introduction to PLL.ppt
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This document discusses Phase Locked Loops (PLLs). It begins by defining a PLL as an electronic circuit that locks the phase of its output signal to the phase of its input reference signal. It then discusses the basic blocks of a PLL including a phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The phase detector detects any phase difference between the input and output, which is then filtered and used to control the VCO frequency to minimize this phase error. Applications mentioned include frequency modulation, frequency synthesis, motor speed control, and frequency shift keying decoding. The document also covers PLL concepts such as lock range, capture range, pull-in time, and locked versus unlocked conditions.
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This document discusses phase locked loops (PLLs) and their applications. It describes the basic components and principles of operation of a PLL, including the phase detector/comparator, low pass filter, error amplifier, and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). It explains how a PLL locks onto and tracks an input signal frequency. Common applications of PLLs mentioned include frequency multiplication/division, frequency translation, AM detection, and FM demodulation.
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The document discusses the basics of phase locked loops (PLL). It describes PLLs as closed loop frequency control systems that use phase sensitive detection to minimize the phase difference between an input signal and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) output signal. The key components of a basic PLL are identified as a phase comparator/detector, loop filter, and VCO. The phase comparator compares the input and output signals and generates a voltage based on their phase difference. The loop filter removes signal components from the phase comparator output before feeding it to the VCO. The VCO then generates the output signal with a frequency controlled by the input voltage. An important property of PLLs is that the input and output frequencies are exactly equal when phase locked
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2. The loop filter removes high frequencies from the error voltage to control the VCO frequency. If the VCO and input signals are not phase-locked, the error voltage will adjust the VCO frequency up or down until they are synchronized.
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The document provides an outline and overview of a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) system. It discusses the key functional blocks of a PLL including the phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). It describes the stages of PLL operation including the free running, capture, and locked states. It then provides more details on each individual block, such as how the phase detector compares the input and feedback frequencies to produce an error signal, and how the VCO generates an output frequency determined by the control voltage from the low pass filter. Finally, it discusses some applications of PLL systems like frequency synthesizers and clock generators.
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The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
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image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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introduction to PLL.ppt
- 1. Unit IV : 20EIT32 - AIC – Odd Sem (2021-22) Phase Locked Loop (PLL) Dr.T.Kalavathi Devi ASP/EIE Kongu Engineering College 1
- 2. Contents • Block diagram - Phase Locked Loop (PLL) • Basic PLLand VCO • Applications of PLL 2
- 3. What is Phase Locked Loop (PLL) • PLL is an Electronic Module (Circuit) with the aim of locking the phase of the output to the input. Phase Locked Loop Vi(t) Vo(t) 3
- 4. Applications PLL Applications Frequency Modulation (FM) stereo decoders, FM Demodulation networks for FM operation. Frequency synthesis that provides multiple of a reference signal frequency. Used in motorspeed controls, tracking filters. Used in frequency shift keying (FSK) decodes for demodulation carrier frequencies. 4
- 5. Lock Range , capture Range, Pull in time The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain the lock with an input signal - Lock range The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with an input signal – capture Range the total time taken by the PLL to establish lock - pull in time 5
- 6. Locked vs. Unlocked condition • Example of locked phase • Example of unlocked phase Vi(t) Vo(t) 6
- 7. PLL System – block •PLL is a feedback system that detects the phase error ∆φ and then adjusts the phase of the output. • The Phase Detector (PD), detects ∆φ between the output and the input through feedback system • Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) adjusts the phase Difference between the input and output Phase Locked Loop Vi(t) Vo(t) Phase Detector VCO Vo VI ∆φ 7
- 8. Phase Detector - XoR Phase Detector is an XOR gate – as it differs from 0 and 1 Phase Detector VCO Vo VI ∆φ V1 Vo ∆φ I o 1 VI Vo 0 V V 8
- 9. VCO • VCO is a circuit module that oscillates at a controlled frequency ω. • The Oscillating Frequency is controlled using Voltage VControl. – That is why the module is called • Voltage Control Oscillator • Vcontrol must be in the steady state for the VCO to operate properly VCO VControl ω ω ω0 VControl o KVCOVControl 9
- 10. PLL - structure • Blocks – Phase Detector ( XOR ) that detects the phase error ∆φ – Low Pass Filter ( to smooth ∆φ ) – Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) – If VI and Vout are out of phase (unlocked), then the PD module detects the error and the LPF smoothes the error signal. The control signal slows down or speeds up the VCO module; hence, the phase is corrected (locked) Amplifier Vout Phase Detector VI ∆φ Vout LPF VControl ∆φ VCO 10
- 11. Stages : The free running stage refer to the stage when there is no input voltage applied. As soon as the input frequency is applied the VCO starts to change and begin producing an output frequency for comparison this stage is called the capture stage. The frequency comparison stops as soon as the output frequency is adjusted to become equal to the input frequency. This stage is called the phase locked state 11
- 12. Application of PLL 1. Frequency Multiplier: · 2. Frequency Translator (frequency Synthesizer): · 3. FM Detector: FM demodulation networks for FM operations It is used in motor speed controls and tracking filters. It is used in frequency shifting decodes for demodulation carrier frequencies. It is used in time to digital converters. It is used for Jitter reduction, skew suppression, clock recovery. 12
- 13. Monolithic IC565 PLL IC 13
- 14. IC 565 Pll Block Diagram 14
- 15. Fc The centre frequency of the PLL is determined by the free-running frequency of the VCO 15
- 16. frequencies 16
- 17. Reference D.Roy Choudhury, Shail B. Jain , “Linear Integrated Circuits”,fourth edition, reprint, 2005, new age international publishers. 17