This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical microbiology focusing on the morphology, classification, and reproduction of fungi. It covers various types of fungi including yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi, detailing their structures, modes of reproduction, and methods of cultivation. The document also discusses the importance of fungi in microbiology and their applications in pharmaceuticals.

1. Unit 3
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Presented by Asst. Prof. Priya Talekar
Samarth College of Pharmacy

2. Table of contents
Morphology, cultivation
classification, replication
MOA, Factor affecting,
Evaluation
Evaluation As per IP, BP & USP
01
03
02
04
Study of Fungi
& Viruses
Bacteriostatic,
Bactericidal
Disinfectant &
Antiseptic
Sterility Test

3. Introduction
• Fungus is a member of a large group of non- motile,
eukaryotic organisms which is separate from plants,
animals, protozoa and bacteria
• Non-photosynthetic, they are Chemohetrotrophs,
requires organic compounds for energy and carbon
• The study of fungi is known as MYCOLOGY
• Disease caused by a fungal infection known as
MYCOSIS

5. • The body of fungus called as Thallus which
Posses differentiated nuclei with a nuclear
membrane
• Morphologically may be either simple oval cells
or long tubular with branching
• Fungal cell walls contain Chitin ie. Amino sugars
• They may be microscopic unicellular (Yeast) or
multicellular (Mold)
Morphology

7. Morphology of yeast

8. • Thallus: Body of fungi
• Hyphae: Thallus consist of
thread-like filament
structure(2-10µm up to
several cm in length)
• Septae: Hyphal cells are
separated by Septum, each
compartment containing one
or more nuclei
• Mycelium: A mass of hyphae
make up the body
Morphology of Mold

9. • Mycelium: A mass of hyphae make up the body
1. Aseptate mycelium/ coenocytic: absence of septum
2. Septated mycelium: have septae with one or more
nucleus

10. • Saprophytic fungi are living on dead organic
substances like Penicillium, Molds, mushrooms,
yeast, Mucor
• Parasitic fungi feed on living organisms ie.
Taphrina
• Symbiotic fungi are interdependent relationship
associate with other species in which both are
mutually benefited like Lichens
Based on mode of nutrition

11. Classification of fungi
I. Yeasts
II. Yeast like fungi
III. Moulds
IV. Dimorphic fungi
I. Zygomycetes/ Phycomycetes
II. Ascomycetes
III. Basidiomycetes
IV. Dueteromycetes/ Hyphomycetes/ Fungi imperfecti
Depending on cell morphology
Depending on their spores formation

12. ● Yeast is a round or oval unicellular bodies which have single
nucleus and reproduces either by budding or by true spore
formation
● They are aerobic or facultative Anaerobic
● Yeasts colonies appears as creamy on Culture media
● Example Cryptococcus neoformans
Yeasts

13. ● Yeast like fungi grow partly as yeast and partly as
elongated cells
● The bud remain attached to the mother cell and elongated,
followed by repeated budding, forming chains of
elongated cell known as pseudohyphae
● Example: Candida
Yeast-Like Fungi

14. • Fungi which forms mycelia are called Mold
• Multicellular organism (2 to 10 µm in diameter)
• It forms fuzzy appearance of black, green, brown,
orange, pink colures on surface of media
• Examples: Dermatophytes, Penicillium notatum
Mold

15. ● Some fungi, mainly pathogenic species exhibit
dimorphism i.e. two forms of growth. It can be
grow either as a mold or as a yeast
● Temperature and CO2 dependent, At 37°C, grow
like yeast & at 25°C it grow like mold
● Examples: Penicillium marneffei
Dimorphic Fungi

16. ● They are formed by fusion of 2 different cells. Fungi have
hyphae without septa (lower fungi)
● Produce Asexual spores: Sporangiospore
● Sexual spores: oospores and zygospores
● Examples: Rhizopus, Mucor
Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
● Also known as sac (Ascus) fungi. Can be decomposers
● Sexual spores: Ascospores
● Asexual spores: Conidiospores
● Example: Histoplasma, Candida

17. ● Also known as Mushrooms live as parasites
● Sexual spores: Basidiospores
● Asexual spores: budding or fragmentation
● Examples: Cryptococcus neoformans
Basidiomycetes
Deuteromycetes
● Consists of group of fungi whose sexual phases are not
been identified and they form septate hyphae and asexual
conidia
● Example Trichophyton

18. Reproduction of Fungi

19. 1. Fragmentation: The hyphae break into small fragments. Each
piece upon getting suitable conditions, germinates to form a new
mycelium
2. Fission: This method involves the splitting of cells into two
daughter cells
3. Budding: A small bud formed from the parent cell which gradually
receive nucleus and separate out
4. Sclerotia: A compact masses form in the hyphae under suitable
conditions germinate to form new individuals
5. Rhizomorphs: Root-like elongated mycelial strand, they remain
dormant under unfavourable conditions and under favourable
conditions develop into a new mycelium
Vegetative reproduction

21. Produced externally on branched or
unbranched hyphal tips, formed
single or in chains also may
uninucleate or multinucleate
Nonmotile, spores may be
uninucleate or multinucleate and
possess two layered cell wall

22. Zoospores: Motile,
(Zygomycetes), They
don’t have cell wall,
germinate by germ
tube into a thallus

23. 1. Plasmogamy (protoplasmic fusion)
2. Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
3. Meiosis (reduction division of zygote)
Types of spore involve in this reproduction
1. Ascospores: produced in a sac typically contain 8 in a sac
2. Basidiospores: typically 4 spore develop on a basidium
3. Zygospores: formed by fusion of similar gametes, thick
walled
4. Oospores: fertilization of 2 unlike gametes ie. Oogonium &
antheridium
Sexual reproduction

27. • Natural and synthetic type of fungal culture media are used
for growth and cultivation of fungi
• The std temp. for incubation of fungi is 30°C and incubated
in humidified environment for 21 days
• Sabouraud dextrose agar media culture
CULTIVATION OF FUNGI
Ingredients Quantity Characteristics
Peptone 1 gm
Source of amino
grp
Dextrose 4 gm
Carbohydrate
source
Agar 2 gm Solidified agent
Distilled water 100 ml Vehicle

28. 1. Sabouraud dextrose agar with antibiotics
2. Potato dextrose-yeast extract agar (PDYA): media is
good growing culture derived from mushroom
3. Cornmeal agar: used for growing a wide range of fungi,
particularly fungi imperfecti, provides a good balance of
mycelial growth and sporulation
4. Malt extract agar (MEA): good growth medium for soil fungi,
isolated from wood, basidiomycetes
5. Potato dextrose agar

30. End