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1. WHY RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION DEVICE?
Wireless sensor networks have the potential to provide
remote
monitoring capabilities that can benefit applications such
as industrial control, environmental monitoring and
defense.
Radio Frequency Identification(RFID) is one of the most
exciting technology that revolutionize the working practices
by increasing efficiencies and improving profitability.
It is often presented as a replacement for today’s barcodes
but the technologies has much greater possibilities, such as
individual serial numbers for each item and the possibility
to read these numbers at a distance of several meters.

2. INTRODUCTION OF RFID
Radio-frequency identification(RFID) is the use of wireless non contact system that
uses radio frequency electro magnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to
an object,for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking.
Radio Frequency identification(RFID) is generic term that is used to describe that
transmits the identity of an object or person wirelessly,using radio waves.It’s
grouped under the broad category of automatic identification technologies.
RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID attached to an automobile
during production can be used to track its process through assembly line, RFID
identity cards can give employees access to locked areas of a building, and RF
transponders mounted in automobiles can be used to bill motorists for access
to toll roads or parking.
RFID is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic
coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum uniquely
identify an object, animal or person it is an automatic identification method, relying
on storing and remotely retrieving data whenever required using devices called RFID
tags and transponder. It is also called dedicated short range communication(DSRC).

3. COMPONENTS OF RFID
RFID stands for radio frequency identification device. This technology
allows transmission of data without contact and line of sight from a
data medium, what is called a transponder, to a reader and vice versa.
The term transponder is formed from the two words transmitter and
responder.
A basic RFID system consists of three components:
i) An antenna or coil
ii) A transceiver with decoder
iii) A transponder(RF tag) electronically programmed with unique
information

4. CONTD….
Basic components of RFID contain:
 Tags( chip+ antenna)
An RFID tag is an object that can be stuck on or incorporated into a
product, animal or a person for the purpose of identification using
radio waves
Interrogators( antenna+reader)
Interrogators are useful to read the tags & in certain cases even write
on them.
Tags can be almost attached to anything:
Pallets or cases of products, Vehicles, Company assets or personnel,
Items such as apparel,luggage,laundry, People livestock or pets, High
value electronics such as computers, TV’s.
Chip Tags consists of a microchip and a coupling element-an
antenna. Most Tags are only activated only when they are within
interrogation zone of the interrogator; outside they “sleep". Chip tags
contain memory.
The size of the tag depends on the size of the antenna, which
increases with range of tag and decreases with frequency.

5. TYPES OF RFID TAGS
There are two basic types of RFID tags:
Active tags
Active RFID Tags are powered by an internal battery and are typical read/write i.e. Tag data can
be rewritten and/or modified.
Transmits signal from the micro chip circuit through the power obtained from an internal
battery.
Can signal at defined time, Multiple tags can be recorded at once.
High signal range and Larger in size.
Passive tags
Passive RFID Tags operates without a separate external power source and obtain operating power
generated from the reader. Passive tags are consequently much lighter than active tags, less
expensive and offer a virtually unlimited lifetime.
Contains no power source, Obtains power from the reader.
Low signal range, Cheaper and smaller than active tags.

6. WORKING OPERATION
A radio frequency identification uses tags, or labels attached to the
objects to be identified. Two way radio transmitter- receivers called
interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response.
The reader generally transmit their observation to a computer system
running RFID or RFID middleware.
The tags information is stored electronically in a nonvolatile memory.
The RFID tag include a small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader
transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the tag. The tag receive
the message and respond with its identification information.
RFID contain at least two parts :an integrated circuit for storing and
processing information, Modulating and demodulating a radio
frequency(RF) signal, collecting DC power from the incident reader
signal, and other specialized functions; and an antenna for receiving
and transmitting the signal.

