The document provides an introduction to prokaryotes and eukaryotes, detailing their definitions, structures, and key differences. Prokaryotes are characterized as unicellular organisms without a nucleus, while eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. The document also includes comparisons of their characteristics, such as cell size and organization of genetic material.

1. INTRODUCTION TO PROKARYOTES AND
EUKARYOTES
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Presented By
Ms. Swapnali Satish Pharande
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutics
(Pharm D
Email:swapnalipharandemcpl@gmail.com
Progressive Education Society’s
Modern College of Pharmacy For Ladies,
Moshi, Pune

2. CONTENTS
❖ Introduction to Cell
❖ Introduction to Prokaryotes
❖ Introduction to Eukaryotes
❖ Difference Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
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3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
❖ After completion of this topic students should be able to:
✓ Define Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
✓ Describe the structure of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
✓ Distinguish between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes with their
examples.
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4. INTRODUCTION TO CELL
❖Cell
• Definition: “The cell can be defined as a basic functional unit of
life.”
• The term cell is derived from the Latin word and was first
observed by a Scientist Robert Hook in 1665.
• A cell is a smallest unit of a life, which is able to control and
perform several functions in all living organisms.
• Microorganisms and all other living organisms are classified as:
✓ Prokaryotes
✓ Eukaryotes.
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5. PROKARYOTES
❖ Prokaryotes
➢ Prokaryotes are organisms without a cell nucleus, or any
other membrane bound organelles.
➢ Most Prokaryotes are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are
multicellular.
• Examples:
✓ Blue-green algae(cyanobacteria)
✓ Bacteria
✓ Archaea, etc.
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6. PROKARYOTIC CELL
❖ What is Prokaryotic cell?
➢ The simplest type of cells are Prokaryotic cell.
➢ A Prokaryotic cell is a simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that
lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
➢ Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell; a darkened
region called the nucleoid.
➢ Scientists have divided the Prokaryotes into two groups, the Bacteria
and the Archaea.
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7. STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
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8. PROKARYOTIC CELL
❖ Shapes of Prokaryotic Cell
▪ Most prokaryotes have one of 3 basic shapes
1. Cocci: Spherical (round) shaped
Example: Streptococcus.
2. Bacillus: Rod shaped (vibrio)
Examples: Salmonella, Escherichia coli.
3. Spirillum: Helical (spiral) shaped.
Example: Treponema pallidum.
4. Some prokaryotes have a variety of shapes
and sizes and are said to be “Pleomorphic.”
Examples: Rickettsia and Mycoplasmas.
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9. EUKARYOTES
➢ Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that possess a
membrane-bound nucleus as well as membrane organelles.
➢ Genetic material in eukaryotes is combined within a nucleus
within a cell and DNA is organized into chromosomes.
➢ The organisms may be multicellular or single-celled
organisms.
• Examples:
1. Animals
2. Plants
3. Fungi
4. Proteins, etc..
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10. EUKARYOTIC CELL
❖ Eukaryotic Cell
• “A Eukaryote is any organism whose cell
contains nucleus and other organelles
enclosed within membranes.”
• The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane
that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well
defined chromosomes (bodies contains
hereditary material) are located.
• Eukaryotic cell also contains organelles,
including Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus,
An Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Lysosomes.
• Examples: Eukaryotic cells occurs in most
Plants (from algae to angiosperms) and
Animals (from protozoa to mammals). 10
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11. STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CELL
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12. COMPARISON BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELL AND
EUKARYOTIC CELL
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13. COMPARISON BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELLAND
EUKARYOTIC CELL
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14. COMPARISON BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELLAND
EUKARYOTIC CELL
CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Nucleus Absent Present
Average Size 0.2–2 mm in diameter 10–100 mm in diameter
Location Free in cytoplasm,
attached to mesosomes
Contained membrane
bound structure
Membrane-bound
Organelles
Not present Present (examples include
mitochondria and
endoplasmic reticulum)
Cell Wall Usually present, many
contain peptidoglycan
Present in plant cells, no
peptidoglycan
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15. CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Number of
Chromosomes
One, circular More than one, linear
Cell Type Usually unicellular (some
cyanobacteria may be
multicellular)
Usually multicellular
True Membrane Bound
Nucleus
Absent Present
Genetic Recombination Partial. Unidirectional
transfers DNA
Meiosis and fusion of
gametes
Lysosomes and
Peroxisomes
Absent Present
Microtubules Absent or rare Present
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COMPARISON BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELLAND
EUKARYOTIC CELL

16. CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Endoplasmic Reticulum Absent Present
Mitochondria Absent Present
Cytoskeleton May be absent Present.
Ribosomes Smaller (70S) Larger (80S-arrayed on
membranes the cytoplasm.
akin to endoplasmic
reticulum; 70S in
mitochondria and
chloroplasts.)
Vesicles Present Present
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COMPARISON BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELLAND
EUKARYOTIC CELL

17. CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Golgi Apparatus Absent Present
Chloroplasts Absent; chlorophyll
scattered in cytoplasm
Present (in plants)
Flagella Submicroscopic in size,
composed of only one fiber
Microscopic size;
membrane bound; usually
arranged as nine doublets
surrounding two singlets
Permeability of Nuclear
Membrane
Not present Selective
Plasma Membrane With
Steroid
Usually no Yes
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COMPARISON BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELLAND
EUKARYOTIC CELL

18. CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Mesosome Present Absent
Mitochondria Absent Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Absent Present
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COMPARISON BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELLAND
EUKARYOTIC CELL

19. REFERENCES
1. Pharmaceutical Microbiology By Ashutosh Kar, New Age International
Publishers ISBN(13):978-81-224-2867-4, 2018; Page no:26-36.
2. Textbook of Microbiology & Immunology By S. C. Parija, Elsevier
Publishers, ISBN: 978-81-312-2810-4; 2nd edition (2012); Page no:9-23.
3. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology By R. A. Harvey, ISBN
978-1-60831-733-2 , 3rd Edition (2013);Page No.:13-14.
4. Microbiology Principles and Explorations By Jacquelyn G. Black, ISBN
978-0-470-54109-8; 8th edition; Page No:76-112.
5. Ananthnarayan & Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology By C K J Paniker ,
7th edition(2005); Page no.:7-8.
6. Pharmaceutical Microbiology By W.B. Hugo & A.D. Russel, Blackwell
Science Ltd. 6th edition(1998);Page No: 3-4.
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20. THANK YOU
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