems send data at very low data rates and in a straightforward manner - others
use a subcarrier and this increases the bandwidth required. In view of the small size of the
antenna with respect to the wavelength, the bandwidth of the antenna may be sufficiently
narrow that the centre frequency may radiate well, but the sidebands arising from the
subcarrier and modulation may be outside the antenna bandwidth and may not radiate
effectively.
The RFID antenna bandwidth required can be determined from the following formula:
Bandwidth = Ftol + Fsc + Max data rate
Where
Bandwidth is in Hertz
Ftol is the frequency tolerance of the antenna
Fsc is the frequency of the sub carrier in Hertz
Max data rate is expressed in bits per second
18. What's the difference between passive and active tags?
Active RFID tags have a transmitter and their own power source (typically a
battery). The power source is used to run the microchip's circuitry and to
broadcast a signal to a reader (the way a cell phone transmits signals to a base
station). Passive tags have no battery. Instead, they draw power from the reader,
which sends out electromagnetic waves that induce a current in the tag's antenna.
Semi-passive tags use a battery to run the chip's circuitry, but communicate by
drawing power from the reader. Active and semi-passive tags are useful for
tracking high-value goods that need to be scanned over long ranges, such as
railway cars on a track, but they cost more than passive tags, which means they
can't be used on low-cost items.
19. How much information can an RFID tag store?
It depends on the vendor, the application and type of tag, but typically a tag
carries no more than 2 kilobytes (KB) of data—enough to store some basic
information about the item it is on. Simple "license plate" tags contain only a 96-
bit or 128-bit serial number. The simple tags are cheaper to manufacture and are
more useful for applications where the tag will be disposed of with the product
packaging. The aerospace industry wants to store parts histories on high memory
tag, which has led to the introduction of passive UHF tags that store 4KB or 8KB
of data.
20. What's the difference between read-only and read-write RFID tags?
Microchips in RFID tags can be read-write, read-only or “write once, read many”
(WORM). With read-write chips, you can add information to the tag or write over
existing information when the tag is within range of a reader. Read-write tags
usually have a serial number that can't be written over. Additional blocks of data
can be used to store additional information about the items the tag is attached to
(these can usually be locked to prevent overwriting of data). Read-only microchips
have information stored on them during the manufacturing process. The
information on such chips can never be changed. WORM tags can have a serial
number written to them once, and that information cannot be overwritten later.
21. There really is no such thing as a "typical" RFID tag, and the read range depends
on whether the tag is active or passive. Active tags broadcast a signal, so they
have a much longer read range—300 feet or more—than passive tags. The read
range of passive tags depends on many factors: the frequency of operation, the
power of the reader, interference from other RF devices and so on. In general, low-
frequency and high-frequency tags tags are read from within three feet (1 meter)
and UHF tags are read from 10 to 20 feet. Readers with phased array antennas
can increase the read range of passive tags to 60 feet or more.
22. Tag collision occurs when more than one transponder reflects back a signal at the
same time, confusing the reader. Different air interface protocol standards (and
different proprietary systems) use different techniques for having the tags
respond to the reader one at a time. These involve using algorithms to "singulate"
the tags. Since each tag can be read in milliseconds, it appears that all the tags
are being read simultaneously.
23. Most passive RFID tags simply reflect back waves from the reader. Energy
harvesting is a technique in which energy from the reader is gathered by the tag,
stored briefly and transmitted back to the reader.
24. "Chip less RFID" is a generic term for systems that use RF energy to communicate
data but don't store a serial number in a silicon microchip in the transponder.
Some chip less tags use plastic or conductive polymers instead of silicon-based
microchips. Other chip less tags use materials that reflect back a portion of the
radio waves beamed at them. A computer takes a snapshot of the waves beamed
back and uses it like a fingerprint to identify the object with the tag. Companies
are experimenting with embedding RF reflecting fibers in paper to prevent
unauthorized photocopying of certain documents. There are inks that reflect back
radio waves at certain frequencies, enabling farmers, for example, to tattoo a chip
less RFID transponder on an animal for identification purposes.
25. I've heard that RFID doesn't work around metal and water. Does that mean I
can't use it to track cans or liquid products?
Low- and high-frequency tags work better on products with water and metal. In
fact, there are applications in which low-frequency RFID tags are embedded in
metal auto parts to track them. Radio waves bounce off metal and are absorbed by
water at ultrahigh frequencies. That makes tracking metal products, or those with
high water content, with passive UHF tags challenging. However, in recent years,
companies have developed special UHF tags designed to overcome these
challenges. There are also ways to tag products with metal or water content to
ensure reliable read rates
26. Data is typically stored in user memory on a tag. This is separate from the field
for the unique serial number, which can be pre-programmed or assigned by a user.
The air-interface protocol standards for passive HF and UHF tags (for example,
the UHF EPC Gen 2 standard) define basic operations, including read-write, and
which memory banks or blocks can be written to. Reader manufacturers often
combine these low-level commands with higher-level subroutines in their software
development kits, so they can be used by application developers.
27. The debate between RFID and smart cards technology is an ongoing one. There is
no clear definition that describes RFID and smart cards.
The applications for which RF is used can be different for RFID and smartcards.
RFID is mainly meant for applications within the supply chain, for track and
trace. Contactless smart cards on the other hand are mainly meant for
payments/banking, mass transit, government and ID, and access control. This
article aims at clearing the confusion between the two technology definitions.
28. Smart cards offer a number of features that can be used to provide or enhance
privacy protection in systems. The following is a brief description of some of these
features and how they can be used to protect privacy.
Authentication
Secure data storage
Encryption
Strong device security
Secure communications
Biometrics
Personal device