7. ADVANTAGES OF RFID
The read only Tag code data is 100% secure and cannot be changed or duplicated.
Very robust Tags that can stand extreme conditions and temperatures. Tags are available in a
great range of types, sizes and materials
No need for physical contact between the data carrier and communication devices. The Tags
can be used repeatedly, Relatively low maintenance cost.
No line of sight necessary to read/write data. This makes it possible to use Tags in harsh
environments and in closed containers/structures. When using Bar-code scanners have to have
line of sight to read them.
Bar code only provides a manufacturer and product type. They don’t identify unique items but it
can identify the item(not just its manufacturer and category).
Extremely low error rate, No line of sight required
Long read range, Portable database
Multiple tags read/write, Tracking people, items, and equipment in real time

8. DISADVANTAGES OF RFID
RFID systems are often more expensive than Barcode systems.
RFID technology is harder to understand, Can be less reliable.
RFID Tags are usually longer than Barcode labels.
Tags are application specific. No one tags fit all.
Possibility of unauthorized reading of passports and credit cards.
More than one Tag can respond at the same time.
Images of RFID

9. RFID V/S BARCODE
FEATURES RFID
BARCODE
Ability to read more than Yes No
one item at a time
Read the item while moving Yes No
Line of sight is not required Yes No
Built in security Yes No
Environmental resistance Yes No
Number or reads More Less

10. APPLICATIONS
PRODUCT TRACKING
High frequency RFID and HFID/High FID tags are used library book or
bookstore Tracking,jewellery tracking, pallet tracking, building access
control, airline baggage Tracking, and apparel and pharmaceutical item
tracking .
ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION
Implantable RFID tags or transponders can be used for animal
identification. The transponder are more well known as passive RFID
technology or simply “chips ”On animal.
LIABRARIES
This technology has slowly begun to replace the traditional bar
codes on libraries items( books,cds,dvds).The RFID tag contain
identifying information, such as books title or material type, without
having to be pointed separate database. The information is read by an
RFID reader, which replace the standard barcode.
MUSEUMS
RFID are now also implemented in end user application in museum.
SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITIES

11. RFID TODAY
The practical applications of RFID today are outstanding. Any inventory
could be instantly located in any warehouse, high risk security institutions
are able to keep a constant eye on dangerous offenders, lost pets can be
returned to their owners...the list goes on.
RFID technology is continuously advancing, and the very near future will
see science fiction become reality as Radio Frequency Identification makes
its way into everyday functions.
When a secure form of RFID is created for the consumer population and
privacy issues are resolved, RFID tags will change the world. Organizations
such as EPC Global are spearheading initiatives to standardize regulations
and usage, and numerous reputable companies are spending billions of
dollars and thousands of man-hours to perfect the technology.

12. FUTURE SCOPE
The world will be very different once Readers and
RFID Tags are everywhere. In an RFID enhanced
futures, the benefits would accurate not just to
businesses, but also to consumers.
Once various limitations like lack of a Global
Standard, security concerns, the cost factors, etc. are
overcome and this technology is fully implemented, it
can transform the way we live our lives.
It has the potential of revolutionized the way we
travel, the way we open the locks of our homes, the
way we purchase goods, the way we do business and
much more.

13. CONCLUSION
The RFID replaces the traditional identification methods like barcode.
The RFID framework provides the freedom for developers/customers to
switch different RFID vendors at any point of Time during the
development with minimal effort.
RFID technology uses waves to automatically identify individual items.
After sixty years of Development, plus the emergence of the internet,
FID is being used in many fields.
RFID used in libraries can save patrons time and increase library work
efficiency; can lesson Staff injures; and can do inventory automatically.
The greatest advantage of RFID tracking system Is its ability to scan
books/items on the shelves without tipping them out or removing them.
There some hurdles needed to overcome before RFID technology
becomes widespread In the world.One major problem is the high costs
the other is privacy issue. In the long run, the RFID technology, when
perfected, would eventually be a big help to human.

14. REFERENCES
IEEE Spectrum Magazine
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.rfidjournal.com
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http://www.calsoftlabs.com/whitepapers/rfid-
application .html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency-
identification
http://www.wireless-technology-
advisor.com/disadvantage-of-rfid.html
http://www.buzzel.com/articals/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of -rfid-technology.